UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Universidade Atlântica - Portugal WP 10 Comparative policy analysis

UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005

Universidade Atlântica - Portugal

WP 10 Comparative policy analysisComparative policy analysis


Water renewable and withdrawal (trends)

Socioeconomic indicators and water resources

Population and water scarcity

Water scarcity and sustainable development Comparative water policies

Report: Main TopicsComparative Analysis


National Water Indicators

Water Policies Analysis


Comparative Complex Water Comparative Complex Water Resources Indicators: Resources Indicators:

National LevelNational Level


Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

HDI – Human development Index

WPI – Water Poverty Index

Resources IndexAccess to safe drinking water IndexCapacity IndexUse of Water IndexEnvironmental Index

WSI - Water Stress Index

SWSI - Social Water Stress Index


Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index

Source: UN Human Development Report

Components of HDI•life expectancy•educational attainment •income

The HDI sets shows where each country stands in relation to these scales – expressed as a value between 0 and 1

The scores for the three dimensions are then averaged in an overall index

It is here taken as the best available approach to the adaptive capacity of a society facing scarcity of water

The HDI facilitates the determination of priorities for policy intervention and the evaluation of progress over time


Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators Human Development Index

UN World Development Report


0 300 600 Kilometers

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0

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0

85

58

68

91

12

138

20

97

26

5019

8275

49

32

2227

76

11

124138 146 140 123

#

21

#

55

#

23

12

No data

0 - 0.50.5 - 0.60.6 - 0.70.7 - 0.80.8 - 0.90.9 - 1

Human Development Index

Projection MercatorSpheroid International

Human Development Index - 2000

Egypt 0.635

Jordan 0.714

Lebanon 0.758

Tunisia 0.714

Turkey 0.735


Source: World Development Report (UNDP), 2000


Combining water scarcity issues and socio-economic aspects

5 aspects considered:

Resources, Access, Use, Capacity and Environment

Water Poverty Index (Lawrence, et al 2002)Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

The idea of WPI is to combine measures of water availability and access with measures of people’s capacity to access water

Ex:People can be ‘water poor’ in the sense of not having sufficient water for their basic needs because it is not available

People can also be “water poor” because they are “income poor”; although water is available


Water Poverty IndexComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators


Water Poverty Index - Conceptual FrameworkComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

x i – x min / x max – x min

The basic calculation, of a 5 components, is based on the following formula:

where xi , xmax and xmin are the original values for country i, the highest value country, and the lowest value country respectively. The indices therefore show a country’s relative position and for any one indicator this lies between 0 and 1.

[Resources] + [Access]+ [Use] + [Capacity] + [Environment]

Water Poverty Index

Within each of the five components, sub-component indices are 5 averaged to get the component index. Each of the five component indices is multiplied by 20 and then added together to get the final index score for the WPI, which is in the range 0 to 100.


National Values for the Water Poverty IndexComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

107. Tunisia

71. Egypt

118. Jordan

86. Lebanon

78. Turkey


Water Poverty Index

Resour

ces Rank Access Rank Capacity Rank Use RankEnvironm

ent Rank

Egypt 3.4 136 18.3 34 13.3 86 12.5 127 10.5 101

Jordan 0.4 144 13 82 14.9 63 10.8 97 7.3 143

Lebanon 6.1 117 15.7 56 15.8 45 10.5 88 7.7 140

Tunisia 3.2 137 12.4 85 15.3 55 12.2 123 7.8 137

Turkey 7.8 87 14.8 62 13.1 91 10.7 93 10.1 110


5 components (with ranks)


Resources Index - 2000


Resources

-500000

-500000

0

0

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0

135

145

64

87

86

89

136

55

6988

129

45

66

113

6872

137

65

144143

128#

117

10364 112 78 85

86 60

No data

0 - 200200 - 680681 - 830831 - 10401041 - 12201221 - 1990

Resources


Water Poverty Index

Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; Gleick, 2000


Access to Water - 2000-500000

-500000

0

0

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64

0

91

61

62

34

16

7

138

33

6623

104

9085

51

76

1213

82

11

50

119

138 142 145 105

4016

#

55 #

56


Access0 - 33- 99 - 13.513.5 - 16.716.7- 18.618.6 - 20No data



Water Poverty Index

Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000


Capacity – 2000/01

Water Poverty Index


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0

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67

41

391

86

14

144

98

18

4625

6455

33

34

2429

63

13

14

127 144146 139 126

#11#45

#

36

65


Capacity Index1 - 100100 - 120120 - 140140 - 160160 - 180180 - 200no data

Sources: GDP - HDR 2001; Under-5 mortality - World Resources Institute, 2000; Education - HDR 2001


Use – 2000/01

Water Poverty Index


-500000

-500000

0

0

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1000000

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122

138

47

93

33

5

18

127

70

64

126

51

56

141

5710

123

97

67

33

14247 73 41 144

147

#

109#

88#100


Use Index1 - 5050 - 7070 - 9090 - 110110 - 130130 - 170No data

Sources: Gleick, 2000; World Resources Institute, 2000; World Bank, 2001


Environment - 2001

Water Poverty Index


-500000

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0

0

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86 6665

138

139

49

11

11034

101

4598

146

117

19

133

7

14

137

118

114

143

11

11349

56

78 136

53

#

63#140

#

130


Environmental Index1 - 8080 - 100100 - 120100 - 140140 - 150150 - 170Do data

Sources: World Economic Forum, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy, 2001




-500000 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 4500000 5000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

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5000000

5500000

0

110

101

78

71

39

14

6852

119

87

42

2930

107

118

1813

111146 141137

#86

#

93

#46

Water Poverty Index

no data

1 - 47.948 - 55.956 - 61.962 - 67.968 and more

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

5500000

Water Poverty Index – 2000/01

Egypt 58

Jordan 46.3

Lebanon 55.8

Tunisia 50.9

Turkey 56.5



Water Stress Index (Falkenmark)

It is the number of hundreds of people who has to share 1 000 000 m³ annually available renewable water

WWater availability per person, calculated as an average according both temporal and spatial scale and thereby omits water shortages in dry seasons or in certain regions within special characteristics



Water Stress Index (Falkenmark, 1989)Comparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

Originally, the indicator based on the estimation that a flow unit of

1,000,000 m³ of water can support 2,000 people in a society with a high level of development.

Water availability of more than 1,700m³/capita/year is defined as the threshold above which water shortage occurs only irregularly or locally.

Below this level, water scarcity arises in different levels of severity.

It does not take the water quality into account at all or does it give information about a country’s ability to use the resources. Even if a country has sufficient water according to the WSI, these water resources possibly cannot be used because of pollution or insufficient access to them.


Water Stress Index - 2000


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0

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6446

7

0

12

85

56

17

60

47

7719

9448

108

64

8

11

7890

124

10389

86

10

7485 62 88 82

60

#21#

32


WSI1 - 22 - 33 - 55 - 77 - 1111 - 140No data


Egypt 11

Jordan 31

Lebanon 5

Tunisia 23

Turkey 3

Unit - Hundreds of persons per flow unit. (One flow unit is one million m³ of renewable water)

Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000; World Development Report (UNDP), 2000


Social Water Stress Index (Ohlsson, Leif 1999)

Social Water Stress Index represents a society’s

social adaptive capacity in facing the challenges of physical water

scarcity

Dividing the Water Stress Index by the Human Development

Index for each country

A higher value indicates a greater degree of

social water stress



Social Water Stress Index


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0

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1 - 23 - 55 - 1010 - 1515 - 2525 - 140No data

64

86

9

0

14

46

67

20

80

70

7624

71117

102

7512

9096

128

116

11

98

86

13

5446

26 59 57

#

35#

43

80



Egypt 17

Jordan 43

Lebanon 8

Tunisia 31

Turkey 4

Unit - hundreds of persons per flow unit; divided by HDI

Sources: World Resources Institute, 2000; and HDR 2000; World Development Report (UNDP), 2000


Correlation Matrix - world countriesComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

Resources Access

Capacity Use

Environment HDI WPI WSI SWSI

Resources

Access 0,054

Capacity -0,057 0,822

Use -0,012 -0,056 -0,110

Environment 0,276 0,271 0,280 -0,276

HDI 0,029 0,868 0,941 -0,119 0,467

WPI 0,456 0,853 0,767 0,122 0,467 0,809

WSI 0,584 0,145 0,109 -0,038 0,055 0,108 0,345

SWSI 0,628 0,073 0,014 -0,026 0,027 0,016 0,291 0,974


Correlation Matrix - SMART countriesComparative Water Resources Indicators Comparative Water Resources Indicators

Resources Access

Capacity Use

Environment HDI WPI WSI SWSI

Resources

Access 0,304

Capacity -0,284 -0,497

Use -0,341 0,252 -0,246

Environment 0,463 0,717 -0,922 0,360

HDI 0,420 -0,543 0,544 -0,821 -0,566

WPI 0,753 0,817 -0,494 0,167 0,776 -0,214

WSI -0,930 -0,628 0,366 0,215 -0,606 -0,171 -0,917

SWSI -0,949 -0,584 0,361 0,228 -0,594 -0,205 -0,903 0,998


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies Analysis


Comparative Analysis

Objectives

To compare water policies and practices between five countries (case studies)

Typifying each case study departing from a common list of indicators Compare the policies adopted by each case study region with EU-WFD

Description of the main causes and effects of water scarcity


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisKey Institutional Framework

Egypt: There is a shortage of institutional capabilities for monitoring and land use changes. The main characteristics of water regulations are set by Law 4/1994. This law deals with marine pollution in general and land based sources which require treatment before disposal. It sets limits on possible discharge in the marine environment.

Lebanon: In general, water related legislation is out of date. Legislation concerned with land use and specific sectoral water management is lacking, as are laws concerned with the preservation and protection of natural resources and pollution control. Institutional capabilities for monitoring and implementing laws are poor.


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisKey Institutional Framework

Jordan: The establishment of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority will probably increase tourist activity and therefore water demand. No more data available about water legal framework

Tunisia: Since the beginning of the 60’s, a vast program to access alternative water sources, or non conventional water, has been applied. No more data available about water legal framework

Turkey : There are serious institutional, legal, social and economic drawbacks, which enhance water allocation and environmental pollution problems. There are constraints to achieving basin management objectives. Institutional evolution is slow in comparison to rapid evolution in water management problems. Legislation used in current management practices is too old and can not meet current demands.


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Price

Egypt: Legislation doesn’t establish water price for irrigation as yet

Lebanon: Legislation that regulates water prices is out of date

Jordan: The main legislation on water price was established in 1997 and updated in 2003, the price of water is regulated for all uses


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Price

Tunisia: Water cost is calculated by consumption ranges. This system is implemented Nationally. Water cost is proportional to the specific use and the different set quantities used every term. Unique prices are set for tourism and agriculture.

Turkey: There is no specific regulation to determine the price of surface water or groundwater. If consumers use water for irrigation from the water distribution systems installed by government, they pay for water considering the cost of the maintenance and operation of the system. Domestic and industrial water prices are determined by local municipalities if the consumers use the public water distribution systems.


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Rights and Water Allocation

Egypt: Traditional water rights for irrigation are ensured by law.

Lebanon: Legislation affecting water rights does not take a global or environmental approach.

Jordan: There is a lack of legislation concerning water rights. Domestic use is given priority to followed by tourism and industry. The remaining water is allocated to agriculture.


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Rights and Water Allocation

Tunisia: There are no groups that are given priority. Water demand is satisfied in every case.

Turkey: The law that governs surface water use rights in Turkey foresees that water is a public good which everyone is entitled to use, subject to the rights of prior users. There is no registration system for surface water rights or water use. Each landowner has the right to use groundwater on the condition that it is used for meeting personal needs and after getting permission from DSI.


Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies AnalysisWater Quality

Egypt: In general, legislation for water quality is weak. There are requirements for the treatment of land based pollution sources before disposal and limits on possible discharge in the marine environment.

Lebanon: Quality standards and controls are lacking as part of an integrated overall watershed approach.

Jordan: Existing regulation about water quality is very restricted

Tunisia: Work in progress to identify water quality standards

Turkey: There is a surplus of regulations concerning water quality


Comparative Analysis

Problems related to international comparative analysis

•differences in implementation policies

•goal differences

•differences in steering systems

At the theoretical point of view, the international scale of

analysis is more difficult to obtain the optimal

preconditions for comparative analysis

Water Policies AnalysisWater Policies Analysis


Detailed taskWP 10 - Comparative Policy AnalysisWP 10 - Comparative Policy Analysis

Task Name%

CompNº

Months

2005

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

National Water Indicators: Comparative Analysis 4

Completing the Analysis 90% 2

Writing the Report 20% 4

Water Policies Analysis 4Data inputs (Improvement) 90% 2

Completing the Analysis 75% 2

Writing the Report 20% 4

Compiled and format WP10 deliverable (Report)

0% 2

Documents

UATLA - SMART Workshop Grenoble January 2005 Universidade Atlântica - Portugal WP 10 Comparative policy analysis