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COATED CARBIDE (HC)

GC1025 (M15, S15, P25)GC1025 has a 4 µm PVD coating of TiAlN-TiN. This tough and wear resistant coating, in combination with a very fine grained substrate, provides the needed properties to have sharp cutting edges and a high security against chip hammering. A grade for close tolerances and excel-lent surface finish for finishing in stainless steels.

GC2025 (M25, P35)GC2025 consists of a 5.5 µm CVD TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating on a substrate which features excellent resistance to both mechanical and thermal shock. This gives excellent adhesion with high wear resistan-ce to crater wear and plastic deformation at high temperatures. Also reduces friction and hence the formation of built-up-edges.

GC1020 (M20, P25)GC1020 has a 1-2 µm PVD TiN coating on top of a very fine grained substrate deve-loped for high quality threading. Excellent performance in all three material groups P, M and K.

GC2015 (M15, P25)GC2015 has a substrate designed for high cutting speeds. A tough gradient zone close to the surface provides excellent line security. The multi-layer coating of 5.5 microns gives very good heat and wear protection and reduces friction and hence the formation of built-up edges.

GC2035 (M25)GC2035 has a 4 µm PVD coating of TiAlN-TiN, which provides very good wear resistance, toughness and reduces friction, hence the formation of built up edges. The good resistance to both mechanical and thermal shock of GC2025 is preser-ved in GC2035. A grade with maximum edge toughness, ideal for both intermit-tent machining at high speeds in the M25 area and for heavy roughing where cutting speeds are limited.

GC2135 (M30, P35, S30)GC2135 is based on a tough substrate with very good resistance to thermal and mechanical shocks. On top of that is a thin 4 µm CVD TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating, which provides very good flank wear resistance and reduces friction and hence the forma-tion of built-up-edges. This is a grade with very good bulk and edgeline toughness. To be used at low to medium cutting speeds.

GC1005 (M15, S15)GC1005 has a 4 µm PVD coating of TiAlN-TiN. This tough and wear resistant coating, in combination with a very hard and fine grained substrate, provides the needed properties to have sharp cutting edges and a high security against chip hammering. A grade for close tolerances and excellent surface finish for finishing in HRSA and stainless steels.

GC235 (M40, P45)GC235 has a very tough substrate, which provides and extremely good edge scurity. It is coated with a 2.5 µm CVD TiC-TiCN-TiC for added wear resistance and lower friction. GC235 is very good in demanding roughing applications, e.g. interrupted cuts and low speeds. Works well in steel and stainless steel at low to moderate speeds.

GC2145 (M40, P45, S40)GC2145 has an even tougher substrate than GC2135 but still with a very good re-sistance to thermal and mechanical shocks. The tough and wear resistant coating, a 4 µm PVD coating of TiAlN-TiN, in combina-tion with the very tough substrate makes GC2145 the perfect choice for cut-off to centre and other applications with an extreme demand on toughness. To be used at low cutting speeds.

TiN

TiAlN

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiNTiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

TiAlN

TiN

TiAlN

TiN

TiAlN

TiN

Ti (C,N)

TiC

CVD = Chemical Vapour Deposition coated grades — GC2015,

GC2025, GC2135, GC235, GC3205, GC3210, GC3215,

GC3115, GC4005, GC4015, GC4025, GC4035, S05F,

and CD1810.

PVD = Physical Vapour Deposition coated grades — GC1005,

GC1020, GC1025, GC1525, GC2035, GC2145 and GC4125.

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S05F (S05) S05F has a thin 4 µm CVD TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating on top of a very hard and fine-grain substrate. This grade is optimized for finishing cuts in HRSA. To be used in conditions where notch is not a signifi-cant problem, i.e. shallow depths of cuts, round inserts, small entry angle and softer materials.

GC3205 (K05, P05)GC3205 is a CVD-coated cemented carbide consisting of a 15 microns thick, smooth wear resistant coating and a very hard sub-strate. This grade is designed to withstand high temperatures without being deformed. It is optimized for high speed turning of grey cast-iron (GCI).

GC3210 (K10, P10)GC3210 is a CVD-coated cemented carbide consisting of a thick, smooth wear resistant coating and a very hard substrate. It is optimized for high speed turning of nodular cast-iron (NCI)

COATED CARBIDE (HC)

GC3115, GC3020 (K15, P15)Based on a hard substrate with a good resistance to plastic deformation due to high hot hardness. The top performance CVD coating of TiCN and Al2O3 provides an excellent flank wear resistance. Ideal for grooving and turning operations in cast iron with high cutting speeds. Also for cut-off under stable conditions.

GC4015 (P15, K15)GC4015 has a thick, 14 µm, CVD TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating. The coating has an extremely good wear resistance and is golden coloured for easy wear detection. Under the coating there is a hard sub-strate with a thin gradient zone close to the surface. Because of this, the grade can withstand high cutting temperatures and still have a good edgeline security. This ma-kes GC4015 ideal for high cutting speeds and dry machining in the P15 area. A top performing grade. Also a good choice for machining of grey and nodular cast iron.

GC4025 (P25, M15)GC4025 has a thick layer of Al2O3 on top of a medium sized TiCN layer. A thin TiN outer layer gives the grade a yellow colour for easy wear detection. The total thickness of this CVD coating is approx. 12 µm. The substrate is rather hard but has a large gradient zone that brings toughness and better edgeline behaviour to the grade. The combination of a thick wear resistant coating and a hard substrate with excel-lent edge security has made GC4025 very popular. It works extremely well in P25 applications but also in stainless steels and cast iron. Used in many different operations.

GC4035 (P35, M25)GC4035 has a coating of the same type as GC4025. The coating brings wear resistance to the grade. The substrate is tougher than GC4025 and has a gradient zone close to the surface. GC4035 is a good choice in applications with demands on both toughness and resistance to plastic deformation. It works very well in interrup-ted cuts. A secure grade for high productive applications in the P35 area, the tough steelworker. Also suitable for stainless steel machining in the M25 area when extra wear resistance is sought.

GC4125 (P30, M25, K30, S25)GC4125 has a 4 µm PVD coating of TiAlN-TiN. This tough and wear resistant coating, in combination with a very fine grained substrate, makes the grade both hard and tough. A true all-round grade that works good in most types of materials and operations.

GC3215 (K15, P10)GC3215 is a CVD-coated cemented carbide consisting of a smooth, wear resistant coating and a hard substrate. This grade is capable of withstanding demanding interrupted cuts. It is recommended as the general choice for roughing of all types of cast-iron at low to medium cutting speeds.

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

TiAlN

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

GC4005 (P05)GC4005 has a very thick, 18 microns, CVD coating (TiCN-Al2O3-TiCN). Under the coa-ting is a hard substrate with a thin gradient zone giving extra edge-line toughness. This provides the grade with excellent resistance to crater wear and plastic deformation. A very good choice when machining dry, long engagement times or at high cutting speeds. Suitable for medium to roughing of steel.

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

TiN

Al2O3

Ti (C,N)

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UNCOATED CARBIDE (HW)

H10 (N15, S10)H10 is an uncoated fine-grain carbide grade. Combines excellent abrasive wear resistance and edge sharpness. For rough to finish turning of aluminum alloys. Also suitable for finish turning of HRSA and Titanium alloys.

H13A (K20, S15, N15)H13A is an uncoated carbide grade. Com-bines good abrasive wear resistance and toughness. For rough to finish turning of heat resistant alloys, Titanium alloys, cast irons and Aluminum alloys.

H10A (S10)H10A is an uncoated carbide grade. Com-bines good abrasive wear resistance and toughness for medium to rough turning of heat resistant steels and Titanium alloys.

H10F (S15)H10F is an uncoated fine-grain carbide grade. Recommended for heat resistant super alloys or Titanium alloys at very low speeds. Great resistance to thermal shock and notch wear makes it suitable for long or intermittent cuts.

Uncoated cermet (HT)

CT5015 (P05, K05)CT5015 is an uncoated titanium based cemented carbide, more frequently called a cermet. Titanium instead of tungsten improves the chemical stability and makes CT5015 ideal for machining of smearing materials. CT5015 is a hard wear resis-tant grade with good resistance to plastic deformation. A pure cobalt binder adds toughness and security to the substrate. Keeping the grade uncoated ensures that a sharp edge is maintained throughout the tool life. This means good surface finish and low cutting forces. A finishing grade for high quatlity surfaces at both high and low cutting speeds.

GC1525 (P15, M10)GC1525 is a PVD coated cermet for finis-hing and semi-finishing. The substrate is of the same kind as CT5015 but tougher. The 3 µm PVD coating of TiCN-TiN adds wear resistance and resistance to plastic deformation. The coating is chosen due to superior compatibility with the substrate, minimizing the risk of flaking. GC1525 is our toughest available cermet for high process security and good surface finish.

Coated cermet (HC)

CERMET

TiN

Ti (C,N)

CT5005 (P05, K05)CT5005 is an uncoated cermet for superfi-nishing of steel. The substrate is very hard and wear resistant. It has high resistance against plastic deformation and built-up edge formation. Suitable for high-quality surfaces, close tolerances and small cutting forces. Feed/D O C cross-section smaller than 0.35 square-mm.

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CERAMICS

CC650 (K01, H05, S05)CC650 is a mixed ceramic grade based on alumina with an addition of titanium carbide. It is primarily recommended for finishing operations in cast iron, hardened steel, hardened cast iron and heat resistant super alloys where the combination of wear resistant and good thermal properties is required.

CC670 (S15, H10)CC670 is a silicon carbide "whisker" reinforced ceramic grade, where the whiskers are randomly orientated within the host material. It is particularly well suited for high speed machining of heat resistant super alloys and hardened materials where demands are high for security or toughness.

GC1690 (K10)GC1690 is a silicon nitride substrate with a 1 µm thin Al2O3 -TiN coating. The proper-ties of GC1690 make it highly recommenda-ble for light roughing, medium and finishing applications in cast iron.

CC620 (K01)CC620 is a pure oxide ceramic grade based on alumina with a small addition of zirco-nium oxide to give it improved toughness. CC620 is designed for high cutting speed applications in cast iron and steel under stable conditions. Coolant should not be used.

CC6090 (K10)CC6090 is a pure silicon nitride ceramic grade well suited for roughing to finishing of grey cast iron at high speeds under stable conditions.

Pure ceramic (CA):

Mixed ceramic (CM):

Silicon nitride based ceramic (CN):

Coated ceramic (CC):

TiN

Al2O3

CC6050 (H05)CC6050 is a mixed ceramic grade based on alumina with an addition of titanium carbide. The high hot-hardness, the good level of toughness makes the grade suitable as first choice for case-hardened steel (50 – 65 HRc) in applications with good stability or with light interrupted cuts.

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CB20 (H01)CB20 is a cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) grade based on cBN with an addition of tita-nium nitride. Typically, this grade consists of one cBN tip, which is brazed onto a carbide carrier. A grade with high chemical resistance as well as high wear resistance for finishing operations in hardened steel and hardened cast iron.

CB50 (K05, H05)CB50 is a pure cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) grade with very high abrasive wear resistance and toughness. Typically, this grade consists of one cBN tip, which is bra-zed onto a carbide carrier. CB50 is primarily recommended for cast iron and hardened materials in tough conditions.

CD10 (N05)CD10. a polycrystalline diamond grade , is composed of fine to medium-fine grain crystals with an average diamerer of 7 µm. It is recommended for finishing and semi-finishing of non-ferrous and non-metallic materials.

CBN (BN)

Cubic Boron Nitride

Polycrystalline Diamond (DP)

CD1810 (N10)CD1810 is a CVD diamond coated insert based on a specially adapted substrate. The extremely wear resistant coating of 6 – 8 µm high purity dimond provides excel-lent properties for the machining of non-fer-rous alloys.

DIAMOND

CVD diamond coated carbide (HC)

CB7020 (H01)CB7020 is a cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) grade based on cBN with an addition of titanium nitride. For superior bonding and security, the cBN material is sintered (not brazed) onto each corner of the carbide carrier, hence the name “multi-corner in-sert”. The insert also has a PVD TiN coating for easy wear detection. A grade with high chemical resistance as well as high wear resistance for finishing operations in harde-ned steel and hardened cast iron.

CB7050 (K05, H05)CB7050 is a pure cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) grade with very high abrasive wear resistance and toughness. For superior bonding and security, the cBN material is sintered (not brazed) onto each corner of the carbide carrier, hence the name “multi-corner insert”. The insert also has a PVD TiN coating for easy wear detection. CB7050 is primarily recommended for cast iron and hardened materials in tough conditions.

TiN

TiN

Diamond

CB7015 (H15)CB7015 is a cubic boron nitride (CBN) grade based on CBN with an addition of a fine-grain titanium binder. The grade is designed for high-speed finishing of case-hardened steels (58 – 65 HRc) where high-quality surfaces are required.

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Feed and speedThe following contain recommended cutting data for machining the more common materials. In the tables, cutting speeds for different materials and feeds are given. The values are calcula-ted on the basis of a tool life of 15 minutes and should be re-garded as starting values.

Selecting feedIn rough turning operations power and stability of the machine and the chip forming ability are often limiting factors. The most economical choice of cutting data, i.e., maximum metal remov-al rate, is obtained with a combination of high feed and moder-ate cutting speed with limiting factors taken into consideration. The power available in the machine can sometimes be too low. In such cases it is necessary to reduce the cutting speed to suit.

When selecting feeds for finishing operations, surface finish, tolerance and chipbreaking requirements should be taken into consideration. Surface finish is determined by the combination of feed rate and insert nose radius, as well as the workpiece stability, clamping and the overall condition of the machine. Chipbreaking is determined by the selection of insert geometry. The Wiper geometry inserts should be an obvious candidate for finishing operations which will affect the choice of feeds.

Selecting cutting speedCutting speeds are given for a specific material hardness and for an entering angle κr = 90°. If the material being machined

Tc min

Qz cm3/min

15 min

vc m/min

fn = mm/r

Qz = metal removal: cm3/minvc = cutting speed: m/minfn = feed: mm/r

105

0.7 0.3 0.1

–80 –60 –40 –20 0 +20 +40 +60 +80

01 - - - 1.07 1.0 0.95 0.90 - -02 1.26 1.18 1.12 1.05 1.0 0.94 0.91 0.86 0.8303 - - 1.21 1.10 1.0 0.91 0.84 0.79 -05 - - 1.21 1.10 1.0 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.7506 - - 1.31 1.13 1.0 0.87 0.80 0.73 -07 - 1.14 1.08 1.03 1.0 0.96 0.92 - -08 - - 1.25 1.10 1.0 0.92 0.86 0.80 -09 - - 1.07 1.03 1.0 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.9120 1.26 - 1.11 - 1.0 -0.90 - 0.82 –6 –3 0 +3 +6 +9

04 1.10 1.02 1.0 0.96 0.93 0.90

differs in hardness from those values, the recommended cut-ting speed should be multiplied by a factor obtained from the table. If the entering angle is less than 90°, the cutting speed may be increased with maintained tool life.

Cutting data

Difference in hardness

Reduced hardness

Hardness Brinell (HB)

Increased hardness

Hardness Rockwell (HRC)

CMC No.

CMC No.

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Common exceptions

Difference in hardness If your material has another hardness than HB ≈ 180, you

should adjust cutting speed (vc) according to the table. Here is the same example as above but the hardness is

220 HB. 220 – 180 = +40 The table gives a correction factor of 0.91.

vc 220HB = 0.91 x vc 180 HB = 0.91 x 425 = 387 m/min

A specified Ra value for the surface finish The example gives you a Ra value of around 1.25 µm. Nose

radius 0.8 and fn = 0.2. See the tables for surface finish. If you need Ra ≈ 0.7. you should adjust the feed rate ac-

cording to the tables. Ra ≈ 0.7 gives fn ≈ 0.15. Wiper inserts Wiper inserts give a much better surface finish at the same

feed rates. Increased feed rates will give the same surface finish. ( Ra ≈ 1.25 gives fn ≈ 0.35.)

Always consider Wiper inserts as first choice if possible.

To adjust the cutting speeds for a longer tool life Most cutting speeds are suitable to achieve a tool life of 15

minutes. If you would like to adjust the cutting speeds for a longer tool life, see below.

According to ① the cutting speed chosen is 387 m/min. A tool life of 30 minutes gives you 387 x 0.87 = 337 m/min.

Values for standard corner radius

Values for Wiper radius

Correction factor

Tool life (min) 10 15 20 25 30 45 60

1.10 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.87 0.80 0.75

①

②

③

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P01.1 01.2 01.3

C = 0.1– 0.25% C = 0.25 – 0.55% C = 0.55 – 0.80%

2300 200 3550 330 2850 330

2550 230 3050 260

2100 200 3150 330 2650 330

2200 180 3150 330 2700 200

2250 230 2750 260

Non-hardened Ball bearing steel Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered

Annealed Hardened tool steel

Unalloyed Low-alloy (alloying elements ≤ 5%) High-alloy, alloying elements >5%)

Non-hardened PH-hardened Hardened

Non-hardened PH-hardened Hardened

Austenitic PH-hardened Super austenitic

Non-weldableWeldable

Unalloyed steel

Low-alloy steel, (alloying elements ≤ 5%)

Steel castings

Stainless steel – Bars/forgedFerritic/martensitic

Stainless steel – CastFerritic/martensitic

Stainless steel – CastAustenitic

Stainless steel – Bars/forgedAustenitic-ferritic (Duplex)

M

15.11 15.12 15.13

15.21 15.22 15.23

Non-weldableWeldable

Stainless steel – CastAustenitic-ferritic (Duplex)

15.51 15.52

05.51 05.52

02.1 02.12 02.2 02.2

03.11 03.21

06.1 06.2 06.3

05.11 05.12 05.13

≥ 0.05%C<0.05%C

≥ 0.05%C<0.05%C

hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°

Cutting speed, vc m/min

Hard-ness Brinell

Specific cutting force kc 0.4

MaterialCMC No.

ISO

N/mm2 HB

N/mm2 HB

N/mm2 HB

CT5015

0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2 0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2

GC1525

2300 180 3550 330 2950 200

Austenitic PH-hardened Super austenitic

Stainless steel – Bars/forgedAustenitic

05.21 05.22 05.23

High-alloy steel (alloying elements >5%)

WEAR RESISTANCE

➠

ISO CMC No.

Material Specific cutting force kc 0.4

Hard-ness Brinell

280 – 215 – 170 155 – 125 – 100 165 – 135 – 120

265 – 220 – 170 155 – 125 – 100 185 – 160 – 130

210 – 170 – 130 190 – 140 – 110

265 – 220 – 170 135 – 110 – 80 145 – 120 – 90

190 – 140 – 100 170 – 130 – 90

235 – 180 – 150 135 – 110 – 80 175 – 150 – 125

GC1025

0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3

380 – 305 – 245 350 – 280 – 225 245 – 195 – 160

410 – 330 – 265 220 – 175 – 145 245 – 200 – 160

315 – 255 – 205 280 – 225 – 185

- - - - - -

- - - -

- - - - - -

GC1005

0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3


➠

WEAR RESISTANCE

CMC No.

Material Specific cutting force kc 0.4

Hard-ness Brinell

290 – 240 170 – 150 170 – 150

220 – 195 195 – 170 145 – 130

- - - -

- - - - - -

- - - -

- - - - - -

GC1525

0.1 – 0.2

940 130 1100 230

1100 180 1150 220

1050 160 1750 250 2700 380

Ferritic (short chipping) Pearlitic (long chipping)

Low tensile strength High tensile strength

Malleable cast iron

Nodular SG iron

Grey cast ironK07.107.2

08.108.2

09.109.209.3

Ferritic Pearlitic Martensitic



CC650

0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4

800 – 700 – 600 700 – 600 – 500

800 – 700 – 600 760 – 650 – 540

610 – 550 – 450 510 – 450 – 350 350 – 305 – 260

CC620

0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4

800 – 700 – 600 700 – 590 – 500

800 – 700 – 600 760 – 650 – 540

- - - - - - - - -

WEAR RESISTANCE

➠

Ste

elS

tain

less

ste

elC

ast

iro

n

ISO

The recommendations are valid for use with cutting fluid.Cutting speed recommendations

CB7050/CB50

0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4

- - - - - -

1700 – 1450 – 1200 1450 – 1250 – 1050

- - - - - - - - -

2000 125 2100 150 2200 170

2150 180 2300 210 2550 275 2850 350

2500 200 3900 325

2000 180 2100 200 2650 225

225 – 185 – 145 175 – 145 – 105 140 – 115 – 85

560 – 465 – 380 495 – 415 – 335 430 – 365 – 295

375 – 320 – 255 - - - 200 – 165 – 135 160 – 135 – 110

260 – 215 – 175 145 – 115 – 90

260 – 215 – 175 270 – 225 – 170 200 – 165 – 125

650 – 540 – 440 570 – 480 – 385 510 – 425 – 340

480 – 400 – 320 - - - 285 – 235 – 190 230 – 190 – 150

395 – 330 – 250 195 – 165 – 130


CT5005

0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2

700 – 570 – 430 650 – 530 – 420 560 – 480 – 390

545 – 460 – 370 - - - 335 – 275 – 210 295 – 235 – 170

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - -

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100 – 80 – 60 95 – 65 – 45 80 – 60 – 39

185 – 135 – 95 165 – 120 – 85 155 – 115 – 80

155 – 110 – 70 - - - 110 – 70 – 50 85 – 55 – 39

145 – 100 – 65 65 – 45 – 30

TOUGHNESS


0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8

230 – 170 – 125 200 – 135 – 95 175 – 120 – 85

485 – 330 – 230 430 – 290 – 205 405 – 275 – 195

435 – 290 – 205 380 – 255 – 180 285 – 200 – 155 230 – 160 – 125

285 – 195 – 145 130 – 90 – 70

210 – 155 – 110 180 – 120 – 85 160 – 110 – 75

440 – 300 – 210 400 – 270 – 190 370 – 250 – 175

395 – 265 – 190 350 – 230 – 160 260 – 180 – 140210 – 145 – 110

260 – 180 – 130 115 – 85 – 65

175 – 130 – 95 155 – 95 – 65 135 – 90 – 65

405 – 260 – 190 365 – 235 – 170 345 – 220 – 160

285 – 175 – 130 250 – 155 – 110 175 – 115 – 80 140 – 90 – 65

225 – 145 – 100 105 – 65 – 45

140 – 105 – 80 125 – 80 – 55 110 – 75 – 50

295 – 200 – 145 265 – 180 – 130 250 – 170 – 120

220 – 145 – 100 195 – 125 – 85 145 – 95 – 65 115 – 75 – 50

185 – 125 – 85 85 – 55 – 38

0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8

GC2025

0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8

GC4035GC2015

0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8

GC4025 GC235

285 – 205 – 160 250 – 175 – 135 195 – 130 – 100

540 – 390 – 285 485 – 350 – 255 460 – 330 – 240

530 – 355 – 245 460 – 305 – 215 340 – 240 – 185 275 – 190 – 150

385 – 255 – 190 190 – 120 – 90

GC4015

0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8

➠



130 – 110 – 90 70 – 55 – 45 75 – 60 – 50

115 – 100 – 85 70 – 55 – 45 85 – 70 – 60

105 – 95 – 80 95 – 80 – 70

115 – 100 – 85 60 – 45 – 35 65 – 50 – 40

95 – 80 – 70 90 – 75 – 65

170 – 145 – 115 85 – 65 – 45 100 – 90 – 70

160 – 135 – 105 130 – 110 – 85

170 – 145 – 115 70 – 50 – 40 75 – 60 – 50

130 – 110 – 85 105 – 95 – 75

240 – 175 – 130 100 – 70 – 55 130 – 100 – 75

190 – 150 – 110 150 – 120 – 90

220 – 160 – 120 85 – 55 – 40 120 – 80 – 55

150 – 120 – 90 125 – 105 – 80

195 – 155 – 120 95 – 70 – 55 130 – 105 – 80

180 – 140 – 110 130 – 115 – 105

195 – 160 – 150 75 – 55 – 40 85 – 60 – 45

165 – 125 – 100 115 – 100 – 95

155 – 120 – 95 75 – 55 – 40 115 – 90 – 70

200 – 155 – 115 85 – 55 – 40 130 – 90 – 65

150 – 120 – 95 70 – 50 – 40 100 – 80 – 60

290 – 240 – 210 130 – 100 – 90 160 – 135 – 115

220 – 185 – 160 190 – 150 – 130

250 – 210 – 185 100 – 70 – 60 110 – 90 – 70

185 – 150 – 140 160 – 140 – 120

220 – 180 – 155 105 – 80 – 70 145 – 115 – 100

100 – 90 – 75 65 – 45 – 33 80 – 65 – 55

GC235

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

180 – 160 – 130 85 – 65 – 45 95 – 70 – 50

GC2035

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

230 – 175 – 135 110 – 70 – 50 120 – 80 – 55

GC2025

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

225 – 190 – 170 85 – 65 – 50 100 – 70 – 50

GC4035

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

➠TOUGHNESS

260 – 220 – 205 125 – 100 – 90 145 – 120 – 100

GC2015

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

280 – 225 – 190 125 – 95 – 80 170 – 150 – 110

240 – 205 – 160 200 – 165 – 130

255 – 215 – 175 105 – 75 – 60 115 – 95 – 65

205 – 165 – 145 175 – 155 – 115

220 – 180 – 150 105 – 75 – 60 160 – 125 – 105

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

CC6090

740 – 600 – 500 640 – 500 – 400

740 – 600 – 500 690 – 540 – 435

- - - - - - - - -

140 – 125 – 110 125 – 110 – 90

340 – 280 – 215 265 – 230 – 175

380 – 320 – 250 300 – 250 – 210

305 – 240 – 185 270 – 220 – 165 210 – 170 – 120

180 – 145 – 110 140 – 115 – 95

200 – 165 – 135 140 – 115 – 95

320 – 260 – 220 280 – 235 – 205

255 – 200 – 160 230 – 195 – 170 115 – 95 – 85

135 – 125 – 95 125 – 115 – 90 100 – 85 – 65

GC4015

740 – 600 – 500 640 – 500 – 400

740 – 600 – 500 690 – 540 – 435

580 – 450 – 345 480 – 350 – 250 325 – 260 – 220

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6

H13ACT5015

0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3 0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

TOUGHNESS ➠

265 – 225 – 200 125 – 100 – 75 150 – 125 – 90

GC1690

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

GC4025

0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6

0.1 – 0.4 – 0.80.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

GC1025

WEAR RESISTANCE

WEAR RESISTANCE

WEAR RESISTANCE

- - - - - - - - -

310 – 255 – 195 280 – 225 – 180 260 – 210 – 170

- - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - -




0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8

GC4005

320 – 225 – 175 275 – 195 – 150 210 – 145 – 110

590 – 430 – 315 530 – 385 – 280 505 – 365 – 265

585 – 390 – 270 505 – 335 – 235 315 – 220 – 165 250 – 180 – 130

425 – 280 – 205 210 – 135 – 110

300 – 260 – 225 225 – 195 – 175

500 – 405 – 310 405 – 330 – 250

350 – 300 – 250 310 – 260 – 210 - - -

CT5005

0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2

505 – 415 – 325 410 – 340 – 265

600 – 475 – 375 440 – 355 – 280

385 – 360 – 275 350 – 330 – 250 305 – 280 – 220

GC3205

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6

415 – 350 – 265 350 – 280 – 215

500 – 395 – 300 360 – 295 – 225

350 – 335 – 250 310 – 300 – 225 280 – 260 – 190

GC3210

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6

290 – 235 – 185 230 – 190 – 150

310 – 275 – 210 250 – 200 – 160

270 – 215 – 165 245 – 190 – 150 210 – 170 – 130

GC3215

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6

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H10 H10A H13A H10F GC1025

TOUGHNESS

TOUGHNESSMaterialCMC

No.ISO

Hardened and tempered Hardened and tempered

Wrought or wrought and coldworked, non-aging

Wrought or wrought and aged

Cast, non-aging Cast or cast and aged

Free cutting alloys, ≥1% Pb

Brass, leaded bronzes, ≤1% Pb

Bronze and non-leadad copper incl. electrolytic copper

Hard steelExtra hard steel

Chilled cast iron

Aluminium alloys

Aluminium alloys

Copper and copper alloys

04.1

30.1130.12

30.2130.22

33.133.233.3

10.1 Cast or cast and aged

Cast, 13–15% Si Cast, 16–22% Si

Aluminium alloys30.4130.42

1) The cutting speeds, shown in the table, are valid for all feeds within the feed range. 2) 45–60° entering angle, positive cutting geometry and coolant should be used. 3) Rm = ultimate tensile strength measured in MPa.

Non-ferrous materialsChoosing polycrystalline diamond tipped inserts (PCD) or carbide inserts?The PCD grade CD10 and diamond coated grade CD1810 could be a useful alternative to cemented carbide for finishing and semi-finishing in non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials.

Use diamond for– exceptionally long tool life– excellent surface finish– machining economy– stable conditions

Use cemented carbide for– chip control– edge security– low cost per edge– setting up of new jobs– unstable conditions

Annealed or solution treated Aged or solution treated and aged

Annealed or solution treated Aged or solution treated and aged Cast or cast and aged

Annealed or solution treated Solution treated and aged Cast or cast and aged

Heat resistant super alloys

20.11 20.12

20.21 20.22 20.24

Iron base

Nickel base

20.31 20.32 20.33

Cobalt base

Commercial pure (99.5% Ti) α, near α and α+β alloys, annealed α+β alloys in aged cond., β alloys, annealed or aged

Titanium alloys2)

23.1 23.21 23.22

S

N

H

Hea

t re

sist

ant

mat

eria

lN

on-

ferr

ous

met

als

Hardened material

The recommendations are valid for use with cutting fluid.Cutting speed recommendations

Hard-ness Brinell


N/mm2 HB

500 60 800 100

750 75 900 90

700 110

700 90

1750 100

950 130 950 130

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

1550 (1950 – 195)1)

770 ( 960 – 95)1)

500 ( 630 – 65)1)

500 ( 630 – 65)1)

300 ( 375 – 38)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1) 2000 (2500 – 250)1)

770 ( 960 – 95)1)

510 ( 640 – 65)1)

500 ( 630 – 65)1)

500 ( 630 – 65)1)

300 ( 375 – 38)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)


CD1810 H10CD10

0.05 – 0.4 0.15 – 0.8 0.15 – 0.8

- - - 180 – 150 – 120

- - -

- - - 150 – 120 – 100

180 – 150 – 120

3000 200 3050 280

3300 250 3600 350 3700 320

3300 200 3700 300 3800 320

1550 400 1700 950 1700 1050

Rm 3)

400 – 320 340 – 265 220 – 160

345 – 260 300 – 225 285 – 225

195 – 160 – 135 80 – 65 – 55 80 – 60 – 50

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

205 – 170 – 145 85 – 70 – 55 80 – 60 – 50

0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3

180 – 150 – 125 75 – 60 – 50 70 – 55 – 45

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

3250 45 HRC 5550 60 HRC 2800 400

WEAR RESISTANCE

385 – 315 – 270 325 – 270 – 230 295 – 245 – 210

345 – 255 – 205 300 – 225 – 175 285 – 225 – 170

2000 (2500 – 250)1) 2000 (2500 – 250)1)

450 - (560 – 55)1)

300 - (375 – 38)1)

500 ( 630 – 65)1)

300 ( 375 – 38)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

2000 (2500 – 250)1)

500 ( 630 – 65)1)

- - - -

- - - - - -


MaterialCMC No.

ISO Hard-ness Brinell


N/mm2 HB

WEAR RESISTANCE


CC650

0.1 – 0.2

CC670

0.1 – 0.2 – 0.30.1 – 0.2 – 0.3


MaterialCMC No

ISO Hard-ness Brinell


N/mm2 HB Cutting speed, vc m/min

CB7020/CB20

0.05 – 0.15 – 0.25

WEAR RESISTANCE

CB7050/CB50

0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4

➠


➠

➠

- - - 260 – 195 – 164

CB7015

0.05 – 0.15 – 0.25

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CBN in cast iron, hardened and heat resistant materials

Cubic boron nitride grades CB7020, CB7015, CB20, CB7050 and CB50CBN inserts can increase productivity in many difficult metal cutting operations — up to 100 times better than carbide or ceramics in terms of longer tool life and/or higher metal removal rate.

CBN is recommended primarily for finishing operations: CB7050/CB50 for cast iron and heat resistant materials. CB7015/CB7020/CB20 for continuous and light interrupted cuts in hardened parts.



140 – 120 – 95 120 – 100 – 80

120 – 90 – 60

CC670

0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4

45 – 30 – 23 - - -

35 – 20 – 11

H13A

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6

60 – 40 – 25 - - -

45 – 25 – 14

GC4015

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6


TOUGHNESS ➠

➠TOUGHNESS

0.15 – 0.8

H13A

1900 (2400 – 240)1)

1900 (2400 – 240)1)

400 ( 500 – 50)1)

250 ( 315 – 31)1)

1900 (2400 – 240)1) 1900 (2400 – 240)1)

450 ( 560 – 55)1)

450 ( 560 – 55)1)

270 ( 340 – 34)1)

TOUGHNESS ➠

70 – 55 – 40 50 – 40 – 30

40 – 30 – 20 30 – 20 – 10 20 – 15 – 10

40 – 30 – 20 30 – 20 – 10 20 – 15 – 10

H10F

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

75 – 60 – 45 55 – 45 – 35

45 – 35 – 25 35 – 25 – 15 23 – 17 – 12

45 – 35 – 25 35 – 25 – 15 23 – 17 – 12

GC1025

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

175 – 120 – 80 150 – 100 – 70

90 – 55 – 30 80 – 50 – 27 70 – 45 – 24

90 – 60 – 30 80 – 50 – 27 70 – 45 – 24

GC1005

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

80 – 65 – 50 60 – 50 – 40

50 – 40 – 30 40 – 30 – 20 25 – 20 – 15

50 – 40 – 30 40 – 30 – 20 25 – 20 – 15

H13A

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

160 – 135 – 110 125 – 105 – 85

85 – 70 – 55 65 – 55 – 40

55 – 40 – 32 40 – 32 – 21 26 – 21 – 16

55 – 40 – 32 40 – 32 – 21 26 – 21 – 16

H10A

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

100 – 85 – 70 90 – 75 – 60 80 – 65 – 55

100 – 85 – 70 90 – 75 – 60 80 – 65 – 55

S05F

0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3

140 – 105 – 70 120 – 90 – 60

120 – 90 – 60

WEAR RESISTANCE




WEAR RESISTANCE

WEAR RESISTANCE

CC6050

0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4

160 – 135 – 115 65 – 55 – 45 65 – 50 – 40

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

160 – 135 – 115 65 – 55 – 45 65 – 50 – 40

0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5

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General cutting data recommendations for cast iron, hardened steels and heat resistant super alloys (advanced tool materials)

The following tables show recommended grade and cutting data for each application area.

The bars indicate the general working areas and the darker areas the most common ranges. The lines in the bars are recommended starting values.

The cutting data for cast iron machining in the table below are given for continuous cuts. For interrupted cuts reduce the feed rate and the depth of cut.

Cutting tool material

Ability to take inter-rupted cuts

Feed,fn mm/r

Cutting speed,vc m/min

Depth of cut,ap mm

NOPure ceramic

YES

NOPure ceramic

CC62009

YESCubic boron nitride

CB70502)

2)YESCubic boron nitride

CB50

Coated silicon nitride

GC1690

YESSilicon nitride

CC690

NOMixed ceramic

CC650

YESCoated silicon nitride

GC1690

YESSilicon nitride

CC6090

YESMixed ceramic

CC6050

NOMixed ceramic

CC650

CC6200708K

CAST IRON MACHININGISO

CMC1) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0300 400 500 600 700 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Cas

t ir

on

1) Coromant Material Classification CMC 07 = Malleable cast iron CMC 08 = Grey cast iron CMC 09 = Nodular cast iron

2) High cutting speeds are recommended, up to 2000 m/min. Use the same cutting speeds for cast iron with low, max 5%, ferrite contents

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1) Coromant Material Classification2) Finishing: ap = 0.3 - 1.0 mm

fn = 0.05 - 0.20 mm/rMedium: ap = 0.7 - 2.5 mm

fn = 0.12 - 0.30 mm/rRoughing: ap = 2 - 5 mm

fn = 0.15 - 0.45 mm/r


Feed,fn mm/r

CD10Aluminium alloysN

NON FERROUS METALS

ISO

CMC1) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

No

n-fe

rro

us m

etal

s

Cutting tool material2)Material

30.1130.12

CD10 Aluminium alloys30.21

30.22

CD10 Aluminium alloys30.41

30.42

CD10

Copper and copper alloys

33.133.233.3


vc m/min fn m/min

Feed,fn mm/r

CC670

CC670Annealed or solution treated

Finishing / Light roughing RoughingNi-based

S

HEAT RESISTANT SUPER ALLOYS

ISO

CMC1) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

200 300 400 500 600

200 300 400 500 600

Hea

t re

sist

ant

sup

er a

lloys

Cutting tool material2)Material

20.21

CC670

CC670Aged or solution treated and aged

20.22

CC670

CC670Cast or cast and aged

20.24

CC670 CC670Annealed or solution treated

20.31

CC670 CC670Solution treated and aged

20.32

CC670 CC670Cast or cast and aged

20.33

Co-based

These cutting data are valid for ceramic cutting materials.

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Operation

FINISHING

Feed,fn mm/r


Depth of cut,ap mm

Continuous cutsMixed ceramic

FINISHING

FINISHING

Interrupted cutsCubic boron nitride

CB7050

FINISHINGHA

RD

EN

ED

ST

EE

LH

ard

par

t tu

rnin

g

Interrupted cutsCubic boron nitride

CB20 CB7020

FINISHING

Interrupted cutsWhisker reinforced ceramic

CC670

Continuous cutsCubic boron nitride

CB20 CB7020

CC605004.1H

HARD PART TURNINGISO

CMC1) 0.5 1.0 1.5 50 100 150 200 250 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

CA

ST

IRO

NH

ard

ened

cas

t ir

on

Whisker reinforced ceramic

CC650Without skin

Mixed ceramic

NEW ROLLSWhisker reinforced ceramic

CC670

General

REWORK OF ROLLS

Cubic boron nitride

CB50

CC670With cracks

REWORK OF ROLLS

10.1H

CMC1)

1) Coromant Material Classification

2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.00.25 0.50 0.75 1.025 50 75 100 125

Note: For larger rolls use lower cutting speed and higher feed. For smaller rolls use higher cutting speed and lower feed.

CC6090Silicon nitride

CC670Whisker reinforced ceramic

With skin

NEW ROLLS

GC1690Coated silicon nitride


ComponentISO Depth of cut,ap mm

Feed,fn mm/r


HARDENED CAST IRON

vc m/min50 75 100 125 150 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

fn mm/r ap mm

vc m/min50 100 150 200 250

fn mm/r0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

ap mm0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

FINISHING

Continuous cutsCubic boron nitride

CB7015

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Dry turning is highly feasible and there are many successful applications in ope-ration. Turning and milling are the easiest machining operations to perform without coolant and there is a requirment from industry in general to question the use of coolants. Major considerations, however, are the cost of buying, using, handling and disposal of coolants – some 15% of the manufacturing cost of a typical com-ponent, as well as the environment.

Modern indexable inserts are fully capa-ble of dry machining. The development of tool materials, especially that of coa-ted cemented carbide grades, has pro-vided inserts that stand up to higher machining temperatures than before by having more resistance to plastic defor-mation and thermal cracking. In many modern CNC-machine operations with high speeds and feeds, coolants are in-sufficient or wrongly directed anyway to have any real effect and in some cases cause negative thermal variations.

A higher cutting zone temperature is in many instances a positive factor if the insert grade is correctly chosen. Many of the modern coated grades have been de-veloped with dry machining in mind. Built up edge formation on the cutting edge and poor chip formation are examples of negative consequences of lower tempe-ratures. Some tool materials and opera-tions are negatively affected by thermal oscillations.

Dry machining, however, is not suitable for all applications. Certain component materials and operations need coolant to maintain the temperature at a sui-talble level, such as in machining HRSA materials, and for some drilling and bo-ring operations to ensure chip evacua-tion. Compressed air may in some cases be an alternative. Chips normally contain excessive heat which may raise the tem-perature in the machine.

Operations, materials, component, quali-ty demands and machinery should be ca-refully assessed to see what gains can be had from turning off the coolant tap. It is not normally necessary to re-adjust component measuring to compensate for the effects of dry machining but this

can easily be tested. In some cases mi-nimum quantity lubrication might be an alternative as some operations such as threading, reaming, boring and parting and grooving are more sensitive.

When successfully applied, dry machi-ning has provided:- higher productivity- improved chip control- lower machining costs- improved chip handling- improved environment

Turning without coolant – no problem for modern inserts

Checklist for application :

- assess the component, opera-tions and machinery as regards the effects of dry machining

- optimize each machining opera-tion, especially as regards tools, cutting data, economic tool-life and chip disposal

- test effects of dry machining on component quality, accuracy and surface finish

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Problem: Cause: Remedy:

a. Rapid flank wear causing poor surface finish or out of tolerance.

b/c. Notch wear causing poor surface finish and risk of edge breakage.

Excessive crater wear causing a weakened edge. Cutting edge breakthrough on the training edge causes poor surface finish.

Built-up edge causing poor surface finish and cutting edge frittering when the B.U.E. is torn away.

a. Cutting speed too high or insufficient wear resistance.

b/c. Oxidation

b/c. Attrition

c. Oxidation

Reduce the cutting speed.Select a more wear resistant grade.

Select an Al2O3 coated grade.For work hardening materials select a smaller entering angle or a more wear resistant grade.

Reduce the cutting speed.(When machining heat resistant material with ceramics increase cutting speed.)

Select a cermet grade

Select an Al2O3 coated grade.Select a positive insert geometry.First reduce the speed to obtain a lower temperature, then reduce the feed.

Diffusion wear due to too high cutting temperatures on the rake face.

Workpiece material is welded to the insert due to:

Low cutting speed.

Negative cutting geometry.

Excessive flank and notch wear

Crater wear

Plastic deformation Edge depression or flank impressionLeading to poor chip control and poor surface finish.Risk of excesive flank wear leading to insert breakage

Select a harder grade with better resistance to plasic deformation. Edge depression – Reduce speed Flank impression – Reduce feed

Increase cutting speed.

Select a positive geometry.

Cutting temperature too high combined with a high pressure.

Plastic deformation

Built-up edge (B.U.E.)

If problems should occur

Problem : Curling of long chipsPossible remedy : Increase feed and/or D O C, select a smaller nose radius●

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Problem: Cause: Remedy:

The part of the cutting edge not in cut is damaged through chip hammering. Both the top side and the support for the insert can be damaged.

Small cutting edge fractures (frittering) causing poor surface finish and excessive flank wear.

The chips are deflected against the cutting edge.

Change the feed.Select an alternative insert geometry.

Select tougher grade.

Select an insert with a stronger geometry (bigger chamfer for ceramic inserts).

Increase cutting speed or select a positive geometry.Reduce feed at beginning of cut.

Grade too brittle.

Insert geometry too weak.

Built-up edge

Chip hammering

Frittering

Small cracks perpendicular to the cutting edge causing frittering and poor surface finish. Select a tougher grade with better

resistance to thermal shocks.

Coolant should be applied copi-ously or not at all.

Thermal cracks due to temperature variations caused by:

- Intermittent machining.

- Varying coolant supply.

Thermal cracks

Insert breakage that damages not only the insert but also the shim and workpiece.

Select a tougher grade.

Reduce the feed and/or the depth of cut.

Select a stronger geometry, preferably a single sided insert.

Select a thicker/larger insert.

Grade too brittle.

Excessive load on the insert.

Insert geometry too weak.

Insert size too small.

Insert breakage

Excessive tool pressure. Reduce the feed.Select a tougher grade.Select an insert with smaller chamfer.

Slice fracture – Ceramics

Problem : VibrationsPossible remedy : Reduce cutting speed, increase feed, reduce D O C, select a smaller nose radius, select a positive geometry.●

Documents

Turning 2 Sandvik