TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

• consist only of lenght and width.• They are paper-based, opaque materials

that are commonly found in classrooms.• This kind of materials do not need any

special equipment for its use.

CHALKBOARD• Most common instructional media

found in classrooms, rural and urban alike.

• Used in writing on its surface and used as medium in verbal communication.

• Used as a surface where pictures, posters, graphs, charts, etc. are posted to supplement instruction.

ADVANTAGES

• It is generally suitable for different age groups, class size, and subject matter.• No special skill is needed to be able

to use it.• It is not dependent on electricity.• It is economical and reusable.

LIMITATIONS• It does not provide a permanent record.• If it is not well-situated, viewing the contents

of the board and reaching the top of the board becomes a problem.

• Good handwriting and knowledge on proper spelling is a necessity.

• Some information cannot be presented well using a chalkboard.

• Chalk dust can trigger asthma or respiratory problem.

Whiteboards and Magnetic Boards• It has glossy surface, commonly white in

color, where non-permanent markings are made with the use of special felt pens.

• Became popular around the 90s when there was a growing concern on the potential health risk of chalk dust.

• These kind of boards are basically have the same use and purpose of a chalkboard.

Advantages• Using markers does not generate dust

that comes from using and erasing chalk.

• Whiteboard marker is easier to hold and write compared to chalk and marking a white board takes less time.

Limitations• It is more expensive than chalkboard and

only special whiteboard markers are suitable for use on whiteboard.

• The white background can cause problems to those with vision impairment.

• Left-handed persons may find it difficult to write on these board because left-handed individuals usually write with their hand curved around the pen therefore causing their hand to drag across the strokes previously made.

CLOTH BOARDS (FELT, FLANNEL. CARPET)

• This is a piece of plywood or heavy cardboard covered with either felt, flannel or carpet.

• The fuzzy surface of a felt, flannel, or carpet allows visual materials with appropriate backing to adhere.

• The ff. will hold to these kinds of boards: felt, flannel, sandpaper, pellon,

• scouring pad and yarn.• portable, simple to use, durable,

colorful, and attractive.• best use for drills, positioning exercise,

describing flow patterns, explaining relationships, and for short term display.

HOOK-AND-LOOP BOARDS ( VELCRO BOARDS )

• A plywood or heavy cardboard is covered with a nylon loop material and the nylon are adhered on the back of the instructional materials to be displayed on the board.

PEGBOARDS

• made of tempered masonite with 1/8-inch holes drilled 1 inch apart.• Used in displaying 3D object or

heavy materials with the use of hooks inserted into the board

BULLETINBOARD• generally not used directly in instruction but

tend to be a supplement”( Kemp, J. & Smellie, D., 1994).

• used to introduce or follow up lessons presented.

• usually designed as an instructional device that can carry a message without the presence of a teacher.

Other uses of bulletin boards are the following: for displaying notices and announcements, classroom rules and procedures, seasonal items and student work.

GRAPHIC MATERIALS

• Translate abstract ideas and relationships into a concrete form.• Allows students to pick up on the

things missed verbally, reduce efforts in reducing efforts in receiving messages

DRAWINGS AND SKETCHES

• employ the use of lines, either simple or crude

• drawings are more finished and representational compared to sketches

• sketching or drawing is an important skill that a teacher should learn in order to be understood as one lecturers

CARTOONS• symbolism and oftentimes bold

exaggeration to present at a glance a message or point concerning news or events, people or situations.

• should be drawn around a single idea and presented in a challenging manner.

• can be used as a springboard for a lesson, for a follow-up activity, or for evaluation purposes.

Strip Drawings

• a form of cartooning in which a cast of characters enacts a story in a sequence of closely related drawings

• more accurate term for the commonly called comic or comics strip

• can be used for motivation or starter for a lesson

POSTER• combination of lines, images, colors,

and words. They are intended to catch attention and communicate a message quickly.• can be used to stimulate interest in a

new topic, a special class, or a new event,• In selecting a poster to use, make sure

that it is appropriate to the grade level, subject, and purpose.

CHARTS

• Are graphic representation of abstract relationships such as chronologies, quantities, and hierarchies ( Heinich, R., Molenda, M., & Russel, D., 1993)

• Organizational Charts–Illustrates the interrelationships

between the different parts of an organization.

• Classification Charts–Shows the classification or

categorization of objects, events or species.

• Time Lines–Shows in sequence different events or

the relationship of people and events.

• Tabular Charts or Tables–Contain numerical information or data in

a table or column.• Flowcharts or Process Chart–Show a process, sequence, or procedure.

• Gannt Charts–Illustrates the start and finish dates of a

certain activity or projects.

• Tree or stream charts–Show change, growth or development

by beginning with a single course and then spreads out into may branches or by beginning with many branches which then come together into a single channel.

GRAPHS

• shows quantitative data• kinds of graphics make analysis and

interpretation of numerical information easier

• Line Graph–used when plotting trends of

relationships between series of data. It shows the progress over a period of time

• Bar Graph–the simplest and easiest to read. The data

are presented in horizontal or vertical bars. While the widths of the bars are the same, its length represents the amount or percentage data.

• Pie Graph or Circle Graph–always present whole amounts and its

parts are calculated in percentage or fractional parts

• Area or Solid Graph–Used to compare several related totals

thru the use of geometric shapes.• Pictographs–utilize related pictures or drawings to

show numerical data

DIAGRAM• show relationships or to help explain a

process, how something works or how something is constructed

• any line drawing that shows the arrangement and relations as parts of the whole, relative values, origins and development, chronological fluctuations, distribution, etc

• Cluster or Cloud Diagram–used in a nonlinear activity wherein

ideas, images, and feelings are generated around a stimulus word–helps students see patterns in their ideas

and help systemize the generation of ideas based upon a central topic

• Chain of Events–illustrates the stages of an event, the

actions of a character on the steps in a procedure

• Fishbone Mapping–used to show casual interaction of a

complex event (like a nuclear explosion) or a complex phenomenon (like leaning disabilities)

• Cycle–illustrates how series of events interact

to produce a set of results such as the life cycle.

• Compare/Contrast–used to show similarities and

differences.• Venn Diagram–used to show relationships between sets,

similarities and differences between characteristics, stories or poem

MAPS

• repsentation of the Earth’s surface or a part of it

• Political Maps–Show territories and boundaries

• Physical Maps–Show data like altitude, temperature,

rainfall, precipitation, vegetation and soil.

• Commercial or Economic Map–Show a variety of information like the

economic produce of the different regions.

FLIP CHARTS

• is supported by a four-legged easel or tripod and several sheets of paper are hinged at the upper edge of the chart

• Best used in a small group of learners.

Pictures and Photographs

• picture includes any kind of opaque representation of visual images which includes drawings, photographs, pictures in books and magazines, or any medium open to the artists’ interpretation

• photograph only includes those images that were recorded by a camera and is usually an exact representation of the original

POSTCARDS

• commercially printed with space on one side for an address and postage stamp used for sending a short message through mail

• can be used in teaching in Social Studies or as items to be posted on the bulletin board

FLASHCARDS

• used for drill activities in teaching certain topics• contain words, phases, sentences, math

combinations or pictures. They help develop skills as well as atomizing responses of learners