TV SIMS 050316 Scribd

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The Wealth of Networks:An Old Formula for Understanding

the New Global Information Economy

Version 1.0

March 16, 2005

Tom Vest

Research Program Manager

Packet Clearing House

http://www.pch.net

[email protected]


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Roadmap

1. NormativeWhats important? What should we pay attention to?

2. DeductiveConnecting priorities to observable phenomena

3. EmpiricalData collection, interpretation, caveats!

4. SpeculativeHow are things changing? Where are we headed?

5. PrescriptiveWhat can we / should we do about it?


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Roadmap

1. NormativeWhats important?

What should we pay attention to?

2. DeductiveConnecting priorities toobservable phenomena

3. EmpiricalData collection,interpretation, caveats

4. SpeculativeWhat makes the Internet grow?How are things changing?Where are we headed?

5. PrescriptiveWhat can we / shouldwe do about it?


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Roadmap








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What (who) is the Internet good for?! Questions of sovereignty and national interests

! Maximizing net international settlement revenues collectedby the national operator/regulator/government

! Voice telecom - FCC Benchmark Settlements, 1996-1997

! Internet - ICAIS (International Charging Arrangements for InternetServices), 1997-present

! Minimizing national dependence on / vulnerability toforeign Internet exposure, control

! National-level content management (China, Saudi Arabia, etc.),1994-present

! WSIS - Internationalization of core technical management functions,e.g., root DNS zone management, IP address allocation

! Insusceptible to empirical argument, except when related

to


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What (who) is the Internet good for?

! Questions of economic distribution, development,outcomes -- Digital Divide issues -- e.g. how many

! Users(U1):access, subscribers, irregular users eyeballs! Uses(U2):information, online services, e-(stuff) content

! U1 +U2= Internet resources, Internet capital

! Usage(U3):qualitative dimension, manifested by time online

! National and international policy advocacy often justifiedas instrumental, toward these ends

! Global scope, empirical, time-series answers are available,at least from 1997-present


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Roadmap








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Where to find (U1, U2, U3) on the Internet?

! Eyeballs and content -- interchangeable terms forthe sources and destinations of Internet traffic, i.e., IProutes, routedIP addresses.

! Eyeballsmore closelyassociated with

! Inbound network traffic

! Dynamic IP addressing

! Absolute quantity of IP driven by peak simultaneous usage, whichvaries as users, usage (Internet value) changes


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Where to find (U1, U2, U3) on the Internet?

! Eyeballs and content -- interchangeable terms forthe sources and destinations of Internet traffic, i.e., IProutes, routedIP addresses.

! Contentmore closelyassociated with

! Outbound traffic

! Static IP addressing

! Absolute quantity of IP primarily driven by diversity of contentsources, to a lesser degree by peak simultaneous demandforeach source, which varies with popularity, content format, etc.


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Where to find (Internet resources) ?

+ + eScaling factors

Policy era-specific factors

Slack / inefficiency

IP addresses injectedinto the routing tableby an individual network

=


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Where to count (Internet resources) ?

e

e

e

Each router connectedto the Internetmaintains a local viewof paths leading to

every Internet resource

Each of those viewsmay vary substantiallyin almost every

possible way -- exceptone:

All will share a commonview of the network oforigination for each

Internet resource*

?

?

?

?

ROUTER


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1,026,757,820

1,204,350,873

1,334,408,540

1,305,962,352

1,057,646,916

1,395,036,652

1,058,866,124

1,000,000,000

1,100,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,300,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,500,000,000

1,600,000,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

16,000

OrigIP

IP/ASN (10k)

Global Accumulation of Internet ResourcesRouted IP addresses


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Network engineering/management &Internet resources! Consistent with the logic of RIR IP allocation policies

! Approved application for new IP == officially validated forecast of expectedequivalent growth in U1,U2, and/orU3

! Host Density (HD) ratio research (e.g., RFCs 1715, 3194;ARIN 2004-02)

! Operator-level acknowledgement that IP address utilization has apredictable, scale-sensitive relationship to U1,U2, andU3

! Also provides rule of thumb for estimating size of interiornetworkelements

! Linkage of eyeballs and content with IP addressesconsidered by some a major Internet design flaw!

! Semantic overloading of IP addresses, each of which simultaneouslyrepresents:

! A discrete element (interface, process, etc.) within a network topology

! A unique source/destination for TCP/IP traffic


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IP addresses as Internet Resourceswhos been keeping account?

! University of Oregon Route Views Project

!Centralized collection of global routing table snapshots from multiplevantage points, 1997-present

! Packet Clearing House

! Local capture of more specific routing table views from 30+ InternetExchange Points around the world

! Tony Bates, Philip Smith, Geoff Huston, CAIDA

! Focus on scarce protocol resource husbandry, efficiency of routeaggregation, bogon detection/remediation

! CAIDA IPv4 BGP Geopolitical Analysis

! Single snapshot of international distribution of Internet resources,June 11, 2001


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Roadmap




3. EmpiricalData collection,interpretation, caveats!




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IP addresses == Internet resourcesso what?

! Each IP address is uniquely associatedwith a specificadministrative network (Autonomous System or AS), the

one which injectsit into the Internet! Enterprise-level trends, comparisons

! Injection of new ASes, represented by unique AS Numbers(ASNs)

! Emergence of new enterprises -> changing market structure, marketconcentration

! Going one step further, individual ISPs (represented by 1+ASNs) can be mapped onto national jurisdictions viawhois; measurement possible at the national level

! National-level trends, comparisons


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Where are (Internet resources)produced?

e

e

e

?

?

?

?

Router

Autonomous Systemwith the unique number x

ASx

Autonomous System(AS)Autonomous System(AS)

Hardware and networkHardware and network

elements integrated intoelements integrated intoa unique logical groupinga unique logical groupingcontrolled by a specificcontrolled by a specificadministrative authorityadministrative authority

Logically distinct evenLogically distinct even

when physicallywhen physicallyoverlapping;overlapping; spatialspatialintersection does notintersection does notguarantee logicalguarantee logicalinterconnectioninterconnection


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OrigIP

1,026,757,820

1,204,350,873

1,334,408,540

1,305,962,352

1,058,866,124

1,395,036,652

1,057,646,916

1,000,000,000

1,100,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,300,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,500,000,000

1,600,000,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

OrigIP

Distribution of Internet resource production:Global market structure

Routed IP addresses


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1,026,757,820

1,204,350,873

1,334,408,540

1,305,962,352

1,058,866,124

1,395,036,652

1,057,646,916

2,958

4,168

6,016

8,972

11,966

13,999

16,105

1,000,000,000

1,100,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,300,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,500,000,000

1,600,000,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

16,000

OrigIP

OrigASNsRouted AS Numbers (ASNs)Routed IP addresses



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1,026,757,820

1,204,350,873

1,334,408,540

1,305,962,352

1,058,866,124

1,395,036,652

1,057,646,916

3,471

2,958

4,168

6,016

8,972

11,966

13,999

16,105

1,760

2,538

1,3421,115 933 866

1,000,000,000

1,100,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,300,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,500,000,000

1,600,000,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

16,000

OrigIP

IP/ASN (10k)

OrigASNs

Increasingdecentralization,specialization


Routed AS Numbers (ASNs)

Routed IP addresses

Global average, IP/ASN (000)


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1,026,757,820

1,204,350,873

1,334,408,540

1,305,962,352

1,057,646,916

1,395,036,652

1,058,866,124

3,471

2,958

4,168

6,016

8,972

11,966

13,999

16,105

8669331,115

1,342

2,538

1,760

1,000,000,000

1,100,000,000

1,200,000,000

1,300,000,000

1,400,000,000

1,500,000,000

1,600,000,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

16,000OrigIP

IP/ASN (10k)

OrigASNs

IP/ASN, US (10k)

IP/ASN, CN (10k)

but not everywhere, uniformly

Increasingdecentralization,specialization

Distribution of Internet resource production:Divergingnational market structuresRouted AS Numbers (ASNs)

Routed IP addresses

Global average, IP/ASN (000)

Average, USAverage, China


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Distribution of Internet resource accumulation

2,5002,4302,4842,163

1,8221,9031,934

8,503

8,0078,370

7,833

7,1747,0617,175

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Singapore

India

South Africa

Hongkong

Brazil

France

Korea

Australia

United

KingdomChina

Germany

Japan

United States

Rest of the

world

10,267

10,576

10,588

12,043

13,34413,059

13,950Routed IP addresses (000)


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166265

276290

151

21881

124332

163142

17595

115

550496

1,195832

328

296

326

189

170220

126

566

1,328

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

United States

Rest of the world

Singapore

India

South Africa

Hongkong

Brazil

France

Korea

Australia

United Kingdom

China

Germany

Japan

Distribution of Internet resource productionsince 1998

308 321

1,776

3,076

2,792

3,682New routed IP addresses (000)


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IP addresses == Internet resourcesso why focus on ASNs?

! ASN-level Whois is moreaccurate

! Based on original IP allocation applications - much more complete andsubstantially more accurate that assignment-related (customerdelegation) whois

! Susceptible to continuing improvement - existing and proposedmechanisms for ongoing correction

! Public disclosure - no network operator-level level privacy expectation toimpede collection, publication


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! ASNs define the operational ontology of the Internet today

! Tremendous diversity in internal structures, protocols, resources, policies(RFC 827) -- but each interacting with all others exclusively through acommon protocol (BGP4) with relativelylimited/stable features

! Not unlike sovereign nation states: absolute authority within -- even ifless than absolute enforcement power -- plus anarchyin external affairs

! Autonomous systems all functionally equivalent, but some moreequivalent than others


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! ASNs define the commercial ontology of the Internet today

! Individual and enterprise customer Internet resources generate IP traffic-costs and benefits for their network-operating network providers

! Compensated and settlement-free interconnection relationships (i.e.,peeringand IP transit) are relationships between Autonomous Systems

! Caveat: a few large ISPs (and a few national regulators) administer manyASNs as part of unified Autonomous Routing Domains

! Internetwork strategy, competition == struggle to secureinternal resources, customers and external relationshipsto min/max traffic costs/benefits

! If IP resources == Internet production, AutonomousSystems are the producers


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Distribution of Internet resource production:National market diversificationWorld

United States

Germany

United Kingdom

Australia

France

Japan

Korea

Hong Kong

Brazil

China

India

Singapore

South Africa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

1,500

3,500

5,500

7,500

9,500

1,500

3,500

5,500

7,500

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20031,500

18,500

1,528

2,9587,607

16,105

ASNs by country of administration


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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Distribution of Internet resource production:National market concentration

China

Japan

Korea

South Africa

Australia

United States

Germany

Brazil

World Average

United Kingdom

France

India

Singapore

Hong Kong

National average IP/ASN (000)


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! ASNs represent a natural point of intersection betweenunderlying telecommunications infrastructure (Layer1,2)

and the Internets logical layer (Layer3)! ASNs enable integration of diverse, possibly geographically distributed

infrastructure segments into a single logical system

! Key qualification for securing use of an ASN is need and meanstoconnect to at least two other logical networksusually implies the use ofpoint-to-point telecommunications infrastructure (e.g., circuits, etc.)

! Focusing on this point of intersection between telecomand Internet provides foundation for dialogue betweenBellheads and Netheads, and an empirical basis fortailoring Digital Divide corrective policies


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Packets abhor a vacuum!

e

e

e

Like everycommunications system,Internet traffic requires a

physical transmissionmedium

Today, this medium isalmost exclusivelyterrestrial -- copper,coax, and fiber -- inalmost every economy


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Linking logical Internet networks tophysical telecom infrastructure

e

e

e

Copper & coaxial cableUsed in territorial accessnetworks reaching most/all homes

and businesses in developedcountries

Optical multiplexing efficiencygains since 1990: 103% maybe

More than 2,000,000,000 milesdeployed in the US alone!

Optical FiberUsed extensively for carrying highvolume traffic over long distances

n00,000,000 miles deployed globally

(much in 16 to 96-strand cables)Optical multiplexing efficiency gainssince 1990: 106% and rising


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1

10

100

1,000

10,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49

Does Infrastructure Determine IP Resources?

China

UnitedStates

Japan

Germany

India

Brazil

Russia

UnitedKingdom

France

Italy

Korea

Canada

Turkey

Spain

Mexico

Iran

Taiwan,

China

Poland

Ukraine

Australia

Netherlands

Colombia

Egypt

Indonesia

Argentina

Thailand

Sweden

Switzerland

Greece

Belgium

SouthAfrica

Malaysia

VietNam

Romania

Portugal

Pakistan

Austria

Hongkong

C

zechRepublic

Denmark

Hungary

SaudiArabia

Philippines

Norway

Chile

Belarus

Israel

Bulgaria

Venezuela

Yugoslavia

Main Lines

Deployed (m)

Routed IP

Addresses (100k)By originating AS

1: 1 Ratio


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1

10

100

1,000

10,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49

Provider Diversity and IP Resources:Natl Telecom Infrastructure vs. Internet Production

China

UnitedStates

Japan

Germany

India

Brazil

Russia

UnitedKingdom

France

Italy

Korea

Canada

Turkey

Spain

Mexico

Iran

Taiwan,

China

Poland

Ukraine

Australia

Netherlands

Colombia

Egypt

Indonesia

Argentina

Thailand

Sweden

Switzerland

Greece

Belgium

SouthAfrica

Malaysia

VietNam

Romania

Portugal

Pakistan

Austria

Hongkong

C

zechRepublic

Denmark

Hungary

SaudiArabia

Philippines

Norway

Chile

Belarus

Israel

Bulgaria

Venezuela

Yugoslavia

Network

OperatorsOriginating ASNs

Main Lines

Deployed (m)

Routed IP

Addresses (100k)By originating AS

1: 1 Ratio


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Provider Diversity and IP Resources:Number of Routed IP Addresses per DS0 Main Line

0.01

0.10

1.00

0.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2003200220012000199919981997

0.1

1.0

10

4.68

3.24

1.79

0.9-1.4

0.45

0.24

0.14

0.07

4.16

1.90

1.50

.03-0.6

0.08

0.06

0.02

1.37

United States

Australia

Hong Kong

World Average

South Africa

Singapore

Germany

Japan

United Kingdom

Korea

France

Brazil

China

India


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Linking logical Internet networks tophysical telecom infrastructure

e

e

e

National and internationalNational and internationalregulatory authorities haveregulatory authorities havebeen counting physicalbeen counting physicalcommunications systems forcommunications systems fora long time, and publishinga long time, and publishingthe resultsthe resultsinformation aboutinformation about(and by whom) infrastructure(and by whom) infrastructurecan be used for Internetcan be used for Internetservice delivery is much moreservice delivery is much moreobscureobscure

Unlike these nationalUnlike these nationaltelecommunications systems,telecommunications systems,today the built Internet is nottoday the built Internet is notexplicitly bounded by nationalexplicitly bounded by nationaljurisdiction, there are only ajurisdiction, there are only afew different real-worldfew different real-world

pairingspairings


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Domestic operators onlyNo foreign entrant ISP

Domestic cross-border operatorsNo foreign entrant ISP

Domestic cross-border operatorsplus foreign entrant ISPs

Domestic operators onlyplus foreign entrant ISPs

Case Construction for relatinginfrastructure to logical networks


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Case Construction for relatinginfrastructure to logical networks1. LDCs, New network economies

2. China (et al.?)

3. Some post-colonial economies

4. OECD countries

Domestic operators onlyNo foreign entrant ISP

Domestic cross-border operatorsNo foreign entrant ISP

Domestic cross-border operatorsplus foreign entrant ISPs

Domestic operators onlyplus foreign entrant ISPs


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Roadmap








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Linking logical Internet networks tophysical telecom infrastructure! The Wealth of Nations

The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originallysupplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which

it annually consumes, and which consist always either in theimmediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased withthat produce from other nations.

!The Wealth of Networks

The Internet production of all networks is the fund which originallypresents each Internet user with information resourceconsumption possibilities, and which consist always either inlocal Internet production, or in what can purchased byinterconnecting with other networks.


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! Statistical Multiplexing -- a single link-level phenomenon;What makes packet-based communications more efficientthan switched circuit communicationsInterleaving the data input of two or more devices on a single channel oraccess line for transmission through a network. In statistical multiplexing, achannel is assigned to a device only when that device has data to send orreceive.

! Logical Multiplexing -- a system-level phenomenon;

What makes infrastructure sharing more efficient that purefacilities-based communicationsInterleaving the data input of two or more (logical networks) on a single(transport infrastructure). In logical multiplexing, partial/simultaneousbeneficial control of infrastructure enables multiple logical systems to extractmaximum utility from the shared infrastructure platform.

How Are Multiple Providers Important?


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Case Group 1: LDCs

! Interaction Model:Routed IP = mainlines + networks (ASNs) + (lines * networks)

! 62/63* developing countries that came online after 1997;this test set minimizes cross-border (Tier One) effects, aswell as legacy IP allocation-related measurementchallenges. Saudi Arabia eventually omitted.*

! Panel data for six years, 1998-2003 -- 228 observationscoupling routing table summary data for each November1st early AM with ITU annual telecom developmentindicators.


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0.974

0.544

0.449

0.790

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

70m

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 20030.0670.024

0.199

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

US RBOC: BellSouth

US RBOC: Qwest

US RBOC: SBC

US RBOC: Verizon

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

70m

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

National Market: Germany

National Market: Italy

National Market: France

National Market: Spain

Case Group 4: OECD Operators

Main Lines

In service

Internet Resources*

(Routed IP addresses)

Left

Axis

IP/Line

Ratio

Right

Axis


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RBOCs vs. Continental Europe (CE)

! Comparison potentially useful in three ways! Access networks of similar size, scope; very different at the IP layer

!Major differences in domestic market structure, international assets

! Recent US telecom policy developments might result in RBOCs looking

more like CE markets over time; are there any lessons?


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0.974

0.544

0.449

0.790

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1 2 3 4 5

0.01

0.1

1

10

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

70m

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.40.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

800,000,000

1,000,000,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0.010

0.100

1.000

10.000

0.0670.024

0.199

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

RBOCs vs. Continental Europe

BellSouthQwest

SBCVerizon

Continental Europe All

.01

0.1

1.0

10

200m

400m

600m

800m

1.0b

US RBOCs

US All

3.914.68

0.301

0.119

717m

850m

48m 15m

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

70m

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.40.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

200m

400m

600m

800m

1.0b

.01

0.1

1.0

10

56m 99m

0.4470.745

160m128m 125m 132m

Germany

Italy

France

Spain

Main Lines

In service

Internet Resources*

(Routed IP addresses)

Left

Axis

IP/Line

Ratio

Right

Axis


45/55

!In the US, whole is greater than the sum of its parts!US RBOCs are pieces in a larger, national/global infrastructure system

!US system has fostered logical multiplexing at several levels:

! National-level infrastructure sharing since 1966 (Computer I)

! Regional-level market sharing since 1984 (AT&T Breakup)

! Individual-level end user sharing since 1996 (Telecom Act)



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!Logical multiplexing has enhanced contingentUS advantages:!Internet historical origins in the US

!History-driven, US-centric international infrastructure deployment

!Infrastructure-driven gains from outsourcing content to the US

!Content-driven gains that derive from the global use of English language

! The result: US continues to create 4x-5x more new networkenterprises than CE annually, and to produce 2x-10x more

Internet resources than CE networks every year since 1999



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Roadmap








48/55

Implications of Provider Diversity Benefits

! Measures of provider diversity are useful adjuncts toempirical Internet analysis.

! Provider diversity confers positive effects which shouldbe measured against expected gains from potentiallyincompatible facilities-oriented policies.

! Policies and institutions that foster provider diversity(e.g., IXPs) can contribute to growth and localization ofInternet resources (users and content) that are theprimary objects of public interest claims about the Internet.


49/55

More Policy Implications of This Research! Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) as Central Banks

! RIRs play a critical fiduciary role in legitimating providergrowth projections, in effect establishing a level playing fieldfor network operators worldwide. This role should be

strengthened. Allocation policies should be consistent andenforceable (IPv4 orIPv6), so that IP utilization maintains aconsistent, rational relationship to access and content growth.

! WHOIS: Essential Reporting Requirement for the GIE! Fixing ASN-level WHOIS information could help strengthen

the current inter-domain routing system as a vehicle forcommunicating value (announcements, traffic) in a diverse,insecure, multi-provider environment. It could also help tostrengthen BGP topology analysis (the method used herein) asa foundation for high-confidence, empirical policy research onthe Global Information Economy.


50/55

! On the Global Distribution of IP Resources! Many national network economies, including some that havecomplained about the existing technical management system,currently directly or indirectly command more than enoughunique IP resources to persistently connect every one of their

telecom main lines to the Internet; claims of economic harmare difficult to reconcile with empirical record of substantialnetwork economy growth in someremedy-seeking countries

! On the Impending Exhaustion of IPv4 Resources!Apart from the unique US case, only a handful of nationalnetwork economies -- e.g., Australia, Canada, Korea, Japan,

Taiwan, etc. -- have exceeded a 1:1 routed IP per main lineratio. Current worldwide installed telecom capacity isapproximately 1.1 billion main lines; current global Internetproduction encompasses just under 1.4 billion routed IP

addresses, out of a possible 4.2 billion.* There is no shortage

More Policy Implications of This Research


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Roadmap








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IP addresses == Internet Resourcescaveats(!) and limitations(!)

! Production-centric

! Globally distributed Internet resources supported by multinational ISPs

(e.g., NTT-Verio, MCI, BT, FTLD, etc.) all ascribed to country of UBO ratherthan country of deployment

! Diversity-centric

! Standard operational strategies for managing large host complexes willtend to flatten differences between very large content providers and theirmedium-sized counterparts

! Network-centric

! Impact of content producing network customers attributed to networkproviders until they build their own networks (e.g., Microsoft, Yahoo,Google, etc.)


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IP addresses == Internet Resourcescaveats(!) and limitations(!)

! Historically biased (in unmodified form)

! Significant technical and institutional changes in the mid-late 1990s

dramatically improved the efficiency of IP address utilization; oldnetworks appear inflated compared to new entrants

! Analyses that encompass the full routing table will be moredefensible if/when these historical changes are explicitlyrecognized (e.g., by depreciating old and unchanged networks)

! Public network-centric

! Global view of public IP resources ignores significant national,enterprise-level variations in use of non-routable private IP address(RFC 1918) space


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IP addresses == Internet Resourcescaveats(?) and limitations(?)

! Features, not bugs!! Analytical framework that emphasizes production over

consumption, diversity over scale, public interoperability overprivate segmentation will tend to reflect favorably on enterprisesand economies that produce more, support greater diversity, anddeliver more globally accessible Internet resources

!

Sensitivity to historical variations and non-networkcustomer segment factors -- areas for additional work


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Questions.Thanks!

Tom VestResearch Program Manager

Packet Clearing House

http://www.pch.net

[email protected]

Special Thanks to:

Bill Woodcock

Randy Bush

Geoff Huston

Leo Vegoda

Jonathan Aronson

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