NAME NAME : : FLORA WONG CHOI YENFLORA WONG CHOI YEN

MATRIC NOMATRIC NO : : AA03009AA03009

TASK TITLETASK TITLE : : TYPES OF PILETYPES OF PILE

SUBJECTSUBJECT : : ENGINEERING ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

COURSECOURSE : : BACHELOR OF CIVIL & BACHELOR OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

LECTURERLECTURER : : MISS KHIRUNISA ABDULAHMISS KHIRUNISA ABDULAH

DUE DATEDUE DATE : : 26 JANUARY 200426 JANUARY 2004

TYPES OF PILETYPES OF PILE Concrete PilesConcrete Piles

- Cast In Place Concrete Piles - Cast In Place Concrete Piles - Precast Concrete Piles - Precast Concrete Piles - Drilled Shafts - Drilled Shafts

Steel PilesSteel Piles- H Piles - H Piles - Cylindrical - Cylindrical - Tapered - Tapered

Timber Piles Timber Piles Composite Piles Composite Piles

Common Driven Pile Common Driven Pile TypesTypes

CONCRETE PILESCONCRETE PILESConcrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types. It can be used in precast form in driven types. It can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as insertion units in bore piles. Dense piles, or as insertion units in bore piles. Dense well-compacted good- quality concrete can well-compacted good- quality concrete can withstand fairly hard driving and it is resistant to withstand fairly hard driving and it is resistant to attack by aggressive substances in the soil, or in attack by aggressive substances in the soil, or in seawater or ground water. However, concrete is seawater or ground water. However, concrete is precast piles is liable to damage (possibly precast piles is liable to damage (possibly unseen) in hard driving conditions. Weak, unseen) in hard driving conditions. Weak, honeycombed concrete in cast-in-situ piles is honeycombed concrete in cast-in-situ piles is liable to disintegration when aggressive liable to disintegration when aggressive substances are precast in soils or in ground substances are precast in soils or in ground water.water.

CAST IN PILESCAST IN PILESClosed-ended hollow tubular Closed-ended hollow tubular sections of reinforced concrete sections of reinforced concrete or steel which are first driven or steel which are first driven into the ground and then filled into the ground and then filled with in-situ concrete.with in-situ concrete.

CAST IN PILESCAST IN PILES

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Absolute minimum depthAbsolute minimum depth No deck jointsNo deck joints Aesthetic for small stream Aesthetic for small stream

crossings crossings

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Not the most economical Not the most economical

solutionsolution Limited span lengthLimited span length Requires formwork Requires formwork

supportsupport

PRECAST PILESPRECAST PILESReinforced or prestressed Reinforced or prestressed concrete or timber sections concrete or timber sections which are precast before being which are precast before being drivendriven..

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Absolute minimum depth of Absolute minimum depth of

precast bridge for short and precast bridge for short and intermediate spansintermediate spans

Expedites stage constructionExpedites stage construction

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Difficult to manufactureDifficult to manufacture Not economicalNot economical Subject to longitudinal and Subject to longitudinal and

transverse crackingtransverse cracking Not aestheticNot aesthetic Not appropriate for curved or Not appropriate for curved or

flared structuresflared structures Complicated for skewsComplicated for skews

DRILLED SHAFTSDRILLED SHAFTSDrilled shafts (also called Drilled shafts (also called caissons, drilled piers or bored caissons, drilled piers or bored piles) have proven to be a cost piles) have proven to be a cost effective, excellent performing, effective, excellent performing, deep foundation system, that is deep foundation system, that is utilized world-wide. Typically utilized world-wide. Typically they are used for bridges and they are used for bridges and large structures, where large large structures, where large loads and lateral resistance are loads and lateral resistance are major factors.major factors.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Economics Economics Minimizes pile cap needs Minimizes pile cap needs Slightly less noise and reduced Slightly less noise and reduced

vibrations vibrations Easily adaptable to varying site Easily adaptable to varying site

conditions conditions High axial and lateral loading High axial and lateral loading

capacity capacity   

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

Extremely sensitive to Extremely sensitive to construction procedures construction procedures

Not good for contaminated Not good for contaminated sites sites

Lack of construction Lack of construction expertise expertise

Lack of Qualified InspectorsLack of Qualified Inspectors

STEELSTEELmore expensive then timber or concrete but more expensive then timber or concrete but this disadvantage may be outweighed by this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease of handling of steel piles, by their the ease of handling of steel piles, by their ability to withstand hard driving, by their ability to withstand hard driving, by their resilience and strength in bending, and resilience and strength in bending, and their capability to carry heavy loads. Steel their capability to carry heavy loads. Steel piles can be driven in very long lengths and piles can be driven in very long lengths and cause little ground displacement. They are cause little ground displacement. They are liable to corrosion above the soil line and in liable to corrosion above the soil line and in disturbed ground, and they require cathodic disturbed ground, and they require cathodic protection of a tong life is desired in marine protection of a tong life is desired in marine structures. Long steel piles of slender structures. Long steel piles of slender section may suffer damage by buckling if section may suffer damage by buckling if they deviate from their true alignment they deviate from their true alignment during driving.during driving.

STEEL H-PILESSTEEL H-PILESSteel H piles are in the form of Steel H piles are in the form of wide-flanged steel sections wide-flanged steel sections (normally to BS 4360 grade 43A (normally to BS 4360 grade 43A or grade 50B) and are rolled in or grade 50B) and are rolled in accordance with BS 4 part I. The accordance with BS 4 part I. The displacement of the soil is small displacement of the soil is small compared with other types of compared with other types of displacement piles. Hence, this displacement piles. Hence, this type of pile is called a 'small type of pile is called a 'small displacement' pile. displacement' pile.

H-PILESH-PILES

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES available in various lengths and available in various lengths and

sizessizes easy to spliceeasy to splice high capacityhigh capacity low soil displacementlow soil displacement many penetrate larger many penetrate larger

obstructions with driving shoesobstructions with driving shoes

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES vulnerable to corrosionvulnerable to corrosion not recommended as friction pile not recommended as friction pile

in granular soilsin granular soils the tendency to bend on the the tendency to bend on the

weak axis during driving. Thus if weak axis during driving. Thus if piles are driven to a large piles are driven to a large depths, a considerable curvature depths, a considerable curvature may result.may result.

CYLINDRICALCYLINDRICAL

TAPEREDTAPERED

TIMBER PILESTIMBER PILESUntreated timber piles may be used for Untreated timber piles may be used for temporary construction, revetments, fenders temporary construction, revetments, fenders and similar work; and in permanent and similar work; and in permanent construction where the cutoff elevation of construction where the cutoff elevation of the pile is below the permanent ground the pile is below the permanent ground water table and where the piles are not water table and where the piles are not exposed to marine borers. They are also exposed to marine borers. They are also sometimes used for trestle construction, sometimes used for trestle construction, although treated piles are preferred. Timber although treated piles are preferred. Timber piles are difficult to extend, hard to anchor piles are difficult to extend, hard to anchor into the footing to resist uplift, and subject into the footing to resist uplift, and subject to damage if not driven carefully. Timber to damage if not driven carefully. Timber piles also have a maximum allowable bearing piles also have a maximum allowable bearing capacity of 45 Tons, whereas most structure capacity of 45 Tons, whereas most structure piles are designed for at least 70 Tons.piles are designed for at least 70 Tons.

TIMBER PILESTIMBER PILES

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Comparatively low initial cost.Comparatively low initial cost. Easy to handle.Easy to handle. Resistant to decay (permanently Resistant to decay (permanently

submerged)submerged)

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Difficult to splice.Difficult to splice. Vulnerable to damage at head Vulnerable to damage at head

and toe in hard driving.and toe in hard driving. Vulnerable to decay Vulnerable to decay

(intermittently submerged) (intermittently submerged) unless treated.unless treated.

COMPOSITE PILESCOMPOSITE PILESMaterials may be used in combination in Materials may be used in combination in piles and the most common example is the piles and the most common example is the use of steel and concrete. This may be by use of steel and concrete. This may be by using driven steel casings of various types using driven steel casings of various types filled with a structural core of concrete, or a filled with a structural core of concrete, or a steel pile protected externally by concrete steel pile protected externally by concrete casing; the latter is normally only possible casing; the latter is normally only possible for exposed lengths of piles such as would for exposed lengths of piles such as would be encountered in a jetty structure. There be encountered in a jetty structure. There are, however, forms of steel pile, which are, however, forms of steel pile, which have grout pipes throughout their length, have grout pipes throughout their length, which are used for forming a protective which are used for forming a protective outer casing after driving. outer casing after driving.

COMPOSITE PILESCOMPOSITE PILES

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES May solve unusual design or May solve unusual design or

installation problems.installation problems. High capacity may be possible High capacity may be possible

depending on materials.depending on materials. May reduce foundation costMay reduce foundation cost

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES May be difficult to attain good joint May be difficult to attain good joint

between materials.between materials.

TYPES OF PILE TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCIONCONSTRUCION

DISPLACEMENT PILESDISPLACEMENT PILES NON-DISPLACEMENT PILESNON-DISPLACEMENT PILES

DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT PILESPILES

If a pile is forced into the If a pile is forced into the ground, the soil is displaced ground, the soil is displaced downwards and sideways, but downwards and sideways, but material is not actually removed. material is not actually removed. Piles inserted in this way are Piles inserted in this way are called displacement piles called displacement piles

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Material forming pile can be inspected for Material forming pile can be inspected for quality andquality and

Soundness before driving.Soundness before driving. Not liable to squeezing or necking.Not liable to squeezing or necking. Construction operation not affected by Construction operation not affected by

ground water.ground water. Projection above ground level Projection above ground level

advantageous to marine structures.advantageous to marine structures. Can be driven in the very long lengths.Can be driven in the very long lengths.

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

May break during driving, May break during driving, necessitation replacement pile.necessitation replacement pile.

May suffer unseen damage, which May suffer unseen damage, which reduces carrying capacity.reduces carrying capacity.

noise and vibration due to driving noise and vibration due to driving may be unacceptable.may be unacceptable.

Cannot be driven in condition of low Cannot be driven in condition of low headroomheadroom..

NON-DISPLACEMENT NON-DISPLACEMENT PILESPILES

Sometimes a shaft (or hole) is Sometimes a shaft (or hole) is excavated and the soil is replaced excavated and the soil is replaced with concrete to form a pile. This with concrete to form a pile. This type of pile is called a replacement type of pile is called a replacement pile, or a non-displacement pile. pile, or a non-displacement pile.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES Material forming pile is not Material forming pile is not

governed by handling or driving governed by handling or driving stresses. stresses.

Can be installed in very long Can be installed in very long lengths. lengths.

No ground heave. No ground heave. Can be installed in conditions of low Can be installed in conditions of low

headroom. headroom.

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Special techniques needed for concreting Special techniques needed for concreting

in water-bearing soils. in water-bearing soils. Concrete cannot be inspected after Concrete cannot be inspected after

installation. installation. Enlarge bases cannot be formed in Enlarge bases cannot be formed in

cohesion less soils. cohesion less soils. Cannot be extended above ground level Cannot be extended above ground level

without special adoption. without special adoption.

THE ENDTHE END