u8an (Block, 1981, 72) n~ia1unis~~dn~tndu?n"ubw~1~1'u~a~bba~nis

414 7 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 % b i U ~ 7 5 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ 6 ; 6 1 ' ~ " L ~ b l ~ ~ W ~ 0 ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ b b ~ ~ ~ " b ~ ~ d t l ~ " 3 d l ~ l b l ~ ~ I 1 duuldzunsufuuilt! h u b a w i ~ ~ u r m h n ~ s ~ n ~ ~ ~ ' u u b ~ m b~adusruunisdou E

I

uuunai% b~qnnkr6uau.isomwni~aou 14% RIT bguh L L ( ~ ~ ~ I R T S R ~ ( b i:

~5mnaiuliazman maiudih ldelszwi!h fiaiugmgas naiua7m1,~~au ~ a i u l i u.isqriliwuiu nsouoquk (I) nwonnauumsaou c6ncl: (2) niniiuuunisrou

ldlg (Reigcluth & Curtis, 1 98 7)

I. f l ~ ~ w a ~ m r n T f i ~ r n ~ r a u 6 ~ w n 3 s a ~ n b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n 3 3 ~ ~ ~

~ u n i s w ~ m q m n i a a o u n ~ a u u u d i ~ o ~ n i s ~ o u ~ u 6 ~ ~ n s ~ ~ i r ~ u ~ u a o ~ ~ ~i)u-da~naiuhu riulPiun'

(I) Gnoan~~uuszuu d ~ d ~ f i ~ u n i ~ ~ ~ i ~ b b u ' u d i a ~ ~ n i ~ ~ o u (2) cjb#~amw L&HI%I d~d~7rncyw8ngm 6qds:mTi (iaGauaz

~1u~cl:t~un~$o~i3m ica-cjiiuu

(3) ~ D B ~ ~ L L U U ~ ~ I S H ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O J ~ ~ ~ I ~ R I ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ W ~ P ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ h- a awuinis~uuni~aou ua-m~iso~dih~umsunis~au fi~nssu uasnisds:riiu

(4) ~b1uamWdonisa~

n 1 s w i i ~ r u u u 4 i ~ o ~ n i s ~ 0 u ~ ~ l d ~ i u i s 0 ~ i ~ 9 ~ ~ e l l 6 6 i " 1 1 i ~ u , ~ a i ~ s ~ i u 9 i i 7 &

Team work b b ~ ~ " l O ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 9 l ~ ~ ~ ~ b b ~ ~ ~ l ~ H ~ ~ 3383919

nriauc~~~~ciU~yu Pi14 7

h q 7 niniqdwumsziou nisas?shnau ua~m~~i~uwunisu3~07~~1urPii~ 7 1.2 fi33~8~aU8abt9a$d3ua~w (Computer Assisted Instruction

CAI) dwni~n'iunornum~~su~me~dnis~i81~~~ 5 rwams fia

+ lilluni~tiavri-strr%ej~~ g g ' Lnu i + unr3au?lndaCG

+ a~i~aniunisdiiam

+ uwt3uuodaows~3u

luoui~mr~rijnis1jirsinsurjaroles'ui'lalumst9sunis~ouu~n~~#u

tdo~oinnaufiauaii i~ipd*b~3a@b~a d~iaqaln'uin rtaraiuisoa$~quniiufl t ~ n i u g duuu lmaoanuilugdbads-Ru (Multimedia) ~u~flvazaawnw tta~b8~1q 1 n ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ 1 ~ o ~ ~ a ~ m a f ~ 1 1 l d f a o 1 n " v d a ~ u .I L ~ U nlad ?ZIsmd lun1sr3uunis

wqlns.iunuy nna wqlnssut~uunrju tm-n~sl~u"'oyae'J"~un~u (feedback) l u 2 Elnvol-oi~ 7 iiu t d a l ~ n i ~ i s u u m s ~ n u 8 1 1 s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i w ~ i n a u

v w 4 2. uuaTJir~is1~aTa01X~os" ~ ~ ~ t ~ w i r n i u n i s & r r a z " ~ ~ ~ ~ o19n:dI~squ

2.1 a l a i n~~~.a"a~add.s%t1~vnist~uunisaa~o~b~u~ua"nw~~aibad 0, - a 5 uammpd .;3rh~sniufiiwnala I n~w'kdw~~auh ttazGi7u~suierdsm fli$di a ~ a d ~ a i u ' ~ 1 8 ~ d l u i ~ m d ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ d ~ . ~ ~ i a ~ a r d 0 ~ ~ 1 a " i u ~ i ~ u u o 1 f l ~

2.2 f8gfld ~ ~ i i ~ l d ~ ~ w d i i ~ ~ ~ d d s ~ n o ~ n i s t ~ a u n i s a ~ u ~ m u ~ s i [ ~ w e d 4' 99ql.k ~ ~ ~ ~ . ; ~ I ~ ~ N ~ ~ U U ~ W ~ Q O C ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ # ~ I ~ ~ S Z M U Y P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . [ U ~ ~ S W B ~ ~ I I I L@+D'I~~D?~

~u~nliuu?nr~ndildhia~iaz@an niuisof i~drwuawimai85$6fla'iq ??ilfl{t?uu du&rnwua-d~rtlwlu~3ait#uan"u 16~nirri75ici~u~dlfl~d~s~r3uuuin#u

2.3 ~ U L O I E ) / U ~ R C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Interactive video j U Y U ~ ~ U ~ J ~ ~ ~ S R U ~ ~ ~ I G ~ ~ W W % L ~ U ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ ~ Z L ~ ~ M T M > M " ~ ~ ~ ~ " H ? D ? Z I : D u a . - ~ o ~ o u i ~ u s i d ? u ~ ~ l u l ~ . % a ~ ~ n " u

: . as 4s . . . . . . . . . ' : . : d o g ~ u i r n ~ ~ u r i l ~ n f i 6 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ 7 ~ u i i ~ 7 ~ n d ~ B u . . . mnk~iiiuiluup.tuona~~ . . . . : , . .

w w ' a . . . domidau7nn' iqdhrnu , , , . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . .

. . . . m~luTa3ns&ri (~cicphone Ttkhnolog y ) ~ . , . . , . ' . . .

.~ ln~~n7~n.r :~7u#tyrycu, . . (Broadcasting .Technique) 111~1~~fl75n~~q7f.l . . . .

' v.9 , ~cy~apIna~~duu$urp?cl~~1Hu'da7u7sonsz~7uni i~~7s~oMay~Sduuul~n~~IoA:

. . '4' . . n ~ l t ? ~ a z ~ ~ r ~ u ~ ~ d k f o ~ d ~ ~ n ~ ~ n ~ n w u ~ u ~ v a ' q q ~ ~ ~ ~ u q ~ ~ ~ ~ u u ~ ~ a " 3 & n s ~ ~ ~ ~ m ' ~ ~ , . . . . ' " : , .

~nfiuTRB l d ~ h ~ c ~ (Optical Fiber Technology) . . . , , , , ..

. . r n ~ ~ a d l a b ~ ~ ~ r i i i ~ u d o r n ~ (Communication ~~tellite'.~echno~'ogy) ' ' , ' ' ' . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

jlu 7 A ~ ~ a . r n i s ~ ' w u i ~ ~ a ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ i r ~ u ~ a ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ u t ~ ~ ~ a a n ~ s 9 ~ a u p 1 a i u m ~ a i u ~ a dnd~~~uuun1~8n'tJ'1ma~m8?01 (Life Long Learning) U R Z ~ / ~ V I ~ ~ ~ S I U ~ D ~ I d

v d w uu~lu~nc~o.rl~tn~lu6n~ni~douaa~1u~ n3d ttuu ~iuids~qno1"%~unisQmnis~n'tJi t d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m a u i i ~ a i r t ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ n i c ~ n i s ~ n v i j l o n i a ~ n w i ~ i n ~ i u ~ t n i t ~ u ~ n " u ii ~sni~d~lrds'~d~~w"muimuto~ ~ n ~ ~ i ~ 1 ~ i u ~ 6 ~ a 1 0 1 u ~ o ~ ~ ~ o J ~ a i u m " o ~ n i ~ LtazmiY aul~lriuinh

2. tcu2TCu ni.r~dduuuda.r 6~wm.r~3uuni.1~out~un~~1~n0~1nBu ~u$&oiszurdu~Yu RR.. 1970 tI1u6uui I ~ t t ~ ~ l i U n i . r ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ u u t ~ u n ~ o ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ u

. .

. .

. .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . , sruu iau6u' - n~sduun~tnoukuundu&nu"~e,~d~~~usJ~~uA~iT~~u'u . + - . imr~rwi~q~u ; , ., 2' d . .

'~ : lua9ms~nv~u?nuucs~u , 7 oiold; b*m%~~umn~ndbrru~::aun"un7sb"%~~n7~a~.u '., d' . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . humiu j ~77ubbi[P c h u ~ a ~ ~ I ~ n ~ & u G n w z $ ~ u ijb~u7lh~0~n7sbdauuuda9 . . ..' ' . . .

' . . : ~ua~s~~nn~~dd7~nud~~. i i7n~o#. i i7bbu,u1~~s~u . 'rjn-nvhuuuds-uu ~n7syson-' ' ' # , ' A' ' . .

: . nisa~dds-nnud7.r 1 &~unuirnhq 1 b~n~1unn'n~mss?ubduo~~na~~ns::6~1n73 . . ,. ' , ' , ' , : , ' dnln ~ b a r n i u ~ m y 7 n n a o ~ b ~ n T f d ~ a ~ n 7 s ~ n w 7 b ~ ~ a ~ ~ b d m ~ s o ~ n d nain~u~duuu

. cralmsrlrauo~~saub~~ Z~diiimsibunr~au7~d~a~un7sb~upjln7saou~b'~uniub~n u . . , . , .

' ; > . & o r u i ~ r i j u d i l d u o u ~ m ~ i u ~ ~ u 7 ~ : , : . . . . . . . . ' 3. ' t L ~ a l ~ a n ~ ~ 1 8 L n ~ f ~ ~ 1 ~ d ~ ~ a i ~ a a ~ 1 ~ ; a ~ ~ l w ~ ~ ~ ~ n B o d ~nnIuVad;: ;: " ,:

. . . . . . - ; . U'EI~adi~~(~saU'Ulnu' PI U O U L ~ U ~ S ~ ~ S M I ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ O . ~ ~ " ~n~ynsnw~nm~uIail , . , , ' . . .

. laanssurnrrcni :c~a~i1sQn7sd7~r"~lf lun1sb~u~ i1asGn#oau~nan'u~~u3at~o4 . . ,,' . . , .

# : ' u a - n ~ s i ] d ~ . ~ u ~ ~ " n " u ~ n o d n ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ : u a r a u $ u 6 i u r ~ ~ n ' u ~ hu6ssu bar . . , ' . ' . . . . . . . .

. . ' : b ~ l . i 9 9 ~ $ ~ ( W S C ~ &?~&IU ~ u ~ s d q$'~oluy3d, 2527, ,210) . .

. . v . . . , ., . , . . . . . . .

. , . . , . . : ' ' , ~ n ~ l u ~ a i a ' J y a d ~ ~ n ~ ~ o J " u l H ' ~ ~ n S d ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ w o n s m u . ' o n ~ s ~ n w ~ : , ' , , . ' . . . . . .

, . . . .. ,, .ua%duu~~fi~du$~ad7:i4a(a~b% n~s&n~i~ncl~"luszuu~~iin7s~dmoufiabn~~ . . . ' ,: ' : ' ,

' A' . . ' i ~ a ~ n ~ . s ~ ~ ~ ~ u u n 1 s ~ 3 u u n ~ s ~ ~ u n ' u n 0 u ~ ~ i ~ D ~ ~ 9 ~ a u ~ d 1 ~ s i n ~ ~ ' L ~ ~ n s ~ t i u m ~ . . : . :, . . ,

. . ?nu7 ldhu ~ w i m I' .

. , . . .

'. luauinolor'u'nislako~9ab~af ~ ~ w $ ' ~ a i ~ ~ u . s : : ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ " s u u ~ ~ a ~ s : : ~ t l ' ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ a " ~ ~ ~ : n , : , . ' . . .. . . I d d

. . _ ~nntduey'luil~~Cu ~~4iu~~ilnnu$u~nun"udo~nd 7 ~ n i d L ~ U L # U ~ ~ Y U ~ I A ? W . . . , : ' , ' .. ' , . .

. . . . . ' . . . ' rju~mun'ucl~qai doindu'u8ni%h "

. . . . .

. , . . a w

. . . . . , . . . . , . . , m T u l a u a o . ~ ~ d ~ a a ~ s a o J " ~ l ~ ~ s i ~ ~ ~ w a . n s ~ ~ u d o ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ n ~ a ~ n ' w ~ u a ~ .. . . . ' , , . . , '

, , : sruuu7nifw 1hu#~4uu'b'6~unnufi~n~~7w%m~srd7a"u ' briu , , , ' ?~nn7sqIns$arl . , " ' , . , ... ' . .

"94 w . . .

. . . .. . nnaG aujlilfiurv'. l a ? u~nn~ilu~don~~~srdl~i)7ns+u~mdaoui~1s~~b~uu , . , , ' . ,, , , . . 1'4 w

. . . . , u ~ ~ n i ~ ~ a o r u ~ n ~ s a o ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ a ~ n ~ s d ~ a j s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ n a ~ ~ ~ ~ n a n , uzi-nn7cl , , : , ' , ' /, . . ,: . . . . .

. ,wa.nrm.. mu7.jolflu~~u16~7n$u i iu luTnsnou9~~cnai 'wudw, 7 ,$?64' , , :' .:.' . . . .

. . . . 4.4 e ' a "' rta~~ruu"?iduu$i?udo' qaq ~ h l ~ n ~ s ~ ~ n 1 s d n ~ ~ ~ d a ~ ~ u ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ p d 0 ~ 7 n ~ u l u . . . , . . . . . .

. . . , .

. . 2 . ' , . ' oulnol k l ~ ~ f i n 7 ~ d n ~ ~ u r n s r u u u 7 n ~ u .. . ' . .

. . , u u a ~ ~ ~ n 7 ~ 1 ~ d o ~ ~ ~ b n ~ ~ u ~ a ~ n ~ ~ ~ n ' 1 r ) 7 , d o n ~ . ~ & ~ u a ~ ~ a d ~ ? m gu. . , , ' I ~ ~ n ~ . i a a s i a d a ~ 7 ~ d ~ d ~ ~ a ~ ' * 5 ~ 3 ~ ~ 7 n B ~ . . . . . . . . . , .. .

tnrn~u1a~n7s~nwiu7n#u ~ 4 B b l 6 ~ u d i ~ 4 u " ~ ~ ~ 7 u 7 " b ~ d 4 ' ~ 1 d ~ 9 n 7 ~ ~ f l ~ n 7 ~ ~ ~ ~

1~odsr~udii~~~u~~w"udn"~dnrii~~nu~~auriuo~6ds-naus~u0ilmsliuums~su trasinnui ngnnis a a ~ n i s ~ f i ~ ~ ~ u t n m I u I a ~ n i s ~ n ' t ~ i razinu~nisdAuau'oq~u

d d 4d 31hvuun6du?as:uuu7n#u (system approach)

ttpsaTG~~immT~~Tailni%areod tdtou qyn (2537, 43) ~ ~ L Y L R U D ~ ~ U U I U ~ ~ ~ ~ < ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " U ~ M ~ P O ~ T ~ ~

amutnadrh6'ty 7 di~%u'puu8nwi~udsr~nao~a~~1s~~e~lu~n l o Su'i4rt1.h GIJ an9 i 99 o ~ ~ U ~ I T I ~ R Q R L ~ ~ I ~ ~ nuinmt~0~un"u~~~iu~ta0do'b~~6uuua~~~"b0ddau~di~~ 7 ~Yqd

1, r n u I u ~ u ~ ~ d o d u ' n ~ ~ ~ u ~ z ~ ~ ' b u ' w ~ ~ ~ a f ~ ' ~ nuj%~ tenmsuariaq $7.154 u j ~ ~ r i u n u r n h ~ q ~ u ~ ~ u z d o n i ~ ~ ~ u

2. n77rsutillun-ju &fl.r!~un~dds-neus&$q"210qn1~8nw~ I d w 4

3. n l ~ m i u h u a z ~ ~ ~ e u a i o ~ ~ d u ~ a ~ s a m a q umno~unnuh6qh.m-n Laisad

4. ifolac~~lfuuurrii d u dad craafl6uaa3d~-amnn~~5%iXtga~~d

High 1 Bookslpaperlrefnaa ( Books/paper/reference I

I materials (100) Blackboard/OHP (80) Moderate

35-65 ( Gmup discussion (55)

Low 2 30 ' I Data bases (20) Microcomputers

Live simulation/drama

Interactive Video

Sntellite linking (5)

Home terminals

materials (100)

Group discussion (55)

Microcomputers (56)

CAI ( 4 5 )

Databases (40)

Home terminals

TV/Film/Video (35)

Satellite linking

Data bases . (20)

Live simulation/drama (1 5 ) . . ,

Interactive video . .

Filmstrips (10)

materials 1

I t

1 Microcomputers (70) i Blackboard/OHP (60) 1

Group discussion (55) I

Data bases (55) L

CAI (55)

Interactive Video (40)

Home terminals

1'V /Film/Video (35)

- Satellite linking (25)

Live simulation/drarna (1 5 )

Filmstrips (3 0)

tive multimedia) t d ~ fll~'L# CD-ROM I~n13'Lfi~ J ~ f i 3 1 B $ ~ ~ u ~ D u ~I~I 'UW u i s4 & Y 3nnsrl~%qlG(ilou ua:n7~1#~37ut8u~3qtaB~u ~Suku (knmd 34) uanmnu D

~zuu39nk&rhuIun~sw"ouu~n7stfiu nls6ulu uam73rEsnzaum~'Lu~d~tu~1'11aq 8~cyty~or8~&unua"qv7m~u~~and'Lda~b8~ h u r h ~ d n u n ' u a e ~ g d ~ t ~ ~ a ~ ~ d ~ d ~ ~ 7 dqriilnVatrimo~rlua"7n1~'~

n~winiau'h~ (n~wowm-i)

wioucu uonoinSln'iin~~liir8pdIu~~uwunua~u ~nrfiano~~rcl~dldod~i3~

~donnuernansam4alodn7sdj~a~ a k ~ ~ u n n i s 8 u u n i s a o d u d ~ ~ ~ u ~ i n i ~ b ~ u u ~

huZi~iinnsoiin (Electronic Learning) b~~ i :b~u f l i sb~au f l i ~a~Pd~au~dns~~n '~ - n~uinusruuldfli uar$aio~Grrufi~+an+ Ga~buuEdnnsoijn (Electronic

d vei CIassroom) ~3eGm duunl~bwsn'nrl (TV classroom) Inungusou~zArruT~uo1L Bogdnsn7dli w3~~iniaoudoi1na ~ n i . j d ~ m w m ~ c r o u u ~ ~ i ~ ~ a ' u l u w " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

v w r l , bntbafl ~BuIulnsbavi ~ ~ 8 q c y i ~ h ~ ~ ~ 7 b ~ ~ ~ ~ i d ~ i ~ Q ~ i 9 ~ ~ ~ i ~ b d ~ " L ~ q b ' l ~ ~

IGiiiuu rra:aauoiut ~~~un'uy 'aau '6~i )u l~~s~ww"d~b8~~o~una'~1w"eja~u 4. ~fs~me%%~masaas~a(i)7a6t5~ 3 u ~ ~ a s d ~ i o l b ~ ~ P i i ~ ~ i u e ) o ~ ~ a ~ ~ o ~ ~ u i ~

gu~c~o$b6cn'luada~qta$nws niw uar~8uq sruuiian!adfiu (World Wide Web)

lu?uroln4~6mt~utdoi7uluqterdaIan d~~7uut~iiautuuu~~~~1bBa~1u9ni7u~7u n o u ~ ~ a a ~ n " a 1 a n ~ ~ ~ m ~ a f i " u ~ r n u ~ ~ n 3 n b b ~ r s a m ~ kmwd 36

--- - --

36 da&aMuh~ur ro t r i i ab~odb~~od~~~~~~f fn"a~61 f l (Heinich and

Others, 199'6, 347) , . . ,