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TwitterandProfessionalDevelopmentforTeachers
PaulDoyleGraduateSymposiumUniversityofManitoba
March6,2015
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• “WiththegrowingavailabilityofWeb2.0toolstoconnectlearnersandscholarsallovertheworld—onlinecollaborativeworkspaces,socialnetworkingtools,mobile,andmore—teachingandscholarshiparetranscendingtraditionalbordersmoreandmoreallthetime,”(HorizonReport,2009).
• ThePartnershipfor21stCenturySkillsdevelopedaframeworkforthefoundationsandskillsasneededbythenewdigitallearner,(www.p21.org,2013).
Today’sLearningShift
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Transitionintothe21stCenturyModel
“Honeycomb”DigitalLearner
Synchronous;Researchbased;Web;Mobile;Video;Audio;Multitasking;Groupandprojectbased;Non-Linear;
Buildingrelationships;Criticalthinking;Problemsolving;Greaterhorizontalanddynamiclearning.
MentorFacilitator&Collaboration
StudentRelevance
StudentRigour
StudentCommuni-cation
StudentCriticalThinking
StudentCreativity
StudentRelationships
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Theadvancementofexpertiseandskillsforsuccessinaparticularprofession.Thisusuallytakesplacethroughsomeformaleducationalprocessandcontinuum.Toenhanceteacherprofessionaldevelopment,itisimportanttostudythecharacteristics,patterns,andtheactivitiesoftheteachersthatareengagedinforPD.
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ProfessionalDevelopment
• Thenewtechnologicalandpedagogicalparadigms(mobile,global,immediate,andubiquitousinformation)donotequatetoteachersautomaticallylearningthisnew21stcenturyeducationalandPDreality,(Lieberman&Mace,2008).
• Thisoftenresultsinadisconnectbetweentoday’sPDandtheeducator(groupedbygradelevel,timeallocation).
• PDisconstrainedtodayascontinuoustrainingisneededtomeetthenewdemandsofthestudentandadministration,(Hooker,2008).
• Thisnewlearningparadigmshouldbereflectedinhoweducatorslearnwhileworkingintheircareers.
BackgroundofResearchProblem
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• Twittercanbeanexcellentvehicleforfacilitatingprofessionallearningnetworks.
• Twitterprovidesavastpoolofeasilyaccessibleresourcesandtalentssothatteacherscanexpandtheirownprofessionaldevelopmentanytimeandanywhere.
• Twitterallowsthedirectfollowingofexpertsinanyprofessionorareaofinterestaroundtheworld.
• Twitterisfree,veryfluid,mobile,andcollaborative.
WhyUseTwitteroverothertools?
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TofindtheanswerofhowTwittercanenhancePDforeducators,Iexamined:1. Whoaretheteachersandwhatarethe
characteristicsofthoseeducatorsthatparticipateinTwitterforprofessionaldevelopment?
2. WhatdrawsK-12teachersandothereducatorstoparticipateinprofessionaldevelopmentusing21stcenturylearningWeb2.0tools,andspecificallyTwitter?
3. HowdoK-12teachersandothereducatorsparticipateinprofessionaldevelopmentusingTwitter?
MyResearchQuestions
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• Thereisalackofempiricalevidencelinkinggreateruseofdigitaltechnologiesandincreasedlearning,(Ritchell,2011).
• ThereisalackofdirectionforteacherstotakeadvantageofWeb2.0toolsforlearningandprofessionaldevelopment,(Greenhow&Gleason,2012).
• TwitterisseenasausefultoolforenhancingPD,(Deyamport,2013).
• Tu,Blocher,andNtoruru,(2008)foundthatWeb2.0toolsenhancedcreativity,sharing,andcollaborationamongusersinlearningcommunities.
• ManyteachersfinditdifficulttoinfuseeffectiveWeb2.0pedagogicalandskillrelatedresourcesandpracticesintheirteaching,(Pan&Franklin,2011).
2.LiteratureSupport
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• Anonlinecross-sectionalsurveyexaminedthedemographics,themotivations,andthepracticesofTwitterusersineducationinrelationtoprofessionaldevelopment.
• AGoogleFormsonlinesurveyconsistedofclosed-endedandopen-endedquestions.
• Atweetwassentcontainingalinktothesurveyform.• Thesurveytookapproximatelyfiveminutestocomplete.• Over18yearsofageandanonymous.
3.ResearchMethodology
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4.Results#1.Whoaretheteachersandwhatarethe
characteristicsofthoseeducatorsthatparticipateinTwitterforprofessionaldevelopment?
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ParticipantsbyCountryofOrigin(153inTotal)
Number
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SubjectAreasTaught
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SubjectAreasofParticipants(238ChosenOptions)
Number
WhoisusingTwitter?• 57%arefemaleand42%aremale.• 50%are41to55yearsofage.• 42%taught16to30yearsintheschoolsystem.• 39%haveatleastaMastersdegree.• 61%oftheparticipantsareclassroomteachers.• 26%areinadministration.• 41%have100to500followersandfollowing.
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SummarizedResults
Percentageofparticipantsthateitherstronglyagreedoragreedtothefollowingstatements:• 80%:Twitterhelpswithcollaborationwithmycolleagues.• 89%:Twittersavestimeinsharinginformation.• 98%:Twitterkeepsmecurrentwitheducationalmaterial.• 95%:Twitterhelpsmefindneweducationalleaders.• 98%:TwitterconnectsmewithpeoplethatIwouldhave
nevermetotherwise.
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#2.WhatdrawsK-12teachersandothereducatorstoparticipateinprofessionaldevelopmentusing21stcentury
learningWeb2.0tools,andspecificallyTwitter?
Continued:
• 75%:Igetencouragementfromothers.• 87%:Ifeelmoreconnectedasateacher.• 82%:TwitterenhancesmyuseofWeb2.0tools.• 76%:Twitterincreasesmyclassroomsubjectknowledge.
• 92%:TwitterenhancesmyPD.• 58%:IpreferTwitterforPDovertraditionalPDmethods(29%neutral).
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WhatDrawsEducatorstoTwitter?
• Beingconnectedatanytimeandanyplace.• Connectingwithcolleagues,educators,subjectexperts,andprofessionals.
• Encouragement,positivefeedback.• Reducesisolationforteachers,especiallyinremoteareasandenvironments.
• Communityinvolvement(localandglobal).• Facilitatesconferencing,PLNsandcollaboration.• Immediatesharingandcommunicating.• Usingfree,currentresourcesandcreativematerial.• IncontroloftheirownPD,personalized,non-hierarchalmodel.
• CuriosityandTwitterisasocialmeetingplace.15
ReasonsforUsingTwitterforPD(open-endedquestion)
ThedistributionofthefollowingtypesofTwitteractivitiesusedbytheparticipantsinthisstudy:• Websitelinks/audio/video/blogs(26%)• Onlinedocuments(PDFs,Docs,etc.)(19%)• Twitterchats(17%)• Personallinks(personalthoughts)(15%)• Classroominformation(12%)• Emaillinks(11%)Applicationsincluded:Instagram,Tweetdeck,Twitterlists,Scoop.it,Paper.li,Vine
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#3.HowdoK-12teachersandothereducatorsparticipateinprofessionaldevelopmentusingTwitter?
• 100%readatleastonetweetperweek.• 95%retweetatleastonceaweek.• 93%tweetatleastonceaweek(88%atleastonceaday).
• 89%replytoatweetatleastonceaweek.• 84%mentionanotheruseratleastonceaweek.
• 7%lurkorreadtweets--butdonottweet.
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Reading,Tweeting,Retweeting,Replying,andMentions
Chatsandhashtagsofferfilteringandtargetingofmaterial.• 89%usehashtagsatleastonceaweek.• Goodforfiltering,organizing,chats,andlocalizingtweets.• FacilitatesPLNsandback-channelingatconferences(i.e.
#edcamp–the“unconference”).
• 57%participateinchats,32%donot.• Goodforbeingconnectedforlivediscussions.• Offersglobalandreal-timeconversationsthatwouldnot
happenotherwise.• Needagoodmoderator.
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ChatsandHashtags
• 37%feelTwitterprovidesabetterwaytodeliverPD.• 9%sayitdoesnot.• 51%areundecided,(3%didnotanswer).
1. Networking,collaborating,connectingwithexperts.2. Easyaccesstoinformationandpeople,peer-to-peer,
reducesisolation.3. Personalized,global,immediate.4. Educationalleadershipandsharingbestpractices.
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DoesTwitterProvideaBetterWaytoDeliverPD?
• Itislimitedandsuperficial.• 140charactermaximumforatweetisabarrier.• ItonlyfillsaspecificnicheforPD.• Itisdifficulttocontrolcontent.• Lackofface-to-facecontactandpersonalinteraction.• Thereistoomuchinformation,oftenneedtofilter.• Itisself-serving.• Thereisnotenoughtimeandverytime-structuredtoparticipateinlivechats.
• Conflictingstatementsfromemployersresocialmedia.20
ReservationsAboutTwitterforPD
CertainthemesregardingusingTwitterforPDcameoutinthefollowingways:1. Excellentforbeingconnectedwithcolleagues,
educationalleaders,andprofessionals.Buildingsocialcapital.Thiswasthemostcommontheme.
2. Gettingencouragementfromothers.3. CommunityandPLNs,sharing,collaborating,and
communicating–locallyandglobally.4. Thereisalargeamountofimmediate,free,current,
andrelevantresources(ofquality).5. Curiosityandthesocialaspectarepartsofthe
attraction,teachersaremoreengagedandreceivepositivefeedback.
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5.Conclusions
6. Educatorsshareresourcesandcreativeideas.Theylikethefluidity,immediacy,personalization,andtheubiquitousnature.
7. Twitterdecreasestheisolationfeltbysometeachers.
8. Twitterofferseducationalleadershipandworkswellforlife-longlearningandPD.
9. Educatorsareusingthetoolsavailablesuchashashtagsandchats.Web2.0toolsarealsoused.
10. Educatorsaretweeting/retweetingonaregularbasisandallsubjectareasarebeingrepresented.
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Conclusions
• ManyeducatorsarenotusingTwitterforPD,includingyoungerteachers.Lackofknowledge,time,andunderstandingaresomeofthereasons.
• TrainingandtimeallocationareneededtoincreasetheuseofTwitterandPD.
• Administration,schools,andschooldivisionsshouldencouragethisusage.Twittershouldnotbeblockedatschools.
• GreaterflexibilityandopportunitiesareneededforteacherstoengageinthisseamlesspracticeofPD.
• Twitterfitstheneedsofanewlearningparadigmoflife-longlearningandflexibleandself-servicePD.
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Recommendations
“Itismorepersonalized.Itismoredifferentiated.Itprovidesmanymoreresourcesandconnections.Itprovidesbetterindividualfeedback.Itismoreflexibleandcanbedoneatdifferenttimes.Itisunlimited.”
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FinalThoughtFromaTypicalTwitterUserforProfessionalDevelopment
Deyamport,W.H.III.(2013).AnimplementationofaTwitter-supportedpersonallearningnetworktoindividualizeteacherprofessionaldevelopment.(OrderNo.3559871,CapellaUniversity).ProQuestDissertationsandTheses,137.Retrievedfrom http://
search.proquest.com/docview/1355174325?accountid=14569
Greenhow,C.,&Gleason,B.(2012).Twitteracy:Tweetingasanewliteracypractice.EducationalForum,76(4),464-478.Retrievedfrom http://search.proquest.com/
docview/1140145129?accountid=14569
Heppell,S.(2005).Episode1:Learninginthethirdmillennium.(AsquotedbyGregWhitby,pedagogiesforthe21stcentury,ACELconference2007.)[video].Retrievedfrom http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=l72UFXqa8ZUHooker,M.(2008).Modelsandbestpracticesinteacherprofessionaldevelopment.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.gesci.org/old/files/docman/Teacher_Professional_Development_Models.pdf
Lieberman,A.&Mace,D.(2008).Teacherlearning:Thekeytoeducationalreform.JournalofTeacherEducation,59(3),226-234.Retrievedfromhttp://jte.sagepub.com.proxy2.lib.umanitoba.ca/content/59/3/226.full.pdf+html
McLuhan,M.(1986).McLuhanisms.Retrievedfromhttp://marshallmcluhan.com/mcluhanisms
Meyer,D.,&Avery,L.(2009).Excelasaqualitativedataanalysistool.FieldMethods,SAGE.Retrievedfromhttp://fmx.sagepub.com/content/21/1/91.full.pdf
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References
NewMediaConsortium.(2009).Thehorizonreport.Retrievedfrom http://wp.nmc.org/horizon2009Orcher,L.(2007).Conductingasurvey.PyrczakPublishing;1editionPan,S.,&Franklin,T.(2011).In-serviceteachersself-efficacy,professionaldevelopment,
andWeb2.0toolsforintegration.Retrievedfrom http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ955543.pdfPartnershipfor21stCenturySkills.(2014).Retrievedfromhttp://www.p21.org/our-
work/p21-frameworkRitchell,M.(2011).Technologyinschoolsfacesquestionsonvalue.TheNewYorkTimes.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/technology/technology-in-schools-faces-questions-on-value.html
Tu,C.,Blocher,M.,&Ntoruru,J.(2008).IntegrateWeb2.0technologytofacilitateonlineprofessionalcommunity:EMIspecialeditingexperiences.Retrievedfrom http://
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523980802588634#.UytH2l5OU5s
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