Dear Kanae,

My name is Anne. I am to be (your) host

mother. My husband’s name is Bill. He is to be

(your) host father. We’re looking forward to your

visit. I want to tell you a few things about our home

and about San Diego before you come here.

1. What is Kanae going to do next month? She is going to _____________________________________________ 2. What is Anne going to be? She ___ ______ ___ ___ Kanae’s ______________________________ 3. What is Bill going to be?

__________________________________________________________

We’ve had lots of exchange students stay with us over the years.

Usually, two girls or two boys share one room. A German exchange stu-

dent was to stay at (our) house as well, but unfortunately, she can’t come

this year. She is to visit (us) next year so you are to have (your) own room.

You are to keep the room clean and make the bed after you wake up. Our

house is close to the ocean. In San Diego, the sun is always shining. But if

you go to the beach, you are not to forget to use sunscreen.

B.

A.

This is Kanae. Next month, she is to visit San

Diego, California and do homestay. She wrote a letter to

her host parents, Bill and Anne. Today, she got a letter

from Anne, her host mother.

Read about Kanae and the letter she got from her American host mother, Anne. Then, answer the questions below and on the next page. When an-swering, write the underlined parts from the questions in your answers like in number 1. Also, when answering, change the pronouns like below:

(your / you) → her (our) → their (us) → them

1a.

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91 U N I T

4. What was a German exchange student going to do?

She ______________________________________________________

5. When is the German girl going to visit Bill and Anne?

__________________________________________________________

6. What will Kanae have?

__________________________________________________________

7. What does Kanae (have) to do?

She _ _ _ __________________________________________________

8. What mustn’t Kanae forget?

__________________________________________________________

San Diego is a nice city. You should visit SeaWorld and the San

Diego Zoo. And the shopping is very good, especially downtown. There

are lots of nice stores. If you want to use your credit card, you need a photo

ID so you are to take (your) passport with (you). But you are not to go

downtown at night. It’s not safe.

Well, have a good flight. We’re looking forward to seeing you.

Anne Hayes.

9. What should Kanae do when she goes shopping?

__________________________________________________________

10. What mustn’t she do at night?

__________________________________________________________

C.

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1. Kanae is to visit San Diego. → Kanae is going to visit San Diego.

Kanae will visit San Diego.

2. I am to be your host mother. → I am going to be your host mother. /

I will be your host mother.

4. A German exchange student → was to visit us.

A German exchange student was going to visit us.

5. You are to keep your room clean. → You should keep your room clean. /

You have to keep your room clean. /

You must keep your room clean.

6. You are not to go →

downtown at night.

You shouldn’t go downtown at night. /

You mustn’t go downtown at night.

3. We are to be your host parents. → We are going to be your host parents. /

We will be your host parents.

Not so natural

↓ Much more natural

↓

This lesson focuses on ‘be’ verb + infinitive: Kanae is to visit... / A Ger-man girl was to stay... / You are to keep..., etc. This kind of grammar is rarely used by native English speakers these days. It’s old fashioned and sounds stiff. It is recommended that you don’t speak or write in this way. Thus, all you really have to do is be able to understand the meaning of this grammar, in case you read or hear it. You don’ t have to actually use it yourself. ’be’ verbs + infinitives are used to express plans (Kanae is to visit San Diego / A German exchange student was to visit us - see numbers 1 - 4 be-low) or to give orders or strong advice to others (You are to keep the room clean - see numbers 5 - 6 below). Of course, there are more natural ways to express the same thing. Look at the table below:

2.

Lesson 91 436 │

For the conversations below, cross out the ‘be’ verbs + infinitives and re-place them with more natural phrases. Most times, there will be more than one correct answer. Remember that ‘be’ verbs + infinitives can be used to express plans (going to / will) or to give orders/strong advice (should / have to / must). When done, check with a partner by reading the conversations in pairs. Follow Conversation A / B.

3.

A: Can I have a cookie, Mom?

B: No, Billy. You are not to eat the cookies before dinner.

shouldn’t eat /

mustn’t eat

C: Are you doing anything for Golden Week?

D: Yes, I am to visit Sydney, Australia with my family.

E: Why did you decide to go to Sydney?

F: Well, originally, we were to go to England, but the prices were lower

for Australia.

G: Hey Mom, can I spend the night at my friend, Jimmy’s house?

H: Yes, but you are to clean your room first.

I: Did you know that Jimmy’s house has a swimming pool?

J: Well, then take your swim trunks. But you are not to use the pool

without adult supervision. O.K.?

K: So how was your health exam?

L: It was O.K., but the doctor told me that I am to exercise more.

M: Did the doctor say anything else?

N: Well, she said that I am not to overdo it at work.

It’s bad for my health.

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You have to study hard if you are to get into a good university.

Let’s review. So far, this lesson has shown two usages of ‘be’ verbs + in-finitives: 1. To give orders or strong advice: You are to keep the room clean. → have to / must You are not to forget to use sunscreen. → shouldn’t / mustn’t 2. To express plans: I am to visit San Diego next month. → am going to / will A German exchange student was to stay with us. → was going to ‘was to ~’ can also show the meaning of ‘destiny’. Look at the short story on the next page about Mozar and his family.

4a.

4b. On August 4, 1782 (seventeen eighty two), Mozart and Constanze (コン

スタンツェ) got married. Then, they went to Salzburg (ザルツブルク),

Mozart’s hometown. Mozart wanted to introduce Constanze to his father,

Leopold (レオポルト) and his older sister, Marianne (マリア･アンナ). How-

ever, Leopold and Marianne didn’t like Constanze. Mozart was very disap-

pointed. He left Salzburg, and he was never to return again.

Mozart

Constanze

Salzburg

Marianne

Leopold

Lesson 91 438 │

Next, let’s look at a few more usages of ‘be’ verbs + infinitives. 3. If you are to get into a good university, you have to study hard. In this sentence, the underlined ‘be’ verb + infintive means ‘want to get into a good university.’ This ‘want to’ usage is often written or spoken in combination with an ‘if’ clause (If you are to...) Inversion is also possible: 4. You have to study hard if you are to get into a good university.

(want to get into) Practice inverting the following ‘be’ verb + infinitive sentences. The meaning of each sentence is ‘want to’. Change ‘want to’ to ‘are to’. A: If you want to wake up early tomorrow, you should go to bed soon. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ B: If you want to lose weight, you should stop eating late at night. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ C: If you and your partner want to have a good relationship, you must

communicate well with each other. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ D: If you want to be tall, you have to drink a lot of milk and go to bed

before 10:00 p.m. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ E: If you want to be successful in life, you must have confidence in

yourself. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ F: If you want to travel abroad, you have to get traveler’s insurance. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

5a.

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Another meaning of ‘be’ verbs + infinitives is ‘can / can’t / could / could-n’t’. This happens in the passive voice: Look at the two examples below: 5a. I can’t find the keys anywhere. (active voice)

5b. The keys can’t be found anywhere. (passive voice)

5c. The keys are not to be found anywhere. (‘be’ verb + infinitive in the passive voice) 6a. Nobody could see any stars in the sky last night. (active voice)

6b. No stars could be seen in the sky last night. (passive voice)

6c. No stars were to be seen in the sky last night. (‘be’ verb + infinitive in the passive voice) (nobody could see any stars = no stars could be seen) Do the same for the sentences below. First, change them from active voice to passive voice. Then, change ‘can’t’ into ‘be’ verbs + infinitives. 7a. I can’t trust politicians.

7b. Politicians _______ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7c. ________________________________________________________

8a. You can’t use the emergency exit.

8b. _____ ___________ ______ _______ ___ _ _ _ _

8c. ________________________________________________________

9a. You can’t wear hats inside.

9b. ______ ________ ___ _ o _ _ inside.

9c. ________________________________________________________

10a. In California, stores can’t sell alcohol to anyone under 21.

10b. In California, __________ _______ ___ _ o _ _ to anyone under 21.

10c. ________________________________________________________

5b.

Lesson 91 440 │

Other modal verbs such as ‘must / mustn’t’ and ‘have to’ can also be used with ‘be’ verbs + infinitives in the passive voice. Look at example 11: 11a. You (have to / must) pay the rent on the first of the month. 11b. The rent (has to be / must be) paid on the first of the month. 11c. The rent is to be paid on the first of the month.

12a. You (can’t / mustn’t) use

the swimming pool at night.

12b. The ___________ ______

( ______ / ________ ) ____ _ _ _ _

at night. 12c. ____________________ is __________________________________

13a. You (can’t / mustn’t) hang clothes

out on the balcony.

13b. C_________ ( ______ / ________ )

____ _ u _ _ out on the balcony. 13c. ________________________________________________________

14a. You (can’t / mustn’t) play musical instruments after 6:00 p.m.

14b. __________ ____________ ( ______ / ________ ) ____

_ _ _ _ _ _ after 6:00 p.m.

14c. ___________________________________________________

6.

1 2 3 4

Rules in some American apartment buildings

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