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Introduction into Ubiquitous & Context-aware Computing
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Daniel Kornev
Program Manager
Microsoft Russia
Ubiquitous Computing: building context-aware systems
• Ubiquitous Computing• Great Moments in Ubiquitous Computing
• Devices
• Concepts & Research Areas
• Context-aware Computing Systems• History
• Real-world scenarios
• Industry & Academia interest
• Q&A
Agenda
Ubiquitous Computing
• Ubiquitous Computing• Computers everywhere
• Interconnected
• Human doesn’t “see” computer but focus on solving his problem
Ubiquitous Computing
5
Great Moments in UbiComp
1991 – Mark Weiser (1952-1999) (Xerox PARC) introduces “ubiquitous computing” in Scientific American article1993 – Xerox PARC introduces PARCTAB1999 – First International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC)1999 – DARPA Invisible Computing Initiative funds five university projects in ubiquitous computing 2001 – HUC changed to Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp)2001 – Intel opens four “lablets” with primary emphasis on pervasive computing2002 – First issue of IEEE Pervasive Computing2003 – Fifth UbiComp conference (Seattle)
Mark Weiser
PARCTAB
Smart Devices Entirely New
Dust – miniaturized devices without visual output displays, e.g., MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) – from nanometers through micrometers to millimetres
Skin – non-planar display surfaces like OLED – for clothes – networked surfaces of MEMS
Clay – 3 dimensional shapes – networked surfaces of MEMS
Tabs (wearable cm-sized devices)
Pads (handheld decimetre-sized devices)
Boards (meter sized interactive display devices)
Ubiquitous Computing: New Form Factors
7
What Is It?Ubiquitous Computing ≈ Pervasive Computing ≈ Invisible Computing≈ Sentient Computing
System is applicable in every real of daily activity, in every location and every contextSystem is aware of all activities user is participating in
UbiComp Technology Taxonomy
Context Sensing(location, activity, goals)
Mobile Devices
Ethnographic Studies
Data Availability(Web, personal server, OceanStore)
Privacy
Modeling
UI
Device Association
Applications
Automatic Behaviors
• System is applicable in every real of daily activity, in every location and every context
• System is aware of all activities user is participating in
Research Areas
• Sensor Networks
• Mobile Computing
• Context-aware Pervasive Systems
• Ambient Intelligence
• Distributed Computing
• Etc.
Ubiquitous Computing: Concepts
Research Area: History & Definitions
Context-aware Computing
1994
2001
2006
2007
2008
History
Context-aware computing system is a software that adapts according to its location of use, the collection of nearby people and objects, as well as changes to those objects over time.
in Disseminating Active Map Information to Mobile Hosts Bill N. Schilit, Marvin M. Theimer, 1994.
First definition - 1994
Context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including the user and application themselves.
(Dey, Abowd, 2001, in Providing architectural support for building context-aware applications)
Dey & Abowd’s definition - 2001
Context: Users, their goals and tasks, infrastructure (hardware, software, materials), physical and social environment in which the product is used.*
* As defined by ISO 9421-11
ISO Standard - 2006
context
–noun
the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, or situation.
(Greg Parks; Brownbag on Windows Context Platform; July 2007; Microsoft Corporation)
Windows / PC3 Definition - 2007
Intel’s Definition - 2008
© Intel 2008, “Context Aware User Interface”, Intel Developer Forum
Context-aware system can be aware of:
Environmental Contexts
• Physical environment
• Devices
• Services
User context
• Identity
• Physical state
• Physiological state
• Activities
• Contacts
• Preferences
Platform Context
• Location
• Motion
• Network
• Batter Status
• Platform Features
• Running Apps
• Memory usage
Sensors – Industry & Academia Interest
Context-aware Computing
SensorsSensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer
Sensors make possible for computer devices to detect elements of contexts that are hard to impossible to discover by using traditional methods.
Sensors and context-aware solutions are on the market already
Research organizations Industry Sensors Vendors
+Universities
Research Institutes
+PartnersSoftware
Developers
Real-World Scenarios
Context-aware Computing
• Location• Navigation, Location-aware Printing
• Augmented Reality• Navigation (ARDemo), Games (AR Counter Strike)
• Home Automation
• Security & Privacy• Location Privacy, Login, etc.
• Social Context
• Natural User Interfaces• UI orientation changes (Apple iPhone, ZuneHD, ARDemo), Object Recognition (Surface), Multi touch
(Surface/iPhone/Zune HD/Windows 7), Speech Recognition
• Presence
• Digital Assistant• Outlook, Sound Profiles in HTC Touch Pro
• Search
• Collaboration
• Productivity• Context-aware Tabs in Office 2007
• Context-aware Computations
Real-World Scenarios
GPS and location-based applications
Context-Aware User Experiences:
Detection of user’s location
Contextual information – POIs near user
Directions
Traffic and auto-correction of trip
Show user’s friends location on map in real mode
Apple iPhone
Natural User Interface:
Gestures
Zoom in/out
Physical inertia applied to digital objects
Context-Aware Interfaces:
UI Orientation (changes when physical orientation changes)
Light-aware UI
Screen uses presence sensor to automatically turn off while on call
Automatic switching between tasks with applying priorities (media player pauses while on call and after call resumes playing)
Contextual tabs in Office 2007
Natural User Experience:
Ribbons for editing special objects like images, charts, tables etc appear only when these objects are selected by user
Sound profiles in HTC Touch Pro
Sound Profiles:
Alarm can wake you even if you turned off system sound off
Sound profiles – normal/vibration/without sound
Special profile “Automatic” – switches app behavior to “Vibration” while on meetings (data is populated from Calendar)
Location-aware Printing in Windows 7
Location-aware Printing:
Default printer is chosen automatically based on current mobile computer’s network location
26
Security & Privacy
Device Association (HP) – use laser instead of RF broadcast to target intended device
User Login (U. Aarhus, Denmark) – augment password and smart card with proximity for login/logout
Location Privacy (IT U. of Copenhagen & Intel) – cell phone users are surprisingly willing to be tracked in return for useful location-based services
Other existing examplesAmbient Light Sensors in cars
GPS and location-aware applications
IM Presence (Skype/Messenger/ICQ)
Changing screen layout depending on device’s physical orientation (iPhone)
Contextual Tabs in Microsoft Office 2007
Sound Profiles in HTC Touch Pro
Contextual Conversations in Office Communicator
Location-aware Printing
…
• Location & AR• Campus Navigation System - ARDemo
• Natural User Interfaces• Context-aware User Interface – “Project Universe”
• Interruption Management System (in progress)
• Presence• Changing presence based on max/normal window (busy/available)
Russian Context-aware Computing Incubation Team: Scenarios
AR Demo
By Russian Context-aware Computing Incubation Team
Context-Aware Computing
Scenario
1. trip planning 2. walking
3. taking pictures
4. viewing pictures
Map follows your view direction
• Magnetic declination obtained from compass is used to align map rotation
NN
Device orientation changes UI
• Map mode if UMPC is parallel to the ground
• AR mode if UMPC is orthogonal to the ground
• Pitch angle calculated from accelerometer data is used to define change between two UI modes
Augmented reality mode
Augmented reality mode
Custom hardware boardLogitech FusionWeb camera
Freescale JM Badge Board• 3-axis accelerometer
• ambient light sensor
• capacitive touch sensor
Honeywell HMR3300digital compass
Pharos iGPS-500GPS receiver
Video
Demo
Project Universe – Demo/Motivation
Context-aware Computing
Sensed Less
Control
Loved More
automated
behavior
What Do Users Want?