Two Scientific Revolutions

II. The Birth of Islamic Sciences

The Translation Movement

The New WorldPax Islamica

The Translation Movement

Translations in the Administration

Translations in Sciences and Arts

The New Culture and the New Elite

Translation and Writing

Chinese Paper

The Movement to Writing

a. Umar II

b. Administrative Records

c. Jabirian Corpus

The Acquisition of Books and the “Birth” of the Library

Strategies of Translation

The Translator and the Thinker

“Here the translator considers a whole sentence, ascertains its full meaning and then express it in Arabic with a sentence identical in

meaning, without concern for the correspondence of individual words.”

“I had an additional reason for omitting it. After I had read it, I found no more in it than what Galen had already said elsewhere. Hence, I

thought that I should not occupy myself with it any further, but rather proceed to more useful

matters”

Greek and Persian Knowledge

Christianity and Paganism

The Nestorian Factor

The Hellenistic Persian Culture

The Umayyad Factor

Gundeshapur

Nestorian Schism and the Church of the East

Nestorians, Persians and Greek

Nestorians in Islam

Role in Translation

Results of the Translation Movement

The Birth of the Translator

The Arabic speaking elites

Arabic as a language of education

Methodology

How to Read a Primary Source?

The Author

Author-Audience Relation

Audience Expectations

Interpreting Silence

Language

Views and Conceptions