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Ubiquitous Computing &
Ubiquitous Devices
What is Ubiquitous Computing?
History & Features of Ubiquitous Computing
Related Visions & Computing
RFID and Sensors
From Wikipedia
Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp) is a post-desktop
model of human-computer interaction in which
information processing has been thoroughly integrated
into everyday objects and activities.
Ubiquitous Computing engages many computational
devices and systems simultaneously, and may not
necessarily even be aware that they are doing so.
What is Ubiquitous Computing?
Ubiquitous (adjective) Everywhere
Noun: Ubiquity/Ubiquitousness, Adverb: Ubiquitously
Video 1 about Ubiquitous Computing
Ubiquitous
Ubiquitous Computing
Ubiquitous Computing: Numerous, casually accessible, often invisible
computing devices, frequently mobile or embedded in the environment,
connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure
composed of a wired core and wireless edges (NIST)
Ubiquitous Computing is when mobile phones, PDAs, pagers,
automobiles, refrigerators, and other easy-to-use devices are linked to
the Internet, allowing us to connect anytime, anywhere, a new
infrastructure that will be common, ubiquitous, and work invisibly. (IBM)
Physical Environments created when computing power and network
connectivity are embedded in everyday device and object at
everywhere in all time
Other Definitions
Who first proposed Ubiquitous Computing?
Video 2 about Ubiquitous Computing
Ubicomp: a field on a physical world richly and invisibly interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays, and computational elements, embedded seamlessly in everyday objects of lives and connected through a continuous network.
- Mark Weiser in his last article in IBM Sys. Journal, 1999
Ubicomp - Physical World Computing
Weiser’s Three Relationships
Human to Personal Computer
Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
Human to Internet/Web/Cyber
Human to Physical Object/Environment/World
Internet/WebCyber World
ObjectsEnvironmentsPhysical World
Ubi-Devices
Ubiquitous Computing (UC, Ubicomp) Physical Thing & Everyday Activity
Physical World
Physical Thing
Everyday Activity
Sensor/M/NEMS, Comps & Per. Nets
UC, ID, Context, Emb. Sys., etc.
In Real World on physical-cyber spaces in physical-digital form
e-Thing
e-Activity
Cyber World
Computers & Networks/Internet
WbS, SmW, Grid, P2P, EaaS, Cloud
Weiser’s Vision (1990):
Ubiquitous Computing (UC, Ubicomp)
Industry Vision (1999, IBM, etc.):
Pervasive Computing (Percomp/Percom)
EU’s Vision (2001):
Ambient Intelligence (AmI)
A memorial for Mark Weiser, July/1999Weiser’s Ubicomp
Pervasive Percomp
Ambient AmI
Cyber Physical System (CPS) by US
Other Related Visions
Internet/Web of Things (IoT/WoT)
Smart World and Ubiquitous Intelligence by Ma
Smart Planet by IBM
U-Korea (from 2004/Nov)
U-Japan (from 2005)
Proactive Computing
Other Similar or Related Computing
Autonomic/Organic Computing
Context-aware Computing
Human Centric Computing
Embedded Computing
Wearable Computing
Sentient Computing
Sensor Network/Computing
Mobile Comp, Cloud Comp, Social Comp, ……
Ubicomp very wide scope, related to many computing
Computer Evaluation
コンピュータの進化
ENIAC, 1945
2010
Moore’s Law (ムーアの法則)世界最大の半導体メーカーIntel社の創設者の一人であるGordon Moore博士が1965年に経験則として提唱した、「半導体の集積密度は18～24ヶ月で倍増する」という法則。
How long can Moore’s Law last?
-- By Dr. Wang Yi, Uppsala University, Sweden (EUC-09, August, 2009)
(Less Energy)
0.15x0.15 mm
コンピュータの大きさ
コンピュータ小さい もっと小さい ほこり程度肉眼でみえない
現実世界のモノと身の回りの環境に
取り付けができる、 埋め込まれる、 素材に混合される
Attachable, Embeddable, Blend-able
μ- chip
By Hitachi, 2003
Hitachi’s RFID Chip in 2006
1940/60 1970 1980 1990 2000~一部屋程度 デスクトップ PC ノートPC PDA,携帯 もっと小さく
– RFID: Attachable/Buried –(Radio Frequency IDentification)
– Attachable IC-Tags –
Smallest UWB IC Tag
- July 4, 2006
- YRP & Hitachi
- 0.25~10Mbps
- 10~30 M comm.
- 2~9 years
Food
Medicine
Book
Reader
Network
- Embedded Small Computers -
ABS
BAS
ESP
ABC
ASCACC
– Wearable Computer/Networks -
– Computer/Net Blended Textiles -
Elektex/IDEO flexible mobile phone
SoftSwitch qwerty-keyboard
Sensors
– Sensor Networks -
Jeannette M. Wing
Robots Everywhere
At work: Two ASIMOs working together in coordination to
deliver refreshments
Credit: Honda
At home: Paro, therapeutic robotic seal
Credit: Paro Robots U.S., Inc.
At home/clinics: Nursebot, robotic assistance for the elderly
Credit: Carnegie Mellon University
At home: iRobot Roomba vacuums your house
Mini Robots
Swarm Robots
ユビキタス(Ubiquitous) どこでも、何でも
Thank God! Ubiquitous Computing
is around me …
Ubiquitous Devices/Computers/Things are around us!
身近に様々なユビキタスデバイス・モノが存在
通信 (Communications)
インターネット
通信速度:1M1G1T1P bps
電気通信：1G2G3G4G5G
電力線通信
体細胞通信
無線通信: 電波, 光, レーザー, 等.
- 無線LAN: IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n- Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax, ZigBee, IrDA, 等.- UWB (Ultra-WideBand：超広帯域無線)
Wireless Networks
Wireless: Convergence
Ubiquitous Connections
Mark Weiser: (Ubicomp is) a field on a physical world richly and
invisibly interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays, and
computational elements, embedded seamlessly in everyday objects of
lives and connected through a continuous network.
Ubiquitous Computing: Numerous, casually accessible, often invisible
computing devices, frequently mobile or embedded in the environment,
connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure
composed of a wired core and wireless edges (NIST)
Physical Environments created when computing power and network
connectivity are embedded in everyday device and object at
everywhere in all time
Re-Checking Ubicomp Definitions
Ubicomp Ubiquitous Computers/Devices/Things
Ubiquitous Networks/Communications
Applications in Physical World, Everyday Lives
ユビキタスコンピュータとネットワーク
現実世界中のアプリケーション、サービス
Precision Agriculture Precision agriculture aims at
making cultural operations more efficient, while reducing
environmental impact.
Information collected from sensors is used to evaluate optimum sowing density, estimate fertilizers & others.
基本的な動向
デバイスやICチップが小さくなっている
ムーアの法則、新物質、ナノテクノロジー、等
無線通信を使ってユビキタスネットワークの相互接続ができる
多くの物がコンピュータやネットワーク、センサー等に組み込まれたり、取り付けられている。
e-Things (e-モノ) u-Thing (u-モノ)
現実世界のモノ取り付け、埋め込み、混在のコンピュータやデバイス
e-Booming u-Booming!! u-Korea, u-Japan, …
Ubiquitous Services/Applications
Human to Personal Computer
Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
Human to Internet/Web/Cyber
Human to Physical Object/Environment/World
Internet/WebCyber World
ObjectsEnvironmentsPhysical World
Ubi-Devices
RFID
RFID - Radio Frequency IDentification
A radio-based data capture technology that can be used to electronically identify, track, and store information contained on a “tag” that is attached to or embedded in an object, such as a key, an animal, a cloth – almost all physical objects!!
What do RFID Tags look like?
Types of RFID Tags
Active RFID Tag – with a battery
Passive RFID Tag – without a battery
Semi-Active/Semi-Passive– with a battery
– but working conditionally
RFID Tag Components
Antenna Power Supply
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
Control Unit
Microchip
With
Memory
(10011...0)
ID Number
ID Code
Tag Integrated Circuit (IC)Tag Antenna
An Example of Passive Tag
RFID Tag Memory
Read-only tags Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing
Can never be changed
No additional data can be assigned to the tag
Write once, read many (WORM) tags Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing
Tag is locked once data is written
Similar to a compact disc or DVD
Read/Write tags
Tag data can be changed over time
Part or all of the data section can be locked
RFID Reader
RFID Reader is a device to – Communicate with tag
– Read/write code from/into tag
– Supply power to passive tag
– Internal/External Antenna
– Connections to other machines
RFID
Reader
Reader AntennaRFID Tag
Serial Port
CPU
Power
SupplyRAM
Flash
RF Board
Interface
GPIO
Ethernet
WLANTag
Antenna
Electromagnetic Waves
Computer/ServerSmartphone
RFID
Tag
Communications btw Reader & Tag
Inductive Coupling – 電磁誘導方式 Short comm. distance
Propagation Coupling– 電波方式 Long comm. distance
RFID
Reader
Coil/Antenna
RFID
Tag
IC Chip
Coil
Antenna
RFID
Reader
Antenna
Antenna
Propagation Coupling
Tag 1
Reader
Tag 2
Tag 3
Interrogation zone
Interrogation Zone – Readable Distance
Tag 1
Reader
Tag 2
Tag 3
Various Shapes of
Interrogation zone
Interrogation Zone – Readable Distance
Interrogation zone
Tag
Tag collision problem: collision occurs when multiple tags
respond to the same reader simultaneously
Reader
46
The Tag Collision Problem
One-Reader Multi-Tags Collision
Reader
M Bottles M Tags
M Replies at the same time Collision of replied waves Cannot identify which RFID
Tag
Collision Avoidance Anti-Collision
Multiple tags simultaneously respond to a reader’s query- Results in collision at the reader- Have to distinguish between the tags
Need anti-collision techniques
Collision avoidance mechanisms:- Based on TDMA (Time Division Multi Access)- Probabilistic: Tags return at random times- Deterministic: Reader searches for specific tags
Several approaches for Collision Avoidance- Tree algorithm- Memoryless protocol- Contactless protocol- I-code protocol
Tree Algorithm Concept
0 1
0 1 1
0
0 1
010 011 101
Who has “ “?
010 011 101
Who has “1“?
101
Who has “10“?
101
Who has “0“?
011010
Who has “00“?Who has “01“?
011010
Tree Algorithm
• Reader queries for tags and informs in case of collision• Tags generates 0 or 1 randomly. If 0 then tag retransmits
on next query. If 1 then tag becomes silent and starts incrementing its counter (initially zero)
• Counter incremented every time collision reported and decremented every time identification reported
• Tag remains silent till its counter becomes zero
Reader
Read/reply time slots
010* 011*
10*
1110* 1111*
LF HF VHF UHF SHF EHFMF
30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 30GHz 300GHz3GHz
Radio Frequency for RFID
119~136kHz13.56MHz
315MHz
418MHz
433MHz
860MHz
|
960MHz
2.45GHz
5.8GHz
RFID Tag Range, Speed and Applications
Frequency Range Data Speed Applications
120 – 150 kHz
18000-2
(passive)
< 1m
(~10cm)
Low Smart Card, Ticketing, animal tagging,
access, Laundry, and factory data collection
13.56 MHz
18000-3
(passive)
< 1m Low to moderate I.C. Cards (Smart Cards), small item
management, apssport, supply chain,
anti-theft, library, transportation
433 MHz
18000-7
(active)
1 – 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking, asset
tracking for U.S. DoD (Pallets) – Active
860 – 960 MHz
18000-6
EPC(18000-6C)
(passive)
2 – 7 m Moderate to high Transportation vehicle ID, Access/Security,
large item management, supply chain
2450 MHz
18000-4 Mode 1
(passive)
1 – 2 m High Transportation vehicle ID (road toll),
access/security, large item management,
supply chain
RFID System (1)
RFID TAG DataProduct #: ASB33440988Arr. Date: 01-01-2010Exp. Date: 31-12-2010
HostComputer
Radio Waves
RFIDAntenna
RFIDTags
RFIDReader
Connection betw. Host & Reader Wired connection (RS232, USB, etc.) Wired LAN (Ethernet, etc.) Wireless LAN (WiFi, BT, etc.)
Secure Access
Multiple users
Real time data
Control and Tracking
Application Servers
Database, Web Server, etc.Properly distributed RFID
Readers covering large areas
Tags on vehicles, assets,
products, pallets, boxes…
RFID System (2)
56
RFID Implants
BeforeAfter
VeriChip
Human implantable RFID tag operating at about 134 KHz because at these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, blood, and water
Healthcare applications Implanted medical device identification
Emergency access to patient-supplied health information
Portable medical records access including insurance information
In-hospital patient identification
Medical facility connectivity via patient
Disease/treatment management of at-risk populations
Implant V1
Implant V2
Sensor and Actuator A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer
or by an instrument. (Wikipedia)
An actuator is a device for moving/controlling a mechanism/system,
or generate some output, e.g., motor, LED, buzzer, speaker, etc.
Sensors and actuators are bridges between real and digital worlds
Sensor
Input Signal Output Signal
Various Sensors
Phidgetsセンサー
Moteセンサー
Force sensor Touch sensor
Vib. sensorMotion sensor
Solar Cell
Digital Infrared Ranging
Compass
Touch Switch
Pressure Switch
Limit Switch
Magnetic Reed Switch
Magnetic Sensor
Miniature Polaroid Sensor
Polaroid Sensor Board
Piezo Ultrasonic Transducers
Pyroelectric Detector
Thyristor
Gas Sensor
Gieger-MullerRadiation Sensor
Piezo Bend Sensor
Resistive Bend Sensors
Mechanical Tilt Sensors
Pendulum Resistive Tilt Sensors
CDS Cell Resistive Light Sensor
Hall EffectMagnetic Field
Sensors
Compass
IRDA Transceiver
IR Amplifier Sensor
IR ModulatorReceiverLite-On IR
Remote Receiver
Radio ShackRemote Receiver
IR Sensor w/lens
GyroAccelerometer
IR ReflectionSensor
IR Pin Diode
UV Detector
Metal Detector
Types of Sensors Acoustic, sound, vibration
-- Microphone, geophone, seismometer, accelerometer, …
Automotive, transportation
-- Speedometer, map sensor, water sensor, parking sensor, …
Chemical
-- Sensing carbon, gas, hydrogen, oxygen, smoke, etc.
Electric, magnetic, radio
-- Hall effect, magnetometer, metal detector, telescope, …
Environment, weather, moisture, humidity
-- Leaf sensor, rain/snow gauge, pyranometer, …
Flow, fluid velocity
-- Air flow meter, flow sensor, water meter, …
Ionising radiation, subatomic particles
-- Cloud chamber, neutron detection, particle detector, …
Types of Sensors (Cont.)
Navigation instruments
-- Air speed indicator, depth gauge, gyroscope, turn coordinate, …
Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration
-- Accelerometer, position sensor, tilt sensor, ultrasonic sensor, …
Optical, light, imaging
-- Colorimeter, electro-optical sensor, infra-red sensor, photodiode, …
Pressure
-- Barometer, boost gauge, pressure gauge, tactile sensor, …
Force, density, level
-- Force gauge, level sensor, load cell, hydrometer, …
Thermal, heat, temperature
-- Heat sensor, radiometer, thermometer, thermistor, …
Proximity, presence
-- Motion detector, occupancy sensor, touch switch, ...
Sensor Performance Range
maximum and minimum values that can be measured
Resolution or discrimination smallest discernible change in the measured value
Linearity
maximum deviation from a ‘straight-line’ response
Sensitivity
a measure of the change produced at the output for a given change
Error – Accuracy/Precision difference betw. measured & actual values Random/System Errors
SystemError
Force Sensors Strain gauge
- stretching in one direction increases the resistance of the device,
while stretching in the other direction has little effect
- can be bonded to a surface to measure strain
- used within load cells and pressure sensors
A strain gauge
Direction of sensitivity
Motion Sensors
Motion sensors measure quantities such as velocity and acceleration
can be obtained by differentiating displacement
differentiation tends to amplify high-frequency noise
Alternatively can be measured directly
some sensors give velocity directly
e.g. measuring frequency of pulses in the counting techniques described earlier gives speed rather than position
some sensors give acceleration directly
e.g. accelerometers usually measure the force on a mass
Infrared Source IR Detector
CO2 Gas Sensor
CO2 sensor measures gaseous CO2 levels in an environment
Measures CO2 levels in the range of 0-5000 ppm
Monitors how much infrared radiation is absorbed by CO2
molecules
MEMS and NEMS MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) is the technology of
very small mechanical devices driven by electricity. (Wikipedia)
Range from 1 to 1000 micrometres in size (i.e. 0.001 to 1 mm)
Micromachines (in Japan), or Micro Systems Technology - MST (Europe)
NEMS (Nano-Electro-Mechanical System), similar but smaller (<100nm)
MEMS perform 2 basic types of functions: sensors or actuators.
- both act as transducers converting one signal into another.
MEMS actuators: electrical signal
physical phenomena to move or control mechanisms.
MEMS Sensors work in reverse to actuators
~ 1mm
MEMS Gyroscope Chip
Video for Introduction to MEMS
A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation
Sensors in Automotive Applications
Suspension Systems
Position Sensing
Chassis height
Electronic Power Steering
Position Sensing
Motor Commutation
Current Sensing
Safety Systems
Airbag Diagnostics & Control
Occupant Sensing
ABS/Traction - Wheel Speed Sensing
Convenience Systems
Door lock Position Sensing
Window Position/Speed Sensing
Window/Sunroof Direction
Sensing for anti-pinch
Seating Systems
Various Contactless Switches
Motor Controllers/Drivers
Wiper Systems
LCD screens
Powertrain Applications
Cam/Crank Sensors
Transmission Speed
Sensors
Throttle Position Sensors
EGR Valve Position
Sensors
Valve Position Sensors
Current Sensing
Ubiquitous Devices in Ubicomp
Internet/WebCyber World
ObjectsEnvironmentsPhysical World
Ubi-Devices
Handhelds
Robots
Sensors and handhelds are ubiquitous! Robots too!!
They are interfaces to other ubi-devices, physical and cyber worlds.
Wearable Devices
Sony SmartWatch2 , Samsung Galaxy Gear , Gear Concept 2013
Nike Fuel Band & Smart Train Shoe
2014年 ウェアラブルデバイス元年
Ring, Shortcut Everything Wearable Multitouch Everywhere
Google's Next Smart Contact LensGoogle Glass
Various Devices in Ubicomp
Devices: sensor, RFID, smartphone, wearable, robot, etc.
They are interfaces to physical world, cyber world and other people.
Internet/WebCyber World
ObjectsEnvironmentsPhysical World
Ubi-Devices
Smartphone
Robots
WearableDevices
General Ubiquitous System Model
Sensors
Actuators
人人体物体器具空間環境
ユビキタス
情報自動な取得、保存、処理、管理、分析、判断、使用、など
Multimedia Information
Comfortable Services
Contexts
Context-Aware
A ubiquitous/pervasive/AmI/CPS system can be regarded as a special
kind of information systems which use sensors to acquire various
information (of called context), process the contextual information,
and then take some responses through actuators.
IntelligentProcessing
Sensing & ActionNetwork
Real/Physical World
