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Presentation at the International Association of Landscape Ecologists, April 09
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Twin Cities Household Ecosystem Project
Lawrence A. Baker, Cinzia Fissore,,Sarah Hobbie,Kristen Nelson,,
University of Minnesota
Jennifer King and Joe McFaddenUC-Santa Barbara
Support: NSF Biocomplexity Projects EAR-0322065 and CHN 0709581
Why study households?1. In post-industrial cities, large fractions of C, N, and P fluxes move through households
2. Household choices are flexible, especially over time
3. Understanding household fluxes could be used to develop environmental policies
4. Households are discrete, meaningful units, and easy to study
TCHEP Goal: “Seamless, transdisciplinary model of urban biogeochemistry that links the biophysical and social components …”
InputsCarbon- natural gas, gasoline, food, jet fuel, paper, etc.N and P - human and pet food, fertilizer, etc.
OutputsCarbon - CO2, garbage, sewageN and P - lawn runoff, sewage, garbage
2. What demographic and behavioral factors control consumption?
1. What are the “fluxes” of C, N, and P, and how does this vary among households?
3. How are environmental behavior messages processed through social networks?
Turf
InputsCompartments
OutputsTransportation(household vehicles, air, mass transit)
Fuel (Corg),Atmospheric N2
Emissions(CO2 , NOx)
Household energy (heating, cooling, appliances)
HumansFoodCorg,NorgPorg
Exported garbageCorg, Norg, Porg
Wastewater (Corg, Porg, Norg PO4
3-, NH4+)
Respiration (CO2)
Atmospheric CO2; fertilizer (Norg, NH4, NO3)
Soil (root zone)
TreesExternal compost(Corg, Norg, Porg)
Pets
Export to street (runoff + leaves)(Corg, Porg, Norg PO4
3-, NH4
+, NO3-)
Paper and plasticsPaper and plastics(Corg, Norg)
Denitrification (N2, N2O, NO2)
Export to vadose zone and aquifer(NO3
-, PO43-)
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus movement through households
(Baker et al. 2007)
Individual choice: Theory of Planned BehaviorAzjen and Fishbein (many papers)
ATTITUDES TOWARD
BEHAVIOR
SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL
NORMS
PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
INTENT TO
BEHAVE
BEHAVIOR
DECISIONBEHAVIORAL
BELIEFS
(KNOWLEDGE)
NORMATIVE
BELIEFS
CONTROL BELIEFS
How this might be used:- Identify the key motivations- Identify constraints toward changing behavior- Identify method for providing information
Falcon Heights pilot study
Pilot survey of 35 households Falcon Heights, MN
Tools:- In-home survey (80 questions)- Energy bills; odometer readings- Landscape measurements
-Household Flux Calculator
Mean and variance in component C fluxes
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
Householdvehicles
Electricity*
Natural gas
Domestic flights
Internationalflights
Lawns + trees(NPP)
kg C/yr
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Low Typical High
Hou
sehol
d C
, kg
/yr
Air travelVehiclesFoodNatural gasElectricity
Carbon consumption varies hugely within Falcon Heights homes (Baker et al., 2007)
3X!
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Sue Leif SarahHobbie
Single male MerrittClapp-Smith
Grimes
Ca
rbo
n in
pu
t, k
g/y
rAirVehiclesFoodWoodGasElectric
Household carbon profiles for 5 volunteers
Full-scale TCHEP: Hybrid approach
Mail survey~ 80 multi-part questions22 pages30-40 minutes
Household energy records(permission from respondents)
GIS parcel data
Ground-based vegetation survey (400 homes)
UFORE model
Lawn model Household Flux Calculator
CO2 emissionsN and P fluxes
Housing Units Per Km2
6.5 - 263.7
263.8 - 618.3
618.4 - 1167.9
1168.0 - 11825.6
Returned Surveys
0 52.5 Miles´
Full-Scale TCHEP Survey
Urban
Rural
15,000 mailed surveys (May-August 2008)
- 3000 responses - 21% response rate
Vegetation survey for 400 households
New collaborator: Jeannine Cavender-Bares
28.3
15.79.6
24.6
11.4
10.4
low maintenance neat and orderly
privacy/ seclusion beautif ul yard
supports wildlif e native plants
Primary goals of household landscaping
atm. deposition
grass removal
soil
leaching, runoff,denitrification
leaves removal
fertilizers
pets
wood
Kg N
hou
seho
ld-1
yr-1
Average landscape N fluxes
INPUTS OUTPUTS ACCUMULATION
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
INPUTS OUTPUTS ACCUMULATION
grass
wood
leaves
leaf removal
leaf decomposition
heterotrophic respiration
wood
soil
Kg C
hou
seho
ld-1
yr-1
Average landscape C fluxes
0
25
50
75
100
0 25 50 75 100Cumulative % vehicles
Cum
% C
em
issi
on
1:1
Cumulative frequency for household vehicle travel
Cum. C cum. % C
Cumulative %Vehicles C emissions
25 5550 7875 93
100 100
Broader impacts: energy and GHG emissions
• Urban sustainability efforts (ICLEI, etc.)• True impact of low-impact development• Policies to encourage conservation-
targeting and tailoring
Average carbon input to Falcon Heights homes
Air travel14%
Auto28%
Electricity23%
Other12%
Natural Gas23%
Broader impacts: pollution management
Maples (all species)
y = 0.0009x2.2188
R2 = 0.9959
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 50 100 150
Diameter at breast height, cm
Lea
f P
, kg
/yr
P
Source reduction for urban stormwater
Baker et al., Storm Water Magazine, Nov. 2007
Lawn runoff
Leaf input
3 or more fertilizer applications,+ mulching
Steep slope, low infiltration soil
The Nowak disproportionality idea applied to lawn nutrient export
High nutrient export
Site characteristics
Site behaviors(TCHEP survey)
Baker et al., 2008, Cities and the Environment
TCHEP Status
• Hybrid survey approach successful: 3,000 completed surveys
• Survey tool “Our Household Choices” (Nelson et al.) is published and available
•HFC 2.0 is completed
•First overview papers this summer
•Developing practical and theoretical collaborations – vegetation, birds, urban stormwater, CO2 emissions.