UTILIZING THERMOGRAPHYUTILIZING THERMOGRAPHY to ASSESS COMPLIANCE with

THE HORSE PROTECTION ACT

TRACY A. TURNER, DVM, MSDiplomate, Am Col Vet SurgeonsDiplomate, Am Col Vet Surgeons

Diplomate, Am Board Thermology

THERMOGRAPHY and THE HORSE PROTECTION ACT

1975 NELSON, detection of SORING in Tenn WalkingSORING in Tenn Walking

Horses1978 report in JAVMA: THERMOGRAPHIC

ENFORCEMENT of the HORSE PROTECTION ACT

1978-1982 PUROHIT, AUBURN UNIV:

THERMOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSIS OF

INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN HORSES IN

RESPONSE TO VARIOUS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL

FACTORS

WHAT IS THERMOGRAPHY??WHAT IS THERMOGRAPHY??

ANATOMIC PHYSIOLOGICANATOMIC IMAGING

PHYSIOLOGIC IMAGING

RADIOLOGY

ULTRASONOGRAPHY THERMOGRAPHY

SCINTIGRAPHY

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

THERMOGRAPHY THEORY

HEAT IS EMITTED IN THE FORM OF INFRARED RADIATION

THERMOGRAPHY THEORY

WHAT PHYSIOLOGYWHAT PHYSIOLOGY DOES

THERMOGRAPHYTHERMOGRAPHY MEASURE?

LOCAL CIRCULATIONLOCAL CIRCULATIONBLOOD FLOW

LOCAL METABOLISMLOCAL METABOLISM

THERMOGRAPHYABILITY TO NON-IVASIVELY ASSESS

INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION

MAKES THERMOGRAPHY

AN IDEAL TOOL TO AID IN THEAID IN THE

DIAGNOSIS OF LAMENESSLAMENESS

THERMAL PATTERNTHERMAL PATTERNDICTATED BYDICTATED BY

CIRCULATORY PATTERNPATTERN

LOCAL VASCULARITYVASCULARITY

SURFACE CONTOUR

THERMAL PATTERNTHERMAL PATTERN

DORSAL VIEW = relatively coolTENDONS = relatively cool

HEAT between MC/MTIII and

FLEXOR TENDONSFLEXOR TENDONS

Dorsal Palmar Medial

THERMAL PATTERNTHERMAL PATTERNCORONARY BANDCORONARY BAND

and LAMINAR CORIUM are

WARMERBETWEEN BULBS of

Dorsal Lateralthe HEEL is WARMEST

Dorsal Lateral

Palmar

THERMOGRAPHY as a DIAGNOSTIC TOOL

INFLAMMATION MAY BE DETECTED “hot spot”THERMOGRAPHICALLY AS EITHER:

“HOT SPOT”DorsalPasternHOT SPOT

“COLD SPOT”“cold spot”

THERMOGRAPHY can ENHANCE CLINICAL

EXAMINATIONEXAMINATIONQUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT

OF THE VASCULATUREOF THE VASCULATURE AND BLOOD FLOW TO

TISSUES TELLS THE EXAMINER WHAT THEY DID NOT

KNOWKNOWDETECTING HEAT WHERE

IT WAS NOT PALPABLEDETECTS ABNORMAL

THERMOGRAPHY and THE HORSE PROTECTION ACTHORSE PROTECTION ACT

A STUDYTo develop an efficient protocol using thermal imaging and known standards of normality to identify horse’s with y yabnormalities with the potential to either effect performance or be in violation of the standards of the Horse Protection Act.To develop an objective process to assign a index of suspicion to abnormalities identified.T id t i l t b d f d ti fTo provide materials to be used for education of Veterinarians, the general public, and members of the TWH community concerning proper preparation of horses f thl ti titifor athletic competition.

STUDY DESIGNSTUDY DESIGNStudy Event took place in D b 2007

Research Activities

December 200715 TWHs of various disciplines participated

1) Pre-exercise Thermographic exam

2) Clinical exam using the currently established protocol which includes a 3 part evaluation of General Attitude (GA), Locomotion/Lameness (L), and Physical Exam / Palpation

All horses were teamed by Persons Responsible to be fit to compete, and were

tl b i ti l

(PE). Each segment is scored 1 - 3 in terms of normal =1 and severe = 3.

3) Horse to enter the ring and compete vigorously in its normal occupation at winning level of intensity. Horse to stay in motion currently being actively

shown.Researchers were blinded as to the individual horse’s

occupation at winning level of intensity. Horse to stay in motion for 10 minutes.

4) Post Exercise Physical exam

5) Post Exercise Thermal ExamHorses allowed to cool out and rest.

6) Horses all received DP and Lateral Digital Radiographs of all four as to the individual horse’s identity or competition records.

) g g pfeet.

7) 2 hour post exercise Physical Exam.8) 2 hour post exercise Thermal Exam.

Horse 1 excused from evaluation

RESULTSRESULTS15 HORSES EXAMINED, ,1 WAS NORMAL5 HORSES HAD AN ABNORMAL PASTERNABNORMAL PASTERN3 HORSES HAD ABNORMAL HOOVESNO OOV S5 HORSES HAD ABNORMAL PASTERNS AND HOOVESAND HOOVES1 HORSE HAD ABNORMAL CANNONABNORMAL CANNON

RESULTSRESULTS

14 ABNORMAL14 ABNORMAL HORSES11 CONFIRMED ABNORMAL BY FURTHER EXAMINATION, PALPATION or DIGITALDIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

Horse 1Horse 1Dorsal view asymmetryasymmetryLF pastern coldRF medial heel coldRF medial heel coldLF medial pasternInspection: generalInspection: general appearance normal locomotion normal, ,p.e.normalRads WNL

Horse 2Horse 2LF coronary band hotyLF Pastern coldLF medial coronary bandRF medial quarterInspection: general

lappearance normal, locomotion normal, p.e. normalRads: fx RF lat sidebone

Horse 3Horse 3Asymmetric pasternsy pRF hot coronary bandLF cold pasternHot both feet medial and lateral coronary band at quarterquarterInspection: general normal, locomotion normal, p.e. LF inconsistent palp RF normal, smell of kerosene presentRads coronary band edemaRads coronary band edema

Horse 4Horse 4LF foot hot LF pastern coldRF pastern coldMedial hoof wall quarter hot RF/LFI ti lInspection: general normal, locomotion normal, p.e. LF painful to palpRads: LF –palmar angle

Horse 5*Horse 5

LF coronary band hotLF coronary band hotRF LF inside quarter hotInspection: general normal, locomotion ,normal. P.e. normal, traveled high LF under saddleRads WNL

Horse 6Horse 6

Hot wide coronaryHot wide coronary bandsLF heat pasternpInspection: general normal, locomotion ,normal. P.e. very reactive both fore pasternsRads WNL

Horse 7Horse 7• LF cold pasternp• RF hot coronary band toe• Pastern asymmetry

H t di l t• Heat medial quarter RF/LF

• Inspection: general normal, locomotion normal, p.e. LF consistent over pastern, RF over palmar pastern

• Rads RF dished toe LF –palmar anglepalmar angle

Horse 8Horse 8Hot LF coronary band yRf pastern hotterRF/LF cold toesHot medial/lateral quarters LF/RFI ti lInspection: general normal, locomotion abnormal, p.e. LF/RF +palp pastern hoof tester –Rads: severe chronic laminitis!!!!!laminitis!!!!!

HORSE 8HORSE 8

Horse 9Horse 9

RF pastern warmerRF pastern warmer LF, LF coldLF lateral quarterqRF medial quarterInspection: generalInspection: general normal, locomotion, normal, p.e. normalRads:WNL

Horse 10Horse 10Pasterns cold R>LHot quarters lateral RF/LFInspection: general normal, locomotion normal p e mildnormal, p.e. mild +hoof testers RF @toe, sunscreen applied to pasternsRads WNL

Horse 11Horse 11Irregular coronary bandg yCoronary hairline hotLF medial pasternInspection: general normal, locomotion normal p e +palp RF/LFnormal, p.e. +palp RF/LF + hoof testers RF/LFRads; moderate p3 rotation

HORSE 11HORSE 11

Horse 12Horse 12Abnormal pasternspAbnormal hooves @toesRF heat lateral quarter heelheelLF medial quarterInspection: general normal, locomotion normal, p.e.+hoof testers RF/LFRads LF lg horizontal crack at toe, mild rotation RF/LFRF/LF

HORSE 12HORSE 12

Horse 13Horse 13Coronary band too ywide RF heat @toeLF pastern hotLF medial pasternLF medial wallInspection: general normal, locomotion normal p enormal, p.e. LF+pasternRads:WNL

Horse 14Horse 14LF heat @toe@LF pastern cold lateralRF pastern coldLF cold spotchyRf coldCoronary bands wideInspection: general normal, locomotionnormal, locomotion normal, p.e.+LF pasternRads:-palmar angle L<R

Horse 15Horse 15RF medial hoofRF lateral cold pasternLF heat quartersHeat lateral heel quarter LF, medial HOTRF h t di l tRF heat medial quarterInspection: general normal,locomotion ,normal, p.e. normalRads: WNL

OTHER RESULTSOTHER RESULTS“TREATED PASTERN”

3 MONTHS POST3 MONTHS POST TREATMENT

OTHER RESULTSOTHER RESULTS“GO-JO TREATED”

TECHNOLOGY SHOWSTECHNOLOGY SHOWS EXACTLY WHERE

OTHER RESULTSOTHER RESULTS“EXCESSIVE WORK 3 HOURS EARLIER”

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

This study supports previous findings that thermography can bethermography can be used to determine if a horse is in compliancehorse is in compliance with the Horse Protection Act.

Future Plans for Regulatory UseFuture Plans for Regulatory Use

Horses deemed “not normal” will be eitherHorses deemed not normal will be either excused from competition, or referred for further veterinary evaluationfurther veterinary evaluation 2008 Season will see thermography introducedintroducedPlans are to incorporate thermographic i i f h i i fimaging as part of the inspection process for 2009 show season

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHYandand

THE HORSE PROTECTION ACT

TRACY A. TURNER, DVM, MS, Dipl.ACVSp

RADIOLOGYRADIOLOGYX-RAYS DISCOVERED

IN 1895 by WILHEM ROENTGEN1929: FIRST1929: FIRST

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION of the NAVICULAR BONENAVICULAR BONE

1935: FIRST DESCRIPTION of the

RADIOGRAPHICRADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES

ASSOCIATED WITH NAVICULAR DISEASENAVICULAR DISEASE

COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS

HAVE CHANGED THE WAY WE LIVE

ARE ALL RADIOGRAPHS CREATED EQUAL?

FILM vs DIGITAL (CR and DR)

X-RAYS EXPOSE FILMX-RAYS EXPOSE PLATE

WHICH IS READ BYWHICH IS READ BY COMPUTER (CR)

X-RAYS EXPOSE PLATE WHICH INSTANTLY and

ELECTRONICALLY PRODUCES IMAGE (DR)PRODUCES IMAGE (DR)

RADIOLOGYRADIOLOGY

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHYDIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

GRAY SCALEGRAY SCALE>4000 SHADES OF GRAY

HUMAN EYE

BLACK WHITE

COMPUTER CAN MAKEPERCIEVES 256 SHADES

OF GRAY

COMPUTER CAN MAKE BLACK MORE WHITE AND

WHITE MORE BLACKOF GRAY

MEANS GREATER DIFFERENCE IN DENSITY

CAN BE SEENCAN BE SEEN

DIGITAL RADIOLOGYDIGITAL RADIOLOGY

FILM DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY RADIOGRAPHY

HPA Specific ProhibitionsHPA Specific ProhibitionsProhibitions on shoeing: gShoeing or hoof trimming that can reasonably be

t d t hexpected to cause a horse to suffer pain or distress Any object or material y object o ate ainserted between the pad and the hoof other than acceptable hoof packingacceptable hoof packing

SHOEINGSpecific Prohibitions

Pads not made of leather, plastic, or other pliant materialWeights attached to theWeights attached to the outside of the hoof wall, horseshoe, or any portion of the padof the pad Single or double rocker bars on the bottom surface of horse shoes extendingof horse shoes extending more than 1 ½ inches back from the point of the toe

49 nails needed to hold pads together?

SHOEINGSpecific Prohibitions

Artificial extensions of toe length that exceed 50 percent of natural hoof length gThe use of “poly” and other hoof building methods, combined with

ACRYLICmethods, combined with “hoof black” polish has made this very difficult to determinedetermine Toe length that does not exceed the height of the heel by 1 inch or moreheel by 1 inch or more

ACCURATEACCURATE MEASUREMENTS

PRESSURE SHOEINGPRESSURE SHOEING

QUESTIONS?