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ITS Technical Note2Technical Note 2
Two Stage Selection Model forITS Applications
Technical Note 2
Two Stage Selection Model forITS Applications
ITS Technical NoteFor Developing Countries
Toshiyuki YokotaNRI
July 22, 2004
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
Acknowledgements
The authors and other people involved in this project would like to thank the members of the Transport Sector Board and numerous members of the World Bank’s Transport Network as well as external ITS authorities for their helpful contributions to this ITS Technical Note.
The preparation of ITS Technical Note 2 benefited from the dedicated assistance of Richard G. Scurfield, Anil S. Bhandari, Navaid A. Qureshi and Kavita Sethi. The author of ITS Technical Note 2 is Toshiyuki Yokota. The reviewers of ITS Technical Note 2 are Kan Chen, Patrick Hasson, Ishida Haruo, Mac Lister, James Luk, John Miles, Ozaki Haruo, Bob Peters, Tome Tanevski, and Richard J. Weiland.
The project has become a reality thanks to the hard work and professionalism of those who worked on it.
Toshiyuki YokotaSr. Transport Specialist
Transport and Urban Development DepartmentWorld Bank
1
2
2
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
1 STAGE 1: BENEFIT OVERVIEW MODEL
1.1 OVERVIEW MODEL: THE BENEFITS AND INCENTIVES FOR INTRODUCING ITS
1.2 CURRENT STATUS OF ADOPTING VARIOUS ITS FIELDS
2 STAGE 2: APPLICATION SELECTION MODELS
2.1 UNDERSTANDING MAJOR REQUIREMENTS BEFORE STARTING
2.2 APPLICATION SELECTION MODELS: ITS APPLICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
2.3 SELECTION EXAMPLE: CONSTRUCTING A TOLL ROAD THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIP, AND INTRODUCING ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC)
APPENDIX 1 APPLICATION SELECTION MODELS
APPENDIX 2 FIGURES AND PICTURES OF THE BASIC DEVICES OF ITS
GLOSSARY
4
5
6
9
4
3
6
6
7
22
29
ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
Introduction
ITS Technical Note 2 describes the relationship between ITS appl icat ions and thei r benef i ts , inc luding the requirements that must be met to actually introduce ITS applications. These requirements include areas of needed knowledge, needed technology, and infrastructure issues. These requirements must be met, not only at the time of initial deployment, but throughout the life the system, including its management and maintenance. Therefore, the process for selecting ITS applications must not only consider whether the benefits justify the cost, but also whether it is possible to meet all the necessary requirements for deployment.
The intended audience for this Note are decision makers and planners in developing countries that are considering introducing ITS, as well as those individuals who will be responsible for deploying ITS applications and who are trying to determine the knowledge and technology requirements needed to accomplish the introduction.
ITS Technical Note 1 introduced nine fields within ITS: Traveler Information, Traff ic Management, Demand Management, Road Management, Advanced Driving Assistance, Electronic Financial Transactions, Commercial Vehicle Management, Public Transport Management, and Incident and Hazard Response.
ITS is the application of IT to surface transportation and since IT can be applied to surface transportation in multiple ways, this gives rise to numerous applications. The fact that there are so many applications is itself a good thing. However, it is also true that this complex array of applications makes it difficult for road managers and other potential ITS adopters to decide on which ITS applications to introduce.
ITS Technical Note 2 introduces a model to support this
decision making process. To make these decisions, an evaluation must be made of existing capabilities, as well as of the potential benefits to be gained by introducing the applications. The model is organized as a Two-Stage Selection Model.
•Stage 1 – Benefit Overview Model:ITS and Benefits/Motivations
•Stage 2 – Application Selection Models:ITS applications and Requirements
The overall process of Two-Stage Selection is shown in figure 1.
Stage 1 models the relationship between the three kinds of benefits/motivations of ITS (Society-wide benefits (see ITS Technical Note 1 Section 2.2 for a description), Benefits to individuals (see ITS Technical Note 1 Section 2.2 for a description), and Additional motivations (see ITS Technical Note 1 Section 3.1 for a description)) and the nine fields of ITS.
In Stage 2, eight ITS fields, excluding Advanced Driving Assistance, is further subdivided into 40 ITS applications, and the overview on the requirements (technical requirements including standard and institutional requirements) for the introduction of each application is given. The reason for not including Advanced Driving Assistance in Stage 2 is that, although the possibility of vehicles with Advanced Driving Assistance capabilities cannot be denied entirely, the author considered it very unlikely that the assumed readership of this ITS Technical Note would undertake an initiative to actually plan and develop such systems.
Start
Stage 1
Select ITS fieldin response to objectives
Stage 2
Can requirements for this application be met?
EvaluationImplementation
Yes
No
Select the ITS application
Figure 1 The Application Selection Process
3
21 Stage 1: Benefit Overview Model
1.1 Overview Model: The Benefits and Incentives for Introducing ITS
The nine ITS fields introduced in ITS Technical Note 1 are as follows:
•Traveler Information (TF): Services to support traveler decision making before and during a trip: the travel mode to use, starting time, specific route, etc.
•Traffic Management (TM): Services to manage traffic flow on roads.
•Demand Management (DM): Services to reduce traffic demand on roads and congestion in urban areas by charging for road use and access to city centers and promoting the use of other travel modes.
•Road Management (RM): Services for the physical maintenance of roads and pavements, including repairs, snow clearance, etc.
•Advanced Driving Assistance (ADA): Automated systems to improve the performance of the vehicle and driver to make driving safer.
•Electronic Financial Transactions (EFT): Services to allow automatic electronic payment of tolls and fees, primarily on roads and bridges, but also to enter restricted city centers and sometimes to pay for parking charges, drive-through meals, etc.
•Commercial Vehicle Management (CVM): Services to support fleet and freight management, including automatic safety and credentials checking at borders.
•Public Transport Management (PTM): Services to improve the convenience and performance of public transport, for example schedule management and common fare payment
mechanisms.•Incident and Hazard Response (IHR): Services to respond to accidents and other emergencies, for example, by dispatching ambulances, fire trucks, etc.
Table 1 shows the relationship between the nine ITS fields and the three kinds of benefits/incentives. Some important points about this table include the following:
•It is based on approximately 130 ITS cases (including planned deployments) that are shown in the Appendix of the ITS Technical Note 1.
•Stars appear in the table to indicate direct, short-term effects. A means that the effects are quantifiable. A means that the effects are not readily quantifiable.
•Some effects are difficult to classify as Society-wide benefits, Benefits to individuals, or Additional incentives. Here, the following criteria are used: 1) Society-wide benefits affect not only the road users but the whole society; 2) Benefits to individuals are enjoyed mainly by users and road operators including infrastructure managers; and 3) Additional incentives are not directly related to surface transportation benefits, but rather to the effects of ITS on industry as a whole and on national policy.
•Within Society-wide benefits, “Increased Mobility” refers to effects that increase the speed of travel, but do not relieve congestion. “Congestion Relief” refers to effects that lead directly to less congestion.
Table 1 Nine ITS Fields and Three Kinds of Benefits/Incentives
Direct effects and issues to be solved by ITS in short term
Increased Mobility
Congestion Relief
Environment
Improved Safety
Better Highway AssetManagement
Improved Security
Less Travel Uncertainty
Efficiency for Operators
Efficiency for Users
Regional
Automobile
Infrastructure
IT Industry
TravelerInfor-
mation
1
2
3
TrafficManage-
ment
DemendManage-
ment
RoadManage-
ment
AdvancedDriver
Assistance
ElectronicFinancialTransac-
tions
CommercialVehicle
Manage-ment
PublicTransportManage-
ment
Incident &Hazard
Response
4
ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
The intended use of the table can be summarized as follows:
•If, for example, congestion relief is desired, the ITS fields that make it possible are TM and DM (since stars appear under these ITS fields in the “Congestion Relief” row). The readers can consider the full range of benefits from these fields and then move to stage 2 to select appropriate applications.Conversely, if the reader is interested in a specific ITS field such as EFT or TI, the effects of the selected field can be understood by looking for stars in the corresponding column.
•If the desired effects cannot be had, the reader should consider options other than ITS.
1.2 Current Status of Adopting Various ITS Fields
Based on ITS deployments to date, the relationship between the nine ITS fields and the benefits/incentives can be summarized as follows:
Decision making
•Among the various ITS fields, certain ones can directly benefit individual or commercial entities. Adopting a field depends, however, on a sufficient number of individual or commercial entities finding it beneficial to procure the application (e.g. IT, ADA, EFT, CVM, PTM, and possibly RM and IHR).
•Certain other fields, like TM and DM, have large society-wide benefits, and benefits for individual and commercial entities are limited. Hence, adoption of these fields is only possible as a result of a political consensus.
•Less than half of the benefits shown are classified as easy to quantify ( ). Quantifying “Efficiency for Operators” will require a business management perspective. This situation makes it difficult to justify introduction of ITS which provides society-wide benefits by using traditional cost-benefit analysis.
Adoption
•TM and DM for congestion reduction etc. have limited benefits for individuals and few additional incentives, besides signal control. This has resulted in resistance from users and low adoption rates. These applications cannot be expected to be very popular. Other kinds of TM and DM have been difficult to introduce without a significant congestion problem or powerful political influence.
•The ITS fields where all three areas of benefits/incentives are well represented -- EFT, CVM, and PTM – have been well accepted by all stakeholders in many global regions. Based on this development, it can be concluded that ITS applications for fields with benefits in all three areas will be widely supported, making them easier to introduce.
•With ITS introductions in the past, the primary focus was on Society-wide benefits. However, by also considering benefits to individuals and additional incentives, RM and IHR will have significant benefits overall. Thus, RM and IHR are fields with potential and can be introduced simply and
effectively, particularly in developing countries.•TI was considered to be promising in the early stages of ITS (1990s), partly due to the simplicity of the applications and perceived demand. So far, however, there are few examples where TI systems have proven popular and produced admirable effects. One reason for this may be that the uncertainty of society-wide benefits has resulted in reluctant or slow infrastructure development by the public sector. Nevertheless, it is clear that applications can be highly successful if they provide benefits to individuals and have addit ional incentives. Moreover, they can be supported by the private sector alone (e.g., car navigation).
•In the ITS fields where automobile manufacturers have strong interests, such as TI, ADA (e.g., driving assistance), and IHR (e.g., incident response), ITS has experienced some popularity. Yet, this is limited to people who can afford vehicles with ITS options.
5
22. Stage 2: Application Selection Models
Stage 2 involves the process whereby one selects application(s) and identifies the requirements of specific services as a basis for assessing the feasibility of their introduction.
2.1 Understanding Major Requirements Before Starting
Major requirement areas are as follows:
•Required devices. Some services depend on users having access to a dedicated on-board unit (or a mobile phone), which may or may not be feasible in a particular area.
•Communications between users and the infrastructure or a communications center. Some applications may require dedicated systems, which may be difficult to obtain. Some systems may be able to use generic communications technology, which would make it easier to introduce the application.
•Communication between the infrastructure and communications centers. The issues are similar to those above.
•Required functions at centers. With some applications, communica t ions centers may requ i re ex t remely sophisticated software and operational resources. In other instances, a single server may be all that is necessary. If there is an existing center that handles similar or related tasks, the deployment will be significantly easier.
•Data needed prior to system operation. Many ITS services and applications rely on the availability of certain data, such as traffic volumes. It makes a substantial difference whether this data is readily available, or if additional technology is needed for to begin collecting it.
•Regulations. This refers mostly to the legal restrictions that may apply to the system. Regulations differ from place to place. For example, in areas that give high priority to information privacy, certain traveler information systems or surveillance systems may be difficult to implement.
• Inst i tut ional . Th is re fers to other legal and the organizational issues that affect ITS. Organizational structures and legal frameworks will have a large impact on the ease of ITS deployment.
•Technological standards. This refers to the various technical standards that may be applicable to the system.
Note that requirements of each country or area will vary significantly. Thus, policy makers should review their circumstances thoroughly before making any decisions.
2.2 Applicat ion Select ion Models: ITS Applications and Requirements
Appendix 1 depicts the eight application selection models (corresponding to the eight ITS fields – other than ADA), including identified 40 applications, based on the 130 ITS cases listed in the Appendix of ITS Technical Note 1. The overview of the services and their advantages and disadvantages are described in each application selection models. It should be noted that potential applications are
not l imited to those l isted here, and that many other applications are likely to appear in the future. In addition, the 40 services are not necessarily stand alone applications. In many cases, the systems can be combined with other systems. For example, traffic and road condition sensors that are introduced for “Traffic Management” can also be used for “Road Management.” A “Traveler Information” system may also contribute to many other applications. In this sense, the 40 ITS applications are interdependent. For an explanation of interdependencies, refer to the Box at the end of Section 3 and to ITS Technical Note 5: ITS System Architectures for Developing Countries.Starting from the ITS fields selected in Stage 1, candidate applications can be selected based on the services that each application provides. Next, the requirements for introducing the selected applications are described, including requirements on the user side, infrastructure requirements that service providers must meet, which entities can be service providers, the related legal framework, and technical standards that need to be considered in defining the system. If these requirements are met, or could be met, then the application can be introduced.
In order to make the requirements easier to understand, Appendix 2 shows several basic ITS components in pictures and figures.
The flow of the application selection models is as follows:
1. Selecting the Application (Selecting the Service)
l The desired applications are selected based on service type, characteristics, and benefits
2. Identifying the Requirements
For example:•User requirements for device features•Requirements for communications between users and the infrastructure or communications centers
•Requirements for communications between portions of the infrastructure
•Requirements for center functionality•Data that must be acquired prior to the start of system operation
•Regulations•Institutional issues•Mandatory standards•Optional standards
Judgment Criteria•Whether the services provided by the application can provide the intended benefits
•Whether it is possible to meet the requirements
After the application has been selected and in order to make a final judgment about introducing an ITS application, consideration must be given to its quantitative and qualitative benefits, costs, financial management issues, and the likelihood of public acceptance of the actual location of the installation site.
6
ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
2.3 Selection Example: Constructing a Toll Road through Public-Private Partnership, and Introducing Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
1) Selecting the Service•Determine the charging basis for the toll structure (e.g., flat rate, distance based, point-to-point, etc.).
•For flat rate tolls, toll gates are needed only at the entrance.•For distance-based systems, the on-board unit of the vehicle records where the vehicle entered and exited and payment is based on the distance traveled. The infrastructure side also records the usage.
•Determine whether the toll would be pre-payment or post-payment.
2) RequirementsUser equipment•The vehicle requires an on-board unit that communicates with the ETC system.
IT Infrastructure•For communications with the vehicle, Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the typical choice.
•For communications between infrastructure components, dedicated lines or public communication lines can generally be used. In some areas, wireless communications (e.g., cellular) may be easier to implement. The decision should be based on installation cost, reliability, expected volume, and security considerations.
•Equipment to capture images of vehicles that did not pay tolls (e.g., CCTV cameras) is also required.
•A management center to monitor and control ETC operations will be necessary.
Prerequisite Data•To pursue vehicles that avoid paying tolls, coordination with the vehicle registration system is necessary.
Regulation•A determination must be made as to whether ETC is compatible with existing regulations concerning toll roads, information privacy, etc.
Selection of Organization•Since this model is for public-private partnerships, the intention is for the system to be developed and operated by the private sector.
Standards• S o m e c o m m o n s t a n d a rd s f o r E T C a re D S R C (communication standards), data dictionary format, standards for the on-board unit, and electronic payment standards/protocols.
•Are standards already in existence? If so, their applicability to this project should be determined.
•If there are no applicable standards available, they may need to be created. All major stakeholders, including public agencies, device manufacturers, and private sector concessionaires should participate in this process.
•ETC has many de facto standards in existence. When evaluating de facto standards, consideration should be given to the standards being used by other ETC systems within the country and/or region and whether the vendors of products meeting the de facto standard can serve the needs of this project.
3) Criteria for selectionService•Will users accept electronic payments? (ETC leads to reduction of labor costs and more reliable collections, which may make it possible to lower tolls for ETC users).
•Will the cost of the on-board units be acceptable to users?
Requirements•Will it be possible to meet all the necessary requirements both at the time of construction and also throughout system operation?
7
2Box. Selecting Multiple Applications and the System Architecture
It will be apparent, by actually going through Stage 2, that several similar items come out again and again. The nine ITS fields (Traveler Information, Traffic Management, Demand Management, Road Management, Advanced Driving Assistance, Electronic Financial Transactions, Commercial Vehicle Management, Public Transport Management, and Incident and Hazard Response) may seem like totally independent systems, but they actually have many overlaps, particularly in the devices that they use. In addition, many of the fields use traffic information (e.g., traffic volume, travel speed, vehicle location, etc.) Using cooking as an analogy, the ingredients and utensils may be similar between French and Italian culinary schools, but the cooking process makes for a quite different results. The same can be said of ITS.
When introducing two ITS applications, opportunities to share common elements should be explored, since this can reduce costs and produce efficiencies. At the same time, care must be taken to keep the cooperating systems from interfering with one another.
An ITS architecture can help sort out the sharing relationships among systems (see Technical Note 5 for detailed discussion of ITS system architectures). A system architecture provides an overall framework for ITS, showing the relationship among ITS (and other kinds of) applications. Having a system architecture beforehand is most helpful.
The U.S., Europe, and Japan have each created respective ITS system architectures that cover the nine fields of ITS. These architectures were intended to cover both current and future ITS services. Consequently, creating (and maintaining) the architectures was the result of great expense and effort.
In consideration of this, developing countries are urged to focus their system architectures on known, near-term applications and to develop them step by step, as new requirements arise.
8
ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
9
App
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x 1
App
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2
10
ITS Technical Note
Start
Ch
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pa
rkin
g,
etc
.) w
ea
the
r,
tou
rist
& o
the
r e
ven
ts
Re
gu
lati
on
Lia
bili
ty is
sue
s fo
r fa
ulty
info
rma
tion
, co
mm
un
ica
tion
law
s
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic (
roa
d
au
tho
ritie
s, la
w
en
forc
em
en
t)
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Mo
bile
ph
on
e,
SM
S,
Inte
rne
t, R
DS
-TM
C
Infr
a:
Inte
rfa
ce
/ C
om
mu
nic
ati
on
Ge
ne
ral p
urp
ose
co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m
Infr
a:
Ce
nte
rD
igita
l ro
ad
ma
p.
cen
ter
to c
olle
ct,
pro
cess
, a
nd
m
an
ag
e in
form
atio
n
Pre
req
uis
ite
D
ata
Tra
ffic
info
rma
tion
(se
e
ab
ove
), w
ea
the
r, o
the
r e
ven
ts ,
tra
vel
&e
nte
rta
inm
en
t in
form
atio
n
Re
gu
lati
on
Lia
bili
ty is
sue
s fo
r fa
ulty
info
rma
tion
, co
mm
un
ica
tion
la
ws,
info
rma
tion
se
curi
ty
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ho
ne
co
mp
an
ies,
p
riva
te s
erv
ice
p
rovi
de
rs
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Inte
ract
ive
co
mm
un
ica
tion
(I
nte
rne
t, m
ob
ile
ph
on
e)
Infr
a:
Inte
rfa
ce
/ C
om
mu
nic
ati
on
Ge
ne
ral p
urp
ose
co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m
Infr
a:
Ce
nte
rD
igita
l ro
ad
ma
p,
cen
ter
to c
olle
ct,
pro
cess
, a
nd
m
an
ag
e in
form
atio
n
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taT
raff
ic in
form
atio
n (
see
a
bo
ve),
we
ath
er,
oth
er
eve
nts
, t
rave
l &
en
tert
ain
me
nt
info
rma
tion
Re
gu
lati
on
Lia
bili
ty is
sue
s fo
r fa
ulty
info
rma
tion
, co
mm
un
ica
tion
la
ws,
info
rma
tion
se
curi
ty
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ho
ne
co
mp
an
ies,
p
riva
te s
erv
ice
p
rovi
de
rs
5)
Info
rma
tio
n t
hro
ug
h K
ios
ks
Info
rma
tion
pro
visi
on
to
pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
use
rs:
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 1
). B
en
efit
ing
pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
u
sers
, w
ho
will
be
ne
fit f
rom
acc
ura
te a
nd
re
liab
le
info
rma
tion
th
at
wo
uld
aid
th
eir
mo
bili
ty.
6)
Su
bs
cri
pti
on
Se
rvic
es
Fe
e b
ase
d p
rovi
sio
n o
f in
form
atio
n c
olle
cte
d (
or
p
roce
sse
d)
by
the
pri
vate
se
cto
r:
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 1
). W
ell
est
ab
lish
ed
se
rvic
e
an
d b
usi
ne
ss m
eth
od
th
at
pro
vid
es
bu
sin
ess
op
po
rtu
niti
es
for
pri
vate
se
cto
r a
nd
/or
Pu
blic
P
riva
te P
art
ne
rsh
ip.
7)
Pe
rso
na
lize
d S
erv
ice
In
form
atio
n p
rovi
sio
n t
ailo
red
to
ind
ivid
ua
l d
em
an
d.
Ex.
tra
vel t
ime
fo
reca
st b
ase
d o
n
act
ua
l tra
ffic
, in
form
atio
n o
n r
est
au
ran
ts a
nd
h
ote
l, e
ven
ts:
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 1
). A
lso
ab
le t
o p
rovi
de
t
ailo
red
info
rma
tion
fo
r e
ach
ind
ivid
ua
l. B
usi
ne
ss o
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r p
riva
te s
ect
or
an
d p
ub
lic p
riva
te
pa
rtn
ers
hip
.
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
No
ne
1C
on
t'd f
rom
last
pa
g
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
11
* D
at
* D
igi
* P
os
Se
e S
Tra
vel
an
d c
on
s
Tra
ffic
Co
ntr
ol
Pre
pa
ratio
n f
or
Ma
na
ge
me
nt:
Tra
ffic
Su
rve
ilen
ce
1)
On
-Sit
e D
ata
Co
lle
cti
on
by
Ro
ad
S
ide
Un
it
Acq
uir
ing
info
rma
tion
at
a f
ixe
d p
oin
t
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
info
rma
tion
co
llect
ion
fo
r r
ea
l-tim
e t
raff
ic m
an
ag
em
en
t a
nd
/or
cre
atin
g d
ata
ba
se f
or
tra
ffic
an
aly
sis,
pla
nn
ing
, a
nd
oth
er
ma
na
ge
me
nt,
lea
din
g t
o le
ss c
on
ge
stio
n a
nd
less
imp
act
to
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt.
In
cre
ase
s ce
rta
inty
, a
nd
op
po
rtu
niti
es
for
infr
ast
ruct
ure
ind
ust
ry.
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n E
qu
ipm
en
tV
ari
ou
s ve
hic
le s
en
sors
, w
ea
the
r se
nso
rs,
etc
.
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
ed
ica
ted
/ g
en
era
l pu
rpo
se
com
mu
nic
atio
n s
yste
m
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yD
ata
an
aly
sis
an
d s
tora
ge
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
ed
ica
ted
co
mm
un
ica
tion
, m
ob
ile
ph
on
e,
da
ta r
ea
de
rs f
or
sto
rag
e
de
vice
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yD
ata
an
aly
sis
an
d s
tora
ge
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n E
qu
ipm
en
tV
ari
ou
s ve
hic
le s
en
sors
, w
ea
the
r se
nso
rs,
etc
.
Re
gu
lati
on
Info
rma
tion
se
curi
ty
Org
an
iza
tio
nH
igh
wa
y a
dm
inis
tra
tor,
ne
cess
ar
Se
e S
ele
ctio
n M
od
el 1
: T
rave
ler
Info
rma
tion
fo
r T
ech
nic
al
req
uir
em
en
ts,
Inst
itutio
na
l Iss
ue
s a
nd
sta
nd
ard
s
2)
Mo
bil
e /
Pro
be
ca
r
Acq
uir
ing
info
rma
tion
usi
ng
mo
bile
e
qu
ipm
en
t a
nd
sp
eci
ally
eq
uip
pe
d v
eh
icle
s
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 1
), w
ith t
he
ad
de
d b
en
efit
of
flexi
bili
ty o
f d
ata
co
llect
ion
.
3)
Va
ria
ble
Me
ss
ag
e S
ign
(V
MS
)
Co
nve
yin
g r
ea
l tim
e in
form
atio
n o
n
con
ge
stio
n,
rest
rict
ion
, p
ark
ing
ava
ilab
ility
thro
ug
h V
MS
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Re
late
d I
nst
itutio
n
2.
Tra
ffic
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
IT I
nfr
a
Start
Goal
Sta
nd
ard
Be
ne
fits
: L
ess
un
cert
ain
ty a
nd
be
tte
r o
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r o
ptim
al a
ctio
ns
ba
sed
on
b
ett
er
info
rma
tion
.
Se
lect
y
sta
nd
ard
s fo
r:
a D
ictio
na
ry f
orm
at
tal R
oa
d M
ap
itio
nin
g S
yste
m
ele
ctio
n M
od
el 1
: e
r In
form
atio
n f
or
Pro
s
12
ITS Technical Note
Inci
de
nt
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
Tra
ffic
Re
gu
latio
n E
nfo
rce
me
nt
Da
ta c
oll
ec
tio
n E
qu
ipm
en
tT
raff
ic s
ign
als
, C
CT
V
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
ed
ica
ted
/ g
en
era
l pu
rpo
se
com
mu
nic
atio
n,
mo
bile
ph
on
e
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yT
raff
ic s
ign
al c
on
tro
llers
CC
TV
Mo
nito
rs
Re
gu
lati
on
Re
gu
latio
ns
on
tra
ffic
co
ntr
ol i
n g
en
era
l (j
uri
sdic
tion
of
the
si
gn
al c
on
tro
l / r
oa
d
op
era
tor)
Org
an
iza
tio
nR
oa
d o
pe
rato
r, la
w
en
forc
em
en
tD
ata
co
lle
cti
on
eq
uip
me
nt
CC
TV
, va
rio
us
veh
icle
se
nso
rs
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
ed
ica
ted
/ g
en
era
l pu
rpo
se
com
mu
nic
atio
n s
yste
m
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yT
raff
ic s
ign
al c
on
tro
llers
, C
CT
V
mo
nito
rs,
syst
em
so
ftw
are
(S
CA
TS
, S
CO
OT
, P
RO
DY
N,
etc
.)
Da
ta E
qu
ipm
en
tS
en
sors
, w
arn
ing
dis
pla
y
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nN
on
e if
a d
ete
cto
r h
as
self
sto
rag
e
fun
ctio
n,
or
de
dic
ate
d li
ne
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yN
on
e
Da
ta E
qu
ipm
en
tS
en
sors
, C
CT
V,
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nN
on
e if
a d
ete
cto
r h
as
self
sto
rag
e
fun
ctio
n,
or
de
dic
ate
d /
ge
ne
ric
com
mu
nic
atio
n
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yn
on
e
Re
gu
lati
on
Sa
fety
re
gu
latio
ns
Org
an
iza
tio
nL
aw
en
forc
em
en
t,
hig
hw
ay
ad
min
istr
ato
r
1)
Us
e E
xis
tin
g (
SC
AT
S,
SC
OO
T,
etc
.)
Pro
s:
Ma
ny
syst
em
s a
re e
xtre
me
ly
we
ll e
sta
blis
he
d a
nd
te
ste
d,
exc
elle
nt
tra
ck r
eco
rd,
hig
hly
sca
lab
le
Co
ns
: M
ay
no
t b
e f
it fo
r th
e r
eg
ion
's
req
uir
em
en
ts
2)
Cre
ate
Ori
gin
al
Pro
s:
Ca
n b
e t
ailo
red
to
th
e r
eg
ion
's
situ
tatio
nC
on
s:
Fu
nd
ing
, tim
e c
on
sum
ing
, n
o
test
ing
.
Se
lect
T
raff
ic m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
ste
m
4)
Fix
ed
tim
e s
ign
als
wit
h m
an
ua
l o
ve
rrid
e
Ch
an
ge
s tr
aff
ic s
ign
al p
ha
se a
t fix
ed
in
terv
als
Be
ne
fits
: In
cre
ase
d t
hro
ug
hp
ut
of
tra
ffic
,
lea
din
g t
o b
ett
er
mo
bili
ty a
nd
less
co
ng
est
ion
.
7)-
1 T
ick
eti
ng
(o
n-s
ite
)
Au
tom
atic
en
forc
em
en
t u
sin
g s
pe
ed
c
am
era
s a
nd
re
d li
gh
t ru
nn
ing
se
nso
rs
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 6
).
6)
Wa
rnin
g
Au
tom
atic
wa
rnin
g u
sin
g s
pe
ed
dis
pla
ys a
nd
se
nso
rs
Be
ne
fits
: Im
pro
ved
dri
ver
be
ha
vio
r a
nd
co
mp
lian
ce.
Sa
fer
tra
ffic
lea
din
g t
o in
cre
ase
d m
ob
ility
, le
ss c
on
ge
stio
n a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal
imp
act
, le
ad
ing
to
less
tra
vel u
nce
rta
inty
.
5)
Fle
xib
le T
imin
g S
ign
als
Ch
an
gin
g t
he
sig
na
l ph
ase
de
pe
nd
ing
on
th
e t
raff
ic c
on
diti
on
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 4
), w
ith a
dd
ed
a
dju
stm
en
t to
th
e t
raff
ic c
on
diti
on
s.
Da
ta E
qu
ipm
en
t (o
n v
eh
icle
)S
ecu
re O
BU
s w
ith p
osi
tion
ing
sy
ste
m &
dig
ital m
ap
with
re
gu
latio
n
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nO
BU
re
ad
er
(pe
rio
dic
or
au
tom
atic
re
po
rtin
g)
7)-
2 T
ick
eti
ng
(o
ff-s
ite
) (H
azm
at
etc
.)
Vio
latio
n d
ete
ctio
n u
sin
g s
ecu
re O
BU
th
at
reco
rds
dri
vin
g in
form
atio
n
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 6
).
Se
lect
S
tan
da
rd f
or:
A:
da
ta d
ictio
na
ryB
: p
osi
tion
ing
sy
ste
m
Se
e M
od
el 1
: T
rave
ler
Info
rma
tion
Sys
tem
fo
r p
ros
an
d c
on
s.
Goal
Start
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yD
ata
an
aly
sis
an
d s
tora
ge
fu
nct
ion
8)
Inc
ide
nt
no
tifi
ca
tio
n,
9)
Inc
ide
nt
Re
sp
on
se
, 1
0)
Inc
ide
nt
&
Ha
zma
t R
es
po
ns
e :
Se
e M
od
el 8
: In
cid
en
t M
an
ag
em
en
t S
yste
m
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
13
To
Re
du
ce D
em
an
d b
y C
ha
rgin
g
To
Util
ize
Pu
blic
Tra
nsp
ort
Us
ers
' E
qu
ipm
en
t
Inte
rne
t, p
ho
ne
IT I
nfr
aIn
tern
et,
ge
ne
ral
pu
rpo
se /
de
dic
ate
d
com
mu
nic
atio
n
syst
em
, V
MS
s
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
y
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taP
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt
info
rma
tion
, p
ark
ing
a
vaila
bili
ty in
form
atio
n
Re
gu
lati
on
No
ne
Org
an
iza
tio
nH
igh
wa
y a
dm
inis
tra
tors
, p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt
op
era
tors
, p
riva
te
sect
or
or
PP
P
Da
ta f
orm
at
N/a
Se
e S
ele
ctio
n M
od
el 5
: E
FT
1)
Pa
rk &
Rid
e
Pro
vid
es
info
rma
tion
on
pu
blic
t
ran
spo
rts
an
d p
ark
ing
sp
ace
at
the
sta
tion
s
Be
ne
fit:
Le
ss c
on
ge
stio
n t
hro
ug
h in
cre
ase
d p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt u
se,
lea
din
g
to
less
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
act
an
d
incr
ea
sed
ce
rta
inty
of
tra
vel.
Ma
inly
in u
rba
n a
rea
s.
2)
Pri
cin
g b
y E
TC
Pri
cin
g u
sin
g E
lect
ron
ic T
ran
sact
ion
to
exp
loit
the
te
nd
en
cy t
o a
void
fin
an
cia
l b
urd
en
s to
low
er
tra
ffic
Be
ne
fit:
E
limin
ate
tra
ffic
co
ng
est
ion
in c
ha
rge
d a
rea
s o
r o
n c
ha
rge
d r
ou
tes,
als
o le
ad
ing
to
incr
ea
sed
sa
fety
, m
ain
ly in
urb
an
are
as.
Op
po
rtu
niti
es
for
eq
uip
me
nt
ve
nd
ors
fo
r in
fra
stru
ctu
re.
Goal
Start
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Use
rR
ela
ted
In
stitu
tion
Sta
nd
ard
3.
De
ma
nd
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
2
14
ITS Technical Note
* D
ata
dic
tion
ary
* D
igita
l ro
ad
ma
p
Sn
ow
/Ice
Re
spo
nse
Ass
et
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
1)
As
se
t m
an
ag
em
en
t b
as
ed
on
hig
hw
ay
da
ta a
nd
tra
ffic
da
ta
Ma
na
ge
s ro
ad
s e
ffic
ien
tly u
sin
g D
ata
(ro
ad
inve
nto
ry,
roa
d c
on
diti
on
, m
ain
ten
an
ce r
eco
rds)
.
Be
ne
fit:
Be
tte
r m
ain
ten
an
ce,
lea
din
g t
o h
igh
er
secu
rity
, lo
ng
er
infr
ast
ruct
ure
life
an
d lo
we
r co
st.
Be
tte
r se
rvic
e f
or
use
rs d
ue
to
less
clo
sure
s a
nd
ro
ad
wo
rks.
2)
Sn
ow
/ic
e R
es
po
ns
e
Co
llect
s in
form
atio
n o
n s
no
w-
co
vere
d a
nd
icy
roa
ds
an
d
dis
pa
tch
es
ap
pro
pri
ate
re
spo
nse
.
Be
ne
fit:
Sa
me
as
1).
Qu
ick
an
d a
ccu
rate
re
spo
nse
to
sn
ow
/ice
em
erg
en
cy a
nd
min
imiz
ing
ris
k a
nd
d
am
ag
e o
f d
isa
ste
rs.
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Se
e M
od
el 1
: T
rave
ler
Info
rma
tion
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n
Eq
uip
me
nt
Ro
ug
hn
ess
me
ters
, p
rofil
e
me
asu
res,
ski
d r
esi
sta
nce
, w
eig
ht
sen
sors
, va
rio
us
tra
ffic
ce
nso
rs
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yIn
form
atio
n m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
ste
m,
ma
inte
na
nce
ve
hic
le d
isp
atc
he
r a
cco
rdin
g t
o m
ain
ten
an
ce
pla
n b
ase
d o
n t
raff
ic
surv
eill
an
ceP
rere
qu
isit
e D
ata
Ma
inte
na
nce
re
cord
s, r
oa
d
ne
two
rk,
ge
og
rap
hic
al
info
rma
tion
alo
ng
ro
ad
s
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n
Eq
uip
me
nt
We
ath
er
info
rma
tion
co
llect
ors
(ra
infa
ll/sn
ow
fall,
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yIn
form
atio
n m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
ste
m,
Ma
inte
na
nce
ve
hic
le d
isp
atc
he
r a
cco
rdin
g t
o m
ain
ten
an
ce
pla
n b
ase
d o
n t
raff
ic
surv
eill
an
ce
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taR
oa
d n
etw
ork
, g
eo
gra
ph
ica
l in
form
atio
n a
lon
g
roa
ds
1)
Us
e E
xis
tin
g
Pro
s:
we
ll e
sta
blis
he
d a
nd
te
ste
d.
Co
ns
: m
ay
be
to
o c
om
plic
ate
d
for
the
pu
rpo
se
2)
Es
tab
lis
h O
rig
ina
l P
ros
: ca
n b
e t
ailo
red
acc
ord
ing
to
pu
rpo
ses.
Co
ns
: tim
e a
nd
mo
ne
y co
nsu
min
g,
limite
d t
est
ing
an
d
tra
ck r
eco
rd
Re
gu
lati
on
La
ws
on
hig
hw
ay
ma
na
ge
me
nt
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Use
rR
ela
ted
In
stitu
tion
Sta
nd
ard
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Se
e M
od
el 1
: T
rave
ler
Info
rma
tion
1)
Pu
bli
c (
hig
hw
ay
a
dm
inis
tra
tor)
Pro
s:
Ca
pa
bili
ty t
o p
rovi
de
se
rvic
es
in n
atio
nw
ide
or
reg
ion
w
ide
, e
asy
to
ke
ep
in
tero
pe
rab
ility
an
d e
xpa
nd
ab
ility
w
ith t
he
na
tion
al s
tan
da
rd.
Co
ns
: C
oo
rdin
atio
n o
f ve
hic
le
org
an
iza
tion
s, g
en
era
lly s
low
d
eci
sio
n m
aki
ng
, g
en
era
lly
ine
ffic
ien
t.
Se
lect
Org
an
iza
tion
2)
Pri
va
te s
ec
tor
(co
nc
es
sio
n)
Se
lect
ne
cess
ary
st
an
da
rds
for:
Start
Goal
IT I
nfr
a
4.
Ro
ad
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
Pro
s:
eff
icie
ncy
of
Ma
na
ge
me
nt,
re
du
ce p
ub
lic b
urd
en
, b
usi
ne
ss
op
po
rtu
nity
fo
r p
riva
te s
ect
or
an
d/
or
PP
PC
on
s:
Le
ss in
tero
pe
rab
ility
an
d
exp
an
da
bili
ty,
req
uir
es
a
con
cess
ion
co
ntr
act
roa
d s
urf
ace
co
nd
itio
n,
tem
pe
ratu
re,
win
d)
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
15
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
* D
SR
C (
com
mu
nic
atio
n)
* D
ata
Dic
tion
ary
fo
rma
t*
OB
U/lo
cke
d-b
ox
* E
lect
ron
ic p
aym
en
t p
roto
col
Ch
arg
e V
eh
icle
: E
TC
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
OB
U f
or
pa
yme
nt,
D
SR
C
(co
mm
un
ica
tion
)
IT I
nfr
a: V
eh
icle
-in
fra
DS
RC
ga
tes
at
che
ck in
IT I
nfr
a:
Ga
te/C
en
ter
De
dic
ate
d o
r g
en
era
l p
urp
ose
co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m,
CC
TV
ca
me
ras,
m
an
ag
em
en
t ce
nte
r
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taV
eh
icle
re
gis
tra
tion
da
ta
(Lic
en
se p
late
, tr
asp
on
de
r ta
g)
IT I
nfr
a:
Ve
hic
le-
infr
aD
SR
C g
ate
s a
t ch
eck
in a
nd
ou
t
IT I
nfr
a:
Ga
te/C
en
ter
De
dic
ate
d o
r g
en
era
l p
urp
ose
co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m,
CC
TV
ca
me
ras,
m
an
ag
em
en
t ce
nte
r
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taV
eh
icle
re
gis
tra
tion
da
ta
(Lic
en
se p
late
, tr
asp
on
de
r ta
g)
1)
Pu
bli
c
Incl
ud
ing
:*
Hig
hw
ay
ad
min
istr
ato
r*
Ve
hic
le R
eg
isto
rs,
if a
ny
* T
raff
ic C
on
tro
l Ad
min
istr
ato
rs,
if a
ny
Pro
s:
Ca
pa
bili
ty o
f E
nfo
rce
me
nt.
C
oo
rdin
atio
n w
ith t
he
na
tion
al
sta
nd
ard
an
d in
tero
pe
rab
ility
. C
on
s:
Co
ord
ina
tion
of
veh
icle
o
rga
niz
atio
ns,
ge
ne
rally
slo
w
de
cisi
on
ma
kin
g,
ge
ne
rally
in
eff
icie
nt.
1)
Use
Exi
stin
gP
ros
: w
ell
est
ab
lish
ed
an
d t
est
ed
. L
ike
ly t
o h
ave
co
nfo
rmin
g
pro
du
cts,
fle
xib
ility
on
e
xpa
nd
ab
ility
an
d in
tero
pe
rab
ility
Co
ns
: L
imite
d o
ptio
n o
f d
evi
ces
an
d p
rovi
de
rs
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Re
gu
lati
on
To
ll ro
ad
/are
a r
eg
ula
tion
,in
form
atio
n s
ecu
rity
, a
nd
fo
r 3
), S
tro
ng
re
gu
latio
n o
r in
stitu
tion
to
co
llect
use
rs'
fee
pe
rio
dic
ally
or
au
tom
atic
ally
Se
lect
ne
cess
ary
st
an
da
rds
for:
Us
er
Eq
uip
me
nt
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m (
DS
RC
, m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
),se
cure
OB
Us
IT I
nfr
a: V
eh
icle
- in
fra
OB
U r
ea
de
r (P
eri
od
ic r
ep
ort
ing
(e
g.
Mo
nth
ly)
or
au
tom
atic
)
IT I
nfr
a:
Ga
te/C
en
ter
De
pe
nd
s o
n t
he
re
po
rtin
g
syst
em
, M
an
ag
em
en
t ce
nte
r
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taV
eh
icle
re
gis
tra
tion
da
ta
(Lic
en
se p
late
, tr
asp
on
de
r ta
g)
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
OB
U f
or
pa
yme
nt,
D
SR
C
(co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m)
Se
lect
Org
an
iza
tion
2)
Pri
va
te s
ec
tor
or
PP
PP
ros
: E
ffic
ien
cy o
f M
an
ag
em
en
t,
red
uce
d p
ub
lic b
urd
en
Co
ns
: L
ess
inte
rop
era
bili
ty a
nd
e
xpa
nd
ab
ility
, re
qu
ire
s a
co
nce
ssio
n c
on
tra
ct
3)
Mil
ea
ge
-Ba
se
d f
ee
co
lle
cti
on
w
ith
GP
S o
r ta
ch
og
rap
h
Re
cord
s m
ilea
ge
on
se
cure
OB
U.
Fa
res
are
pa
id a
cco
rdin
g t
o t
he
da
ta
colle
cte
d.
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 1
). N
o t
oll
ga
te
faci
litie
s re
qu
ire
d.
2)
Mil
ea
ge
-Ba
se
d F
ee
Co
lle
cti
on
F
ee
s b
ase
d o
n t
he
dis
tan
ce b
etw
ee
n
the
en
tra
nce
an
d t
he
exi
t g
ate
B
en
efi
ts:
Sa
me
as
1).
Ea
sie
r to
ap
ply
fo
r n
etw
ork
ed
hig
hw
ays
with
ma
ny
ra
mp
s.
1)
Fla
t F
ee
/En
try
Fe
e C
oll
ec
tio
n
Co
llect
s fe
es
on
en
try
(or
exi
t) t
o c
ert
ain
se
ctio
n o
f ro
ad
s.
Be
ne
fits
: Im
pro
ved
ga
te t
hro
ug
hp
ut
by
allo
win
g e
asi
er
an
d f
ast
er
pa
yme
nt
of
tolls
. In
cre
ase
d e
ffic
ien
cy f
or
op
era
tors
an
d u
sers
. Im
pro
ved
mo
bili
ty le
ad
s to
less
en
viro
nm
en
tal
imp
act
an
d b
ett
er
safe
ty.
2)
Cre
ate
ne
w s
tan
da
rds
Pro
s:
Ca
n b
e t
ailo
red
to
pu
rpo
se
an
d t
raff
ic s
tate
.C
on
s:
Est
ab
lish
ing
th
e s
tan
da
rd is
co
stly
an
d t
ime
co
nsu
min
g,
diff
ere
nce
with
oth
er
ET
C if
exi
sts,
lim
ited
co
mp
etin
g v
en
do
rs t
o
pro
vid
e d
evi
ces
be
fore
cre
atin
g
en
ou
gh
ma
rke
t o
f E
TC
.
Start
Goal
5.
Ele
ctro
nic
Fin
an
cia
l Tra
nsa
ctio
n
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Use
rR
ela
ted
In
stitu
tion
Sta
nd
ard
Co
nt'd
on
ne
xt p
ag
e
2ITS Technical Note
16
Ch
arg
e V
eh
icle
: E
TC
Se
e S
ele
ctio
n M
od
el 7
: P
ub
lic T
ran
spo
rt M
an
ag
em
en
t
4)
Ge
ne
ral
ele
ctr
on
ic p
ay
me
nt
Fa
re p
aym
en
t fo
r p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt
usi
ng
IC
ca
rds.
Be
ne
fits
: E
asi
er
an
d f
ast
er
fare
p
aym
en
t le
ad
ing
to
incr
ea
sed
use
of
pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
. In
cre
ase
d m
ob
ility
a
nd
less
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
act
.
3)
de
fa
cto
sta
nd
ard
of
exi
stin
g p
rod
uct
sP
ros
: N
o d
ela
ys in
th
e
intr
od
uct
ion
, m
an
y o
ptio
ns
in
ma
rke
t (b
ut
are
diff
ere
nt
spe
cific
atio
ns)
.C
on
s:
Po
ssib
le la
ck o
f in
tero
pe
rab
ility
, ri
sk o
f b
ein
g
ab
an
do
ne
d,
infle
xib
ility
of
exp
an
sio
n,
req
uir
es
ext
en
sive
re
liab
ility
te
st,
po
ssib
le d
isru
ptio
ns
cau
sed
by
the
fir
m's
we
ll-b
ein
g
Start
Goal
Co
nt'd
fro
m la
st p
ag
e
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
17
Fo
r L
og
istic
s
1)
Ca
rgo
/ve
hic
le t
rac
kin
g
Mo
nito
rs t
he
tru
ck lo
catio
n a
nd
ca
rgo
to
en
ha
nce
log
istic
s o
pe
ratio
ns
Be
ne
fits
: In
cre
ase
d e
ffic
ien
cy f
or
ea
ch t
rip
an
d t
he
ove
rall
de
live
ry s
yste
m,
ad
din
g t
o s
ecu
rity
cert
ain
ty,
a
nd
eff
icie
nt
log
istic
s. E
ffic
ien
cy le
ad
ing
to
incr
ea
sed
mo
bili
ty a
nd
Us
er
Eq
uip
me
nt
Po
sitio
nin
g
syst
em
, m
ob
ile
ph
on
e,
da
ta
sto
rag
e d
evi
ceV
eh
icle
-ce
nte
r c
om
mu
nic
ati
on
Wir
ele
ss
com
mu
nic
atio
n
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yC
en
ter
for
pa
yme
nt
ma
na
ge
me
nt
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taV
eh
icle
an
d c
arg
o
op
era
tion
da
ta
Re
gu
lati
on
No
ne
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
riva
te s
ect
or
Da
ta f
orm
at
No
t re
qu
ire
d,
if it
is
a c
lose
d s
yste
m in
a
pri
vate
co
mp
an
y
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Use
rR
ela
ted
In
stitu
tion
Sta
nd
ard
IT I
nfr
a
6.
Co
mm
erc
ial V
eh
icle
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
l Goa
less
imp
act
to
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt.
Ve
hic
le-c
en
ter
co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
ata
re
ad
ers
fo
r ta
cho
gra
ph
/sto
rag
e
de
vice
or
da
ta
tra
nsm
issi
on
de
vice
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yD
ata
re
cord
ing
an
d
pro
cess
ing
sys
tem
Us
er
Eq
uip
me
nt
Ta
cho
gra
ph
, d
ata
st
ora
ge
de
vice
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
riva
te s
ect
or
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
ta
No
ne
Da
ta f
orm
at
No
ne
2)
Mo
nit
ori
ng
/ O
pe
rati
on
Re
co
rdin
g
Mo
nito
rs a
nd
re
cord
s o
pe
ratio
n
da
ta u
sin
g r
eco
rde
rs.
Th
is s
erv
ice
co
uld
incl
ud
e e
ng
ine
te
lem
etr
y/ m
on
itori
ng
an
d e
me
rge
ncy
no
tific
atio
n
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
ma
na
ge
me
nt
of
dri
vers
an
d v
eh
icle
s, le
ad
ing
to
incr
ea
sed
se
curi
ty c
ert
ain
ty a
nd
/or
be
tte
r co
mp
lian
ce w
ith r
eg
ula
tion
s a
nd
sta
nd
ard
s.
Se
lect
re
gu
latio
n
Da
ta f
orm
at
Da
ta d
ictio
na
ry
form
at
ne
ed
s to
be
se
lect
ed
. S
ee
M
od
el 1
: T
rave
ler
Info
rma
tion
1 2
1)
Re
cord
ing
se
lf-g
uid
an
ce2
) R
eco
rdin
g a
uth
ori
ty's
in
spe
ctio
n /
mo
nito
rin
g
Start
2
18
ITS Technical Note
Fo
r E
me
rge
ncy
Fo
r S
ecu
rity
Us
er
Eq
uip
me
nt
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m,
on
-bo
ard
u
nit
for
ele
ctro
nic
d
ata
Ve
hic
le-C
en
ter
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
SR
C,
we
igh
t se
nso
rs
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yC
on
tro
l ce
nte
r in
clu
din
g
reg
istr
atio
n d
ata
m
atc
hin
g s
yste
m f
or
veh
icle
an
d c
arg
o,
we
igh
t cl
ea
ran
ce
syst
em
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taV
eh
icle
re
gis
tra
tion
, d
rive
r lic
en
se,
imm
igra
tion
da
ta
Us
er
Eq
uip
me
nt
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m,
on
-bo
ard
u
nit
for
ele
ctro
nic
d
ata
Ve
hic
le-c
en
ter
co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
SR
C,
we
igh
t se
nso
rs
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yC
on
tro
l ce
nte
r in
clu
din
g
reg
istr
atio
n d
ata
m
atc
hin
g s
yste
m f
or
veh
icle
an
d c
arg
o,
we
igh
t cl
ea
ran
ce s
yste
m
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taV
eh
icle
re
gis
tra
tion
, d
rive
r lic
en
se,
imm
igra
tion
da
ta
Re
gu
lati
on
Ro
ad
/ a
rea
re
gu
latio
n,
info
rma
tion
se
curi
ty,
Cu
sto
ms,
im
mig
ratio
ns
law
, in
tern
atio
na
l tra
de
a
gre
em
en
t
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic (
roa
d
au
tho
ritie
s, la
w
en
forc
em
en
t, c
ust
om
s &
imm
igra
tion
off
ice
)
Re
gu
lati
on
Ro
ad
/are
a r
eg
ula
tion
re
ga
rdin
g h
ea
vy
veh
icle
s, in
form
atio
n
secu
rity
, ve
hic
le
sta
nd
ard
s
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic (
roa
d
au
tho
ritie
s, la
w
en
forc
em
en
t)
DS
RC
(c
om
mu
nic
atio
n
sta
nd
ard
s),
Da
ta d
ictio
na
ry
form
at,
Sta
nd
ard
fo
r o
n-
bo
ard
un
it/lo
cke
d
bo
x sp
eci
fica
tion
Ele
ctro
nic
pa
yme
nt
sta
nd
ard
s/p
roto
cols
(Se
e S
tan
da
rd o
f S
ele
ctio
n m
od
el 5
: E
FT
)
Se
e S
ele
ctio
n M
od
el 8
: In
cid
en
t/se
curi
ty
an
d H
aza
rd N
otif
ica
tion
Sys
tem
3)
Bo
rde
r C
ros
sin
g
Ele
ctro
nic
bo
rde
r cu
sto
ms
an
d im
mig
ratio
ns
safe
ty in
spe
ctio
n u
sin
g p
re-r
eg
istr
atio
n
Be
ne
fits
: Im
pro
ved
eff
icie
ncy
of
cro
ss-b
ord
er
tra
de
an
d s
ecu
rity
, le
ad
ing
to
th
e s
am
e b
en
efit
s a
s 1
) a
nd
2).
4)
Ro
ad
sid
e I
ns
pe
cti
on
Ch
eck
s ve
hic
le w
eig
ht
an
d c
arg
o c
on
ten
t fr
om
th
e r
oa
dsi
de
Be
ne
fits
: Im
pro
ved
se
curi
ty a
nd
co
mp
lian
ce le
ad
ing
to
sim
ilar
be
ne
fits
as
2).
Le
ss o
verl
oa
din
g a
nd
da
ma
ge
to
th
e in
fra
stru
ctu
re.
5)
Ro
ad
sid
e I
nc
ide
nt
& H
azm
at
Re
sp
on
se
Em
erg
en
cy r
esp
on
se s
yste
m f
or
acc
ide
nts
invo
lvin
g v
eh
icle
s w
ith
ha
zma
t:
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
an
d f
ast
er
resp
on
se
to in
cid
en
ts.
Imp
rove
d lo
gis
tics
Goal
Start
eff
icie
ncy
, se
curi
ty a
nd
ce
rta
inty
th
rou
gh
be
tte
r h
an
dlin
g o
f in
cid
en
ts.
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
19
Qu
alit
y o
f S
erv
ice
1)
Ele
ctr
on
ic P
ay
me
nt
Ta
riff
pa
yme
nt
for
pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
u
sin
g I
C c
ard
s
Be
ne
fits
: E
asi
er
an
d f
ast
er
fare
p
aym
en
t le
ad
ing
to
incr
ea
sed
use
o
f p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt.
Incr
ea
sed
m
ob
ility
an
d le
ss e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l im
pa
ct.
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Sm
art
Ca
rd
Eq
uip
me
nt
at
Ve
hic
le /
T
erm
nin
als
Sm
art
Ca
rd R
ea
de
r
Ga
te/C
en
ter
Fa
cil
ity
Ce
nte
r fo
r p
aym
en
t m
an
ag
em
en
t
Ve
hic
le-I
nfr
a
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n N
on
e
Eq
uip
me
nt
at
Te
rmin
als
&
Ve
hic
les
Dis
pla
ys a
t b
us
sto
ps
&
term
ina
ls,
po
sitio
nin
g
syst
em
s fo
r ve
hic
les
Ga
te/C
en
ter
Fa
cil
ity
Ve
hic
le t
rack
ing
sys
tem
Se
lect
N
ece
ssa
ry s
tan
da
rds
1)
Use
exi
stin
g2
) cr
ea
te o
rig
ina
l
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
N/a
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yN
on
e
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Mo
bile
or
Inte
rne
t
Re
gu
lati
on
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic s
ect
or
or
PP
P
Re
gu
lati
on
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
re
gu
latio
ns
if u
sin
g
de
dic
ate
d
com
mu
nic
atio
n
syst
em
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic s
ect
or
or
PP
P
Re
gu
lati
on
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
re
gu
latio
ns
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic s
ect
or
or
PP
P w
ith
coo
pe
ratio
n o
f si
gn
al c
on
tro
l
2)
Bu
s L
oc
ati
on
Acq
uir
ing
th
e lo
catio
n o
f p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt v
eh
icle
s, w
hic
h is
c
on
veye
d t
o t
he
use
rs
Be
ne
fits
: Im
pro
ved
ce
rta
inty
lea
din
g t
o in
cre
ase
d u
se o
f p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt.
Be
tte
r m
ob
ility
fo
r u
sers
, a
nd
eff
icie
ncy
fo
r o
pe
rato
rs a
nd
use
rs.
3)
Bu
s S
ign
al
Pri
ori
ty
Tra
ffic
sig
na
ls a
da
pt
the
ir p
ha
se t
o
giv
e p
rio
rity
to
bu
ses
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
ad
he
ren
ce t
o
sch
ed
ule
. Im
pro
ved
re
liab
ility
an
d
con
ven
ien
ce,
lea
din
g t
o in
cre
ase
d
use
of
pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
.
Eq
uip
me
nt
for
Ve
hic
les
Co
mm
un
ica
-tio
n d
evi
ce
with
sig
na
ls
7.
Pu
blic
Tra
nsp
ort
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Use
rR
ela
ted
In
stitu
tion
Sta
nd
ard
IT I
nfr
a
* C
om
mu
nic
atio
n s
yste
m*
Da
ta D
ictio
na
ry f
orm
at
* D
igita
l Ro
ad
Ma
p*
Po
sitio
nin
g S
yste
m
Se
lect
ve
hic
le-i
nfr
a
com
mu
nic
atio
n1
) G
en
eri
c2
) D
ed
ica
ted
(e
g.
DS
RC
)3
) E
lect
ron
ic t
ag
Se
lect
ve
hic
le-i
nfr
a
com
mu
nic
atio
n1
) G
en
eri
c2
) D
ed
ica
ted
(e
g.
DS
RC
)3
) E
lect
ron
ic t
ag
Start
Goal
1
au
tho
rity
2
20
ITS Technical Note
Qu
alit
y o
f O
pe
ratio
n
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Ph
on
e o
r In
tern
et
Eq
uip
me
nt
for
Ve
hic
les
Po
sitio
nin
g
syst
em
, co
mm
un
i-ca
tion
sy
ste
m
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yM
an
ag
em
en
t ce
nte
r
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n
Eq
uip
me
nt
Ta
cho
gra
ph
an
d
da
ta r
eco
rde
rs
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yD
ata
re
cord
ing
an
d
pro
cess
ing
sys
tem
Ve
hic
le-I
nfr
a
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
nD
ata
re
ad
ers
fo
r ta
cho
gra
ph
/sto
rag
e
de
vice
(e
.g.
me
mo
ry
card
) o
r d
ata
tra
nsi
tion
d
evi
ce
Re
gu
lati
on
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
re
gu
latio
ns
if u
sin
g
de
dic
ate
d
com
mu
nic
atio
n
syst
em
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic s
ect
or
or
PP
P
Re
gu
lati
on
La
w o
n r
oa
d p
ub
lic
tra
nsp
ort
bu
sin
ess
if
req
uir
ed
Org
an
iza
tio
nP
ub
lic s
ect
or
or
PP
P
4)
De
ma
nd
Re
sp
on
siv
e B
us
/ T
ax
i
Ch
an
ge
s ro
ute
s o
r d
isp
atc
he
s o
f b
us
an
d t
axi
es
ba
sed
on
de
ma
nd
Be
ne
fits
: H
igh
er
con
ven
ien
ce f
or
use
rs.
Imp
rove
d r
elia
bili
ty a
nd
e
ffic
ien
cy f
or
bu
sse
s, le
ad
ing
to
in
cre
ase
d u
se o
f p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt.
5)
Mo
nit
ori
ng
/ o
pe
rati
on
R
ec
ord
ing
Mo
nito
rs a
nd
re
cord
s o
pe
ratio
n
da
ta u
sin
g r
eco
rde
rs,
Th
is s
erv
ice
co
uld
incl
ud
e e
ng
ine
te
lem
etr
y/m
on
itori
ng
an
d e
me
rge
ncy
n
otif
ica
tion
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
ma
na
ge
me
nt
of
dri
vers
an
d v
eh
icle
s, le
ad
ing
to
in
cre
ase
d s
ecu
rity
ce
rta
inty
an
d/o
r b
ett
er
com
plia
nce
with
re
gu
latio
ns
an
d s
tan
da
rds.
Co
nt'd
fro
m la
st p
ag
e
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
N/a
1
Se
lect
ve
hic
le-i
nfr
a
com
mu
nic
atio
n1
) G
en
eri
c2
) D
ed
ica
ted
(e
g.
DS
RC
)3
) E
lect
ron
ic t
ag
Start
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
2)
Inc
ide
nt
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
(A
uto
ma
ted
) in
cid
en
t re
po
rt a
nd
th
e d
isp
atc
h o
f e
me
rge
ncy
ve
hic
les.
Tra
cin
g s
erv
ice
s fo
r st
ole
n v
eh
icle
s:
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
an
d f
ast
er
re
spo
nse
to
inci
de
nts
. Im
pro
ved
se
curi
ty a
nd
ce
rta
inty
th
rou
gh
b
ett
er
ha
nd
ling
of
inci
de
nts
.
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
PD
A w
ith m
ob
ile
fun
ctio
n
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n
Eq
uip
me
nt
N/a
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yM
an
ag
em
en
t ce
nte
r
Pre
req
uis
ite
D
ata
Ve
hic
le
reg
istr
atio
n
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Mo
bile
with
po
sitio
n
rep
ort
ing
fu
nct
ion
, in
cid
en
t d
ete
cto
rs
at
acc
ide
nt-
pro
ne
sp
ots
Da
ta C
oll
ec
tio
n
Eq
uip
me
nt
N/a
Ce
nte
r F
ac
ilit
yM
ob
ile p
ho
ne
s,
de
dic
ate
d r
ad
io w
ith
em
erg
en
cy
veh
icle
s,
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
cen
ter
Pre
req
uis
ite
Da
taL
oca
tion
of
po
lice
o
ffic
es
an
d
em
erg
en
cy s
erv
ice
, h
osp
ital
Se
lect
Org
an
iza
tion
Re
gu
lati
on
Sa
fety
re
gu
latio
ns,
re
gu
latio
ns
tha
t re
late
to
e
me
rge
ncy
ve
hic
le
op
era
tion
, in
form
atio
n
secu
rity
1)
Pu
bli
cE
nfo
rce
me
nt,
em
erg
en
cy,
roa
d
op
era
tor
1)
Inc
ide
nt
No
tifi
ca
tio
n (
sy
ste
m f
or
en
forc
em
en
t o
ffic
ers
)
La
w e
nfo
rce
me
nt
filin
g a
n a
ccid
en
t r
ep
ort
usi
ng
mo
bile
te
rmin
als
co
nn
ect
ed
to
a d
ata
ba
se:
Be
ne
fits
: B
ett
er
da
ta c
olle
ctio
n a
dd
ing
to
se
curi
ty a
nd
eff
icie
ncy
, a
nd
he
lpin
g t
o c
rea
te "
tra
ffic
acc
ide
nt
da
ta b
ase
".
8.
Inci
de
nt
an
d H
aza
rd R
esp
on
se
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
Se
rvic
e P
rovi
de
r
Typ
e o
f S
erv
ice
Use
rR
ela
ted
In
stitu
tion
IT I
nfr
a
Start
Re
gu
lati
on
To
ll ro
ad
/are
a r
eg
ula
tion
, in
form
atio
n s
ecu
rity
Org
an
iza
tio
nH
igh
wa
y a
dm
inis
tra
tor,
la
w e
nfo
rce
me
nt
Se
lect
N
ece
ssa
ry s
tan
da
rds
1)
Use
exi
stin
g2
) cr
ea
te o
rig
ina
l
* D
ata
Dic
tion
ary
fo
rma
t*
Dig
ital R
oa
d M
ap
* P
osi
tion
ing
Sys
tem
Goal
Sta
nd
ard
Pro
s:
Ca
pa
bili
ty t
o p
rovi
de
se
rvic
es
na
tion
wid
e o
r re
gio
n w
ide
Co
ns
: R
ela
tive
ly s
low
de
cisi
on
ma
kin
g
2)
Pri
va
te s
ec
tor
or
PP
PP
ros
: E
ffic
ien
cy o
f M
an
ag
em
en
t, r
ed
uce
p
ub
lic b
urd
en
, b
usi
ne
ss o
pp
ort
un
ity f
or
pri
vate
se
cto
r a
nd
/or
PP
P,
pro
vid
ing
p
ers
on
aliz
ed
se
rvic
eC
on
s:
Lim
ited
au
tho
rity
in e
me
rge
ncy
, lim
ited
ca
pa
bili
ty t
o p
rovi
de
se
rvic
es,
re
qu
ire
s st
ron
g c
oo
rdin
atio
n w
ith r
ela
ted
a
uth
ori
ties
3)
Ha
zma
t R
es
po
ns
e
Em
erg
en
cy r
esp
on
se s
yste
m f
or
a
ccid
en
ts in
volv
ing
ve
hic
les
with
h
azm
at
Be
ne
fits
: S
am
e a
s 2
).
Us
ers
' Eq
uip
me
nt
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
sy
ste
m (
mo
bile
p
ho
ne
s, I
nte
rne
t e
tc.)
Da
ta C
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21 Users’ Equipments
Appendix 2 Figures and Pictures of the Basic Devices of ITS
Figure 1 On-board Unit for ETC (Germany)
Figure 3 On-board Unit for ETC (Italy)
Figure 5 Adding Value to SmarTrip on a Passes/ Farecards Machine (USA)
Figure 2 An On-board Unit for ETC (Japan)
Figure 4 The Equipment for Collecting Mileage Data for the Heavy Vehicle Fee (Switzerland)
Figure 6 Octupus Card (Hong Kong)
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ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
2 Communication System/Interface
Figure 7 Communication Between the Gate and Vehicle in ETC (Japan)
Figure 9 ERP Implemented Zone (left) and Entry Gate (right) (Singapore)
Figure 8 ETC in the Philippines (the Philippines)
Figure 10 Various Communication Using Beacons (Japan)
23
23 Data Collection Equipment
Figure 11 CCTV Traffic Camera (USA) Figure 12 CCTV image (Colombia)
Figure 13 Surface Sensors Figure 14 RWIS (Road Weather Information System) (Sweden)
Figure 15 Radar Camera for Enforcement (USA) Figure 16 Speed Warning System Using�Speed Radar (USA)
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ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
4 Center Facilities
Figure 17 Traffic Control Center (Argentina) Figure 18 Road Traffic Control Center (China)
Figure 19 Traffic Management and Control System for the City of Poznan (Poland)
Figure 20 Monitor Room for a Tracking System Using GPS and Mobile Phone (Romania)
25
25 Information Provision
Figure 22 Road Traffic Information Provision by Cellular Phone SMS (the Philippines)
Figure 23 VMS at Rio-Niteroi Bridge
Figure 21 Webpage Providing Traffic Information (Thailand)
Figure 24 Public Transport Information System (Left: Britain, right: Australia)
VMSLighting Control Systems
26
ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
6 System Configuration
Figure 25 A Radio Station Studio in Jakarta (Indonesia)
Figure 26 Border Crossing System on Texas-Mexico Border
27
2
Figure 27 Public Transport Management System
Figure 28 System Diagram for Commercial Vehicle Management Systems
Figure 29 System Diagram for Incident Management Systems
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ITS Technical Note
ITS Technical Note For Developing Countries
CCTV
DSRC
ETC
GNSS
GPS
HOV
ITS
OBU
PDA
PPP
RDS-TMC
SMS
VMS
Positioning System
Data dictionary
Smart card
Glossary
Closed circuit television
Dedicated short range communication
electronic toll collection
Global navigation satellite system. Generic term for systems such as GPS (US)
or galileo (EU etc.)
Global positioning system. A GNSS of USA
High occupancy vehicle
Intelligent Transport System
on-board unit
Personal digital assistance
Public private partnership
Radio data system - traffic message channel.
Short message system
variable message signs
A system used to determine the geographic location of a movable object,
like a vehicle or cargo container..
A formatted, computer-readable listing of data elements (including meaning
and format) and data messages (including meaning, usage, and format) for a
particular application or family of applications.
A card containing an integrated circuit that can store and (in some cases)
process data.
29
