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Typical Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Various Types of
Meningitis
Test Bacterial Viral Fungal TubercularOpeningpressure
Elevated Usuallynormal
Variable Variable
Whiteblood cellcount
!""" permm#
$"" permm#
Variable Variable
Celldi%erential
&redominance of &M's(
&redominanceoflymphocytes)
&redominanceoflymphocytes
&redominanceoflymphocytes
&rotein Mild tomar*edelevation
'ormal toelevated
Elevated Elevated
C+F,to,serumglucoseratio
'ormal tomar*eddecrease
Usuallynormal
-o. -o.
C+F / cerebrospinal 0uid1 &M's /
polymorphonucleocytes2(3-ymphocytosis present " percent of the
time2)3&M's may predominate early in the course2
Blood agar 4lood agar plate 546&7
Contains mammalian blood 5usually sheep or horse7! typically
at a concentration of 89":2 46& are enriched!
di%erentialmedia used to isolate fastidiousorganisms and
detecthemolyticactivity2 ;,hemolytic activity .ill sho. lysis
andcomplete digestion of red blood cell contents surroundingcolony2
E
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General bacterial media
Four types of agar plates demonstrating di%erential
gro.thdepending on bacterial metabolism
4ile esculin agar54E674E6 is used for the isolation of
Enterococcias .ell as Droup Streptococci
C-E agar5Cysteine-actoseElectrolyte ecient agar7C-E agar is used
to isolate and di%erentiate urinary tractbacteria! since it
inhibits Proteusspecies s.arming and candi%erentiate bet.een
lactose fermenters and non,fermenters2
?e*toen enteric agar5?E67?E agar is designed to isolate and
recover fecal bacteriabelonging to the Enterobacteriaceaefamily2 ?E
is particularlyuseful in isolating Salmonellaand Shigella2
-ysogeny 4roth5-47 MacCon*ey agar5M6C7
6 selective and di%erential media used to di%erentiatebet.een
Dram negativebacteria .hile inhibiting the gro.th ofDram
positivebacteria2 The addition of bile salts and crystalvioletto
the agar inhibits the gro.th of most Dram positivebacteria! ma*ing
MacCon*ey agar selective2 -actose andneutral redare added to
di%erentiate the lactose fermenters!
.hich form pin* colonies! from lactose nonfermenters thatform
clear colonies2 6n alternative media! eosin methyleneblue5EM47
serves a similar purpose2
Mannitol salt agar5M+67M+6 is also a selective and di%erential
media2 The mannitolindicates organisms that ferment mannitolG
mannitolfermentation produces lactic acid! lo.ering the p? and
turningthe plate yello.2 The salt is to select for halophiles1
organismsthat cannot .ithstand a high salt content .ill be unable
togro. .ell2
Mueller,?inton agar5M?67M?6 contains beef infusion! peptone! and
starchand is usedprimarily for antibiotic susceptibility testing2
Ht can be in aform of blood agar2
Fungigro.ing in a
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use in school science laboratories because it does
notselectively gro. pathogenicbacteria2
InJK agarInJK agar allo.s more rapid bacteriological diagnosis
asSalmonellaand Shigellacolonies can be clearly and reliably
di%erentiated from other Enterobacteriaceae2 The yields
ofSalmonellafrom stool samples obtained! .hen using thismedium! are
higher than those obtained .ith -EHF+O' 6gar or+almonella9+higella
agar 5++672
&henylethyl alcohol agar5&E67&E6 selects for
Staphylococcusspecies .hile inhibiting Dram,negativebacilli 5e2g2
Escherichia coli! Shigella! Proteus! etc272
L6 6gar5L676 non,specic agar that imitates the medium of .ater2
Usedfor .ater analysis2
Tryptic 5Trypticase7 +oy 6gar5T+67T+6 is a general purpose media
produced via enKymaticdigestion of soybeanmeal and casein2 T+6 is
freNuently thebase media of other agar types1 for e
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&6is used to culture certain types of fungi2 Malt e
