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3/29/2016 1 Turner Syndrome: Seeing the Whole Girl, Not Just the X Ellen Lancon Connor, MD Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology University of Wisconsin ‐‐ Madison Dr. Connor has no conflicts of interest to di l disclose.

Turner Syndrome: Seeing the Girl, Not Just the X · 2018-04-04 · Turner syndrome. • TLW will describe the care, including surveillance, for an adolescent with Turner syndrome

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Page 1: Turner Syndrome: Seeing the Girl, Not Just the X · 2018-04-04 · Turner syndrome. • TLW will describe the care, including surveillance, for an adolescent with Turner syndrome

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Turner Syndrome: Seeing the Whole Girl, Not Just the X

Ellen Lancon Connor, MD

Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology

University of Wisconsin  ‐‐Madison

• Dr. Connor has no conflicts of interest to di ldisclose.

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Learning Objectives

• TLW describe the care, including surveillance, for a child with Turner syndrome.Turner syndrome.

• TLW will describe the care, including surveillance, for an adolescent with Turner syndrome.

• TLW will describe the methods available to initiate and support pubertal development in the girl and adolescent with Turner syndrome.

The ABC’s of Turner Syndrome• Audiology

• Autoimmunity

• Cardiac defects

D l i if i• Dermatologic manifestations

• Failure to grow

• Gastrointestinal disease

• Genetics

• Metabolic disorders

• Orthopedic complications

• Psychosocial manifestations

• Renal abnormalities

• Reproductive and pubertal disorders

• X‐linked disorders

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Disclosures

• Dr. Connor has nothing to disclose.

Turner SyndromeTime of diagnosis:

• 20‐30% dx in neonatal periods

• 35% as children short stature

• 30% as adolescents/adult women with primary amenorrhea, delayed pubertyamenorrhea, delayed puberty

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The X Factor

• The X chromosome: contains near 1000 genes; 5% of total DNA in cells.DNA in cells. 

• In 46 XX individuals, one of the X chromosomes is randomly inactivated.

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/X

The X Chromosome

Short arm=p Genes on p arm= SHOX gene

Long arm= q Genes on q arm= gonadal function

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Genetics of Turner Syndrome

• Absence of or structural abnormality of one copy of the X chromosome, often due to nondisjunction.chromosome, often due to nondisjunction.

• Sporadic condition, not related to advanced maternal age.  More often (70%) “missing” paternal sex chromosome.

Turner SyndromeAbsence of or structural abnormality of one copy of the X chromosome

• Haploinsufficiency‐a condition that arises when the normal phenotype requires the protein product of both alleles, and reduction of 50% of gene function results in an abnormal phenotype. 

• i.e. SHOX gene‐present on both X and Y g pchromosome, when missing part of SHOX gene (i.e. Turner Syndrome), leads to short stature.

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Postnatal Outcomes

• Half are pure monosomy 45 X karyotype

H lf i• Half are mosaic—

– Degree of mosaicism does not correlate with phenotype

– 46XX/45 X; 

– 46 X, del (Xp)—short arm missing

P

q

Normal X Isochrome X q Del Xp Del Xq

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What about the Y?

• 46 XY/45 X: found in 6‐11%

• Variable presentation: clitoromegaly vsambiguous genitalia vs descended testes. 

• Need to assess for gonadoblastoma. 12% risk, even at a young age. 

• One study: prevalence of germ cell tumors y p g18/119 (15%) (Cools et al, Endo Rev 2006) 

Postnatal Diagnosis

• Peripheral leukocytes karyotype with minimum of 30 cell count.  Identifies 10% mosaicism by 95% confidence. 

• If blood tests normal, but strong clinical suspicion—tissue sample.

• Test for Y with the use of FISH/PCR for the patient with am biguity; or if a marker chromosome is present (sex chromosome fragment of unknown origin). 

• Routine testing for SRY or Y in 45 X without masculinization is not clinically warranted.  (Turner Guidelines‐2007)

Zhong and Layman, Fertility and Sterility 2012

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TS and Stature

• Short stature: average of 20 cm shorter than peerspeers

• IUGR

• Slowed childhood growth

• Mild skeletal dysplasia—Upper to Lower ratio

• Lack of pubertal growth spurt

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Growth Hormoneand Turner Syndrome

• GH FDA approved for Turner Syndrome in 1996.

• Standard of care to consider growth hormone as soon as evidence of decreased linear growth velocity.

• Best outcomes with younger age of initiation, higher dosing, longer duration of therapy.

• Height “gain”: 7‐18 centimeters. (Canadian Growth Hormone 

Advisory Committee, JCEM 2005, Davenport, JCEM 2010)

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Safety of GHin Turner Syndrome

• Intracranial hypertension

Sli d i l f l i h i• Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

• Scoliosis—worsening of underlying risk

• Recommend following IGF‐1, glucose and glucose levels (increased risk of insulin resistance) 

• No evidence of adverse effects on cardiac factors (i.e. increased aortic diameter)

Adjunct therapyOxandralone

• Nonaromatizable (does not get converted to estrogen) anabolic steroidestrogen) anabolic steroid.

• Promotes growth independent of GH.

• Studies show increase in growth velocity and increase in final adult height of 2‐4 cm. 

• Side effects: virilization, cliteromegaly, deepening i hi h i d d d ( 0 03 /k 0 06voice which is dose dependent ( 0.03 mg/kg vs 0.06 

mg/kg).

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TS and the Heart

Most Serious and Life Threatening Complications

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Bicuspid Aortic Valve(BAV)

• Affects 30% of those with TS (vs 1 2%)• Affects 30% of those with TS (vs 1‐2%)

• Risk of morbidity increases with age.

• Risk of premature valvular stenosis—accelerated by calcification.  26‐48% of adults with TS with BAV.

Biscuspid Aortic Valve(BAV)

• Risk of valvular regurgitation—42‐50% of adults with TS and BAV.  Promotes aortic dilatation.

• Risk of aortic wall abnormalities‐dilation, aneurysm, dissection.

• Risk of endocarditis.

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Coarctation of the Aorta

• 12‐17% of those with TS (vs 0.04%)

A i t d ith BAV• Associated with BAV.

• Abnormal aortic phenotype.

• Surgical repair—patch angioplasty, balloon or stent repair. 

Other less common congenital defects:

ASD VSD P l l i• ASD, VSD, Pulmonary valve stenosis

• Cardiac lesions seen in both monosomy and mosaicism.

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Cardiac‐electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities

• Sinus Tachycardia‐increased conduction through h d d l d d k fthe  atria and AV node‐leads to increased risk of atrial tachycardia.

• Prolonged QT: 36% of children, 21% of adults. (Bondy et al, Pediatrics 2006)

• Be aware before prescribing certain medications: CNS Stimulants some antibioticsmedications: CNS Stimulants, some antibiotics, antidepressants

Aortic Dissection

• 1‐2% TS.  100‐fold increased risk.

• Peak incidence in third to fifth decadePeak incidence in third to fifth decade.  

• 22% die before getting to hospital.

• Accounts for 8% of all deaths in those with TS.

• Descending aorta better prognosis than ascending.

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Risk Factors for Dissection

• Congenital Heart Lesion: 87‐95% of those with dissection have history of BAV or Coarc.history of BAV or Coarc.

• Hypertension‐effects 25% of adolescents with TS, and up to 50% of adult women; loss of diurnal drop in BP.

Risk Factor for Dissection

• Aortic Dilatation: affects 19% of children and adolescents with TS and can start from 6 years of agewith TS and can start from 6 years of age

• Measurement: 

– young children: echocardiography

– Older adolescents: MRI normalized to BSA to give the aortic size index (ASI)

Treatment: Address modifiable factors more frequentTreatment: Address modifiable factors, more frequent monitoring, counsel on signs of dissection, surgical consult.

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Hypertension Therapy

• Lifestyle changes, discuss smoke exposure; 

• RX: angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) at the lowest available dose. g p ( )

• ARBS‐SE: dizziness, headache, cough, Class C/D for pregnancy.

Risk Factors for Dissection

• Pregnancy‐risk for dissection 2 in 100 pregnancies with TS

• In 7 cases of aortic dissection reported after assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 6 patients died (TurtleEJ,et al,Arch Dis Child 2015)

P ti C itt f ASRM “T d i• Practice Committee of ASRM “Turner syndrome is a relative contraindication for pregnancy, and patients should be encouraged to consider alternatives”

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Other Acquired Vascular Disease

• Strokes‐increased from the second decade of life. Risk factors: HTN, insulin resistance, visceral obesity; atrial fibrillation.

• Cardiovascular disease—higher with visceral obesity, insulin resistance. 

Guidelines for TS and Cardiac

• Initial evaluation by cardiologist

• BP of all 4 extremities• BP of all 4 extremities

• Imaging: ECHO for younger children, MRI for older adolescents and adults.

• ECG

• Follow up: BP, Reevaluation with imaging‐MRI at age able to cooperate and then every 5‐10 years. Manage hypertension. 

Care of girls and women with Turner Syndrome: A Guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group: JCEM 2007

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Puberty and Reproduction

• Age to initiate estrogen

• Estrogen formulations

• Goals of pubertal initiation

• Introduction of progestin

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Fertility

• Statistics

• Considerations for conception

• Ethical concerns

Page 21: Turner Syndrome: Seeing the Girl, Not Just the X · 2018-04-04 · Turner syndrome. • TLW will describe the care, including surveillance, for an adolescent with Turner syndrome

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Autoimmunity

• Autoimmune thyroiditis

• Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Celiac disease

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease

• Hypophysitis

Metabolic Disorders

• Insulin resistance

• Type 2 diabetes

• Hyperlipidemia

• Hepatic steatosis

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Neuropsychiatric Issues

• Anxiety

• Visual Spatial differences

• Mathematics

• Social recognition

TS and Renal Disease

• Congenital anomalies: 30‐40% of patients with TS

– Collecting system malformations‐ 20%– Collecting system malformations‐ 20%

– Horseshoe kidney – 10%

– Other ‐ 5%

• Monitor for urinary tract infections and hypertension

• Guidelines: all should have baseline renal  ultrasound

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TS and the Ear

• Conductive Hearing loss—frequent due to abnormal anatomy and increased risk of otitis media.and increased risk of otitis media.

– Aggressive management of OM, middle ear effusion, early referral to ENT

• Progressive sensorineural hearing loss as adults

Guidelines: Baseline assessment by audiologist at diagnosis, then every 1 to 3 years based on history of disease. 

Gastrointestinal Problems

• Elevated liver enzymes

• Lymphangiectasia

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Dermatology

• Nevi ‐‐‐multiple pigmented, halo

• Keloid and hypertrophic scar formation

• Multiple pilomatrixoma

• Pustular psoriasis

• Vitiligo

Orthopedic Diagnoses

• Scoliosis

• Leg length

• Knee

• Feet

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Other Diagnoses

• Must keep in mind X‐linked diagnoses, i l di b t t li it d tincluding but not limited to

– Hemophilia

– Duchenne muscular dystrophy

– Color blindness

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References

• Bondy et al. J Clin Endocrinology Metab 2007 92;10‐25. ”Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome: A Guideline of the Turner Syndrome StudyGroup”

• Chacko et al. Endocrinol Metabl Clin N Am 2012 41;713‐734. ”Update on Turner and Noonan Syndromes”Turner and Noonan Syndromes”

• Gonzalez and Witchel. Fertil Sterl 2012 October; 98 (4) : 780‐786. ”The Patient with Turner Syndrome: Puberty and Medical Management Concerns”

• Levitsky et al. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes2015 22;65‐72. ”Turner Syndrome: update on biologyand management across the life span”M i k d O’G BBA Cli i l 3 2015 304• Mavinkurve and O’Gorman. BBA Clinical 3. 2015;304‐309. ”Cardiometabolic and vascular risks in young and adolescent girls with Turner syndrome”

• Mortensen et al. Endocrine Reviews 2012, 33 (5) : 67‐714. “Cardiovascular Phenotype in Turner Syndrome‐Integrating Cardiology, Genetics, and Endocrinology”

• Sas et al. Horm Res Paediatr 2014;81: 289‐297. “Safety and Efficacy of Exandrolone in Growth Hormone‐TratedGirls with Turner Syndrome: Evidence from Recent Studies and Recommendations for Use.

• Turtle EJ,et al.  Arch Dis Child 2015;100:662‐666. ”Aortic dissection in children and adolescents withAortic dissection in children and adolescents with Turner syndrome: risk factors and management recommendations”

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Website Information

• www.turnersyndrome.org

• www.turnersyndromefoundation.org