Turks as Carriers of the Corded Ware Culture in Central -Eastern Europe

8/10/2019 Turks as Carriers of the Corded Ware Culture in Central -Eastern Europe.

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Turks as carriers of the Corded Ware culture in

Central -Eastern Europe.

Evidences about ethnicity of the creators of Corded Ware Culture, which was developed out of Old Pit culture, are given apart (see the section"Ethnicity of the Neolithic and Chalcolithiccultures of Eastern Europe").

Also arguments about the presence of the Turkictribe Bulgars in Western Ukraine are considered apart in the section "Discussion". There will be

placed materials about further Turkic expansion inCentral and partly in Northern Europe. The studyis in progress

Archaeological data evidence that at the beginningof III mill. BC similar culture appear in Central Europe having such characteristic features as Corded Wareand battle-axes. At least, their appearance in Ma!opolska (Cracow and Sandomierz and other groups) can bedated by Radiocarbon method since 2900/2800 years. BC [W"ODARCZAK PIOTR, 2001: 106].

Right: Battle-axes as one main feature of Corded Ware culture.

Stone and copper axes found accidentally in Fore-Carpathia and Podolia.

1. – Rakovchyk, 2. – Pistyn, 3. – Komariv, 4. – Dereviane, 5. – Bedrykivrsi, 6. – Bohorodchany, 7. – Halych, 8. – Dashava (SVESHNIKOV I.K. 1974, Fig. 18)

The complex of the Corded Ware culture, some of which have suchnames as Beaker culture, Single Grave culture, Battle-axe culture etcwas spread on the space from the Dniester River to the Rhine, fromsouthern Sweden to the foothills of the Alps. Turks as carriers of traditions of Corded Ware and Battle-Axe settled quickly upon largeterritory through the use of riding horses and primitive carts. Their

spreading was indebted also due climatic changes in the arid Subboreal period when the zone of steppesadvance# on the north and west and tribes of nomadic cattle-breeders moved with it. The extent of thismovement is illustrated by the fact that there are only in Saxony and Thuringia 1300 sites of Corded WareCulture.(HERMAMM JOACHIM. 1982: 61)

Left: Some types of Corded pottery from Ukrainian sites.

1, 10, 13 – Strzy!ów group; 2, 3, 4, 7, 14. – Upper Dnister group; 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12. – Zdovbytsia group. (SVESHNIKOV I.K. 1974,

Fig. 4, 5, 6, 9, 26, 38, 39, 48)

http://www.v-stetsyuk.name/en/Alterling/Bulgar/Polemics.html

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Settling quickly over a large area, Turks influencedthe culture of the local population, giving rise to newcultural traditions. Inverse influences were veryminor. For example, the aliens have borrowed fromTrypillians symbol "Tree of Life". However Turksbrought with themselves the image of the Bull and thePhallic saints as a symbol of male power and, as a

consequence, patriarchal clan system, as well asancestor worship and funeral rite. (ALEKSEYEVAI.L. 1991: 20-21)/

Most clearly these effects can be observed in thearchaeology of the Right-bank Ukraine. The

newcomers bring their own items into Trypillian culture existed here at that time. For example, Usatovogroup sites associating with the cultures of the Balkan- Danubian tradition, "but one of the most importantand characteristic features that make this group highlight – obsequies – is certainly associated with "Old Pittradition" [MASSON V.M., MERPERT N.Ya. 1982:329]. In addition, Trypillian clay-ware with sand andpounded shells, a feature that distinguishes Pit culture, occurs on the banks of the Southern Bug ans Ingulets

Rivers [ibid., 211]. Human skeleton buried in the back with knees bent, ie in a pose typical of carriers so-called "Kurgan" cultures, which was found near the village of Nezvisko of Ivano-Frankivsk region, mayindicate further advancing Turks westward. At the same time, the anthropological study of archaeologicalsites of the North-Western Black Sea Region suggests about the process of cross-breeding and mutualassimilation of Trepillian population and arrived here tribes of Pit culture [ALEKSEYEVA I.L. 1978: 56].

Trypillian population was very numerous. This is evidenced not only by large number of settlements of Trypillian culture, but also their size. Study of British scientists and their Ukrainian colleagues by usinggeomagnetic method allows to estimate the number of individual Trypillian settlements in the amount of from five to twenty-five thousand people (RASSMANN KNUT. 2014). There are in Ukraine nearly athousand Trypillian sites. This means that the total number of the population of Trypillian culture could beseveral million people. Such a mass of people could not disappear without a trace, so you need to assume thatthe Trypillians were involved in massive migration process of Turkic tribes. The Turks themselves as nomadswere in a much smaller number and could not settle on the vast expanse of Europe, where they left traces of their Corded Ware culture (hereinafter CWC). However, due to inherent for nomads militancy and betterorganization they subordinated Trypillians their cultural influence, impose the way of life and, obviously, thelanguage, as it is evidenced by numerous place names of Turkic origin in Central and Northern Europe.

Local cultures of Corded Ware complex are largely different from each other, but have many commonfeatures, the most important of which are:

1. spread in the forest and forest-steppe zone;

2. primary pastoral character;

3. temporary settlements with small hut dwelling type;

4. mainly burial mounds;

5. vessels of bowls and cups type with a rough (often spherical) down, decorated by cord and trees decoratedornament;

6. flint rectangular cross-sectional axes and stone axes of various types;




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7. a significant amount of armaments;

8. patriarchal clan system;

9. traces of the cult of the sun and the earth;

10. Common (proto-European) anthropological features (SVESHNIKOV S.K. 1974: 170).

When Pit (Yama) tribes of early Bronze began settling in the area between the Southern Bug and Inguletsrivers, Trypillian culture was already at the stage of decline. When Pit culture tribes of early Bronze Agesettled in the region between the Southern Bug and Ingulets Rivers, the local population was almost absent[SHAPOSHNIKOVA O.G. a.o. 1986: 59]. Trypillian culture developed mainly based on agriculture, whichlost its efficacy without the use of fertilizers and crop rotation. At that time, nomadic livestock gave gratersurplus product, as it could make better use of steppe resources. As a result, mutual assimilation of Trypillians anf Pit people was accompanied with the transition nomadic cattle-breeding. However, reversetransition to agriculture became inevitable with increasing population and start using more advanced methods

of cultivation. About five centuries the population in the basin of the Middle and Upper Dniester River hasled a sedentary life. Archaeological sites of Komariv culture, spread from the Southern Bug to Volyn, testifythat economy of the bearers of this culture was based on sedentary farming and livestock-breeding.

While considering the topic of Turkic expansion into Central Europe the map of Bulgarish place names insystem Google Map will be used as illustrative material (See below). Ease of use of this map is that it can beeasily modify, the need for what will inevitably occur in the course of further study.




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Icons on the map mark hydronyms by blue, oronyms by deep red. Names of settlements are marked by different colors. The purple

mark those that can be attributed to Corded Ware time or close to it. Pink – later or indefinitely. Pale purple in eastern Ukraine marked

place names that may relate to the historical time. Doubtful cases – by yellow. Blue asterisks mark known sites of CWC or groups of

them, of yellow ones – sites of Trypilla culture next to settlements of Turks.

Bulgarish settlements and CWC sites in Germany are sown more detailed on the map below

The accuracy of the picture being drawn about further expansion Turks as carriers of CWC in Central andNorthern Europe depends on convincing interpretation of European place names by means of the Chuvashlanguage. As always, the coincidence of names with the Chuvash words may occur, so the credibility of theinterpretation of the local place names using the Chuvash language can be higher when the name isassociated with the local conditions and also consist of logically related words. For example, two villageswith strange names for the Poles Shury and the Shurypily are located among the Masurian marshes. If wetake into account Chuv shuras "swamp", the search for decrypt the second word is going to be successful. If Chuv. pile buzz" (about mosquitoes) add to Chuv. shura, it can be understood as "mosquito swamp". Buzzingmosquito Clouds over the marsh gavea good reason for such name. This conjecture is confirmed by a similarinterpretation of the ancient name of Tallinn Kolivan using Chuv. kül! "lake" and v" n, imitating the hum of insects. Lake Ülemiste is very close to Tallinn, and it is an additional argument in favor of this interpretation.There is the hill Toomemägi in the city of Tartu in Estonia which can be explained by Chuv. t " r" "summit"

and tu "a mountain". The name of the German city of Nuremberg is well explained by Chuv. nür "humid,wet" and en "side", and this explanation is confirmed by preserved alluvial sediments of floods of PegnitzRiver in the northern and north-eastern part of the city. There is in area Sösdala in Sweden CWC site and this

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fact confirms the explanation of this name by means of Chuv süs "hemp fiber" and t " la "homespun cloth".

It is acceptable that cattlemen used names ut "horse" and ! na "cow" separately for naming ancient city of Lithuania Utena, but joining them in one word is incomprehensible. Naming by pastoralists some particulararea as "watering place" for is conventional. This is what we have in the case of the Estonian town calledTapa (Chuv. tap" "watering place"). Explanation of names when they are concentrated in one place can alsobe one of the arguments but single toponyms decrypted using any language, of course, can not be conclusive.

These facts are enough an unprejudiced reader to agree that the ancestors of modern Chuvash settled half of Europe, besides, who does not want to believe no amount of evidence will not help.

Study of skulls from burials of CWC gives grounds to say that the carriers om them were naturally people of Caucasoid type

Left: The portrait of a buried boy 14-14 years old on the settlement Zoziv I. Reconstruction after the skull wass made by G.V.Lebedynski (SVESHNIKOV I.K. 1974, Fig. 33).Right: The portrait of a buried man 20-22 years old in the village of Pochapy of Lviv Region Reconstructionafter the skull was made by Gerasimov M.M.(SVESHNIKOV I.K. 1974, Fig. 21)

Nomadic Turks had no permanent place of residence, their stationary settlement appeared after changingeconomy to mixed form of animal husbandry and crop farming. Corded Ware culture, certainly was left bynomads, so the names of settlements attributed to the Bulgar correspond to later time when the Turks havesettled down. Although the space of their settlements in general could remain the same.

Analyzing the map and knowing that the Turks originally inhabited the steppe zone, you can trace thedirection of their migration, taking into account the spread of the CWC sites. Immediately it should be saidthat the two groups of place names shown on the map should be classified as referring to the For-Scythianand Scythian period. The first group is place names in Hungary, where monuments CWC were not found, andthe second group is place names of Central and Western part of Ukraine, which are corresponded withChornolis culture.




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Two space belonging to Corded Ware culture are marked on the map by red spots; a united area of the Middle Dnieper culture (MD on

the map), Fatyanovo and Balanovo variants of CWC among Finno-Ugric settlements and common area of different variants of CWC

in Central Europe marked by ciphers: 1 – Horodok-Zdovbytsia group, 2 – Fore-Carpathian group, 3 – Krakow-Sandomierz group, 4 –

Silesian group, 5 – Strzy!ów group, 6 – Vistula-Neman (Rzuców) group, 7 – Estonian group. 8 – Boat-Axe culture, 9 – Single Grave

culture, 10 – Netherlandish group, 11 – Central-German group, 12 – Alpine Stilt house culture, 13 – Bohemian-Moravian group. 14 –

sites of CWC in vallies of the Ondava and Torysa Rivers. Blue spots mark birder of spread of place name explained by means of

Chuvash which could be connected with CWC.

The Movement of Turks northward which can be marked by the area of Middle Dnieper culture has not leftclear traces in place names. Perhaps they were erased by time. Middle Dnieper culture was located mainly inthe area lined by the rivers Dnieper, Teteriv, and Ros', a part of space of Trypilla culture before. Sites of CWC on the habitat of the Indo-Europeans except Vollynia are absent. The reasons for this may be different.Perhaps more warlike Indo-Europeans did not allow to settle strangers in their countries, but most likelythere was no free place for settlement. So the excess population of Middle Dnieper culture passed through theland of Indo-Europeans, obviously along the Desna River in the Volga basin where Turks created Fatyanovoculture as a variant of CWC. Another part of the Turks, the creators of a similar variant, Balanovo cultureculture, obviously moved from the Low Don along the Volga. Ethnicity of place names the Volga region was

not considered because their stratigraphy is impossible, for the a permanent presence of the Turks in theMiddle Volga catchment which we correspond with the Volga Tatars.

The most concentration of Turkic place names (actually Bulgaris) is found in western Ukraine. If you don'ttake into account settlements at Chornolis culture time, the eastern boundary of the cluster runs along theZbruch River. The CWC sites to the east of it also are absent. In principle, the nomadic Turks had to populatethe region Podilla very scant on forests but they moved further westward into the forest zone of the UpperDniester which begins beyond the Hnyla Lypa River. Obviously, the same reason was here as in themovement northward – the area was quite densely populated by farmers of Tripoli culture. Trypilla sites

shown on the map evidence about high density of the Population on Podilla. It was impossible for nomads tofind here enough free asture place for their cattle herds. Beyond the Zbruch River on the left bank of the

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Dniester population density of Tripillians decreases gradually and Turks began to settle here. Trypilliansettlements interspersed with Turkic ones, become rare though they drawn of thick band along the right bankof the Dniester to the mouth of the Hnyla Lypa River, and then disappear almost completely. Judging by thenumerous toponymy, the majority of Turks (particularly the Bulgars) stayed in these places for a long time,but gradually settled into neighboring lands. Another part of two separate groups moved westward along theCarpathians and north bypass settlements Indo-Europeans. Separated from the main body, some of themigrants crossing Carpathians, settled in Eastern Slovakia, as evidenced by the collection of CWC sites in

the valleys of the Ondava and Torysa (see the map below)

Left: The concentration of the finds of CWC in South-eastern Poland, Western Ukraine, and Eastern Slovakia(After J Machnik with modification). a – kurgan clustersand single kurgans, b – clusters and single flat graves. JMachnik marked by Roman numerals the subsequentdevelopmental stages of CWC in Poland. The map fromthe publication on Academia.edu of Piotr W!odarczak and

colored by the author.

Bulgars remained in Western Ukraine until Scythian times,when a new wave of their expansion across theCarpathians, on the Left Bank Ukraine and the Black Sea

steppes started, as it still goes ahead. In these places, they became creators of cultures Komariv (15-12 cen.BC ) and Vysotska (11-7 cen. BC) and apparently took part in the creation of later cultures, it is difficult tosay which without purposeful analysis of archaeological remains of the second half of the 1st cen. BC. But

there is no doubt that some of the Bulgarian population remained in their places before the arrival of theSlavs, as evidenced by similar motifs in folk cultures of Chuvash and Ukrainians. Obviously, reliablematerial traces of their presence can be found too, such as, for example, in runic characters cave temple onthe Dniester. Their similarity known Turkic ostalyayut not doubt that they left the Bulgars. Moreover, oneinscription on the altar of the temple was deciphered by means of the Chuvash language

Anticipating something, we note that the Bulgars were in the Western Ukraine before coming here Slavs inthe late 1st mill. BC. Linguistic contacts of the Slavs and Bulgars are considered separately.

Turkic ethnicity of the creators of CWC caused readers great doubt. This is especially true for readers of Western Europe. For more convincing, a separate map of CWC sites and Bulgarish place names wascompiled separately for Germany

http://alterling2.narod.ru/English/Stinke.html

https://www.academia.edu/7484670/The_absolute_chronology_of_the_Corded_Ware_culture_in_the_south-eastern_Poland




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Right: The map of CWC sites and Bulgarish place names inGermany

There are on the map red fire figures

showing the locations of CWC sites in

Germany, and yellow houses mark place

names can be decrypted by means of the

Chuvash language.

Some of possible Bulgarish placenames are given below. The full

version can be seen in section"Proto-Bulgarish Place Names inCentral Europe"

Aisch, Neustadt an der Aisch, a small town in the northern part of Bavaria – Chuv uj "field", jysch "family,owner, farm" (in other Turkic ji# "forest").

Ascha, a municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria – Chuv "#" "warm".

Aspach, a community in the Rems-Murr-Kreis in Germany (Baden-Württemberg) – Chuv. a# "meat" (inother Turkic "food"), p" kh "to entertain, treat to".

Baar, a municipality in Aichach-Friedberg district, in Bavaria – Chuv. p" h" r "copper"

Baruth, a town in the Teltow-Fläming district of Brandenburg in Fläming Heath –Chuv pur "chalk", ut " "valley". There are layers of chalk in Fläming

Basel, a city in Switzerland – Chuv p" s" l "to spoil, deteriorate"

Böhl-Iggelheim, a municipality in the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate -

Chuv ikk ! le "to double", ikk ! ll! "duality". The historical coat of arms of Iggelheimwith the balance can symbolize the duality of the court (see left).

Borna, a town in the Free State of Saxony – Chuv parne "present, gift".

Cham, the capital of the district of Cham in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria – Chuv khum "wave". The armsof the city since the Middle Ages has comb having a certain similarity with the wavy surface (see. The right).The city lies in the valley crossed by mountain range of Upper Palatine Forest having wave form. It isassumed that the name of the city has Celtic origin and means "curvature, waviness" (Wikipedia). The Turkssettled Central Europe even before the Celts therefore the Celtic word could be borrowed from some Turkic

dialect. See also Hamburg.

Cottbus, a city in Brandenburg, – Chuv kat "dike, dam" and p" s "to break, disturb".

Ansiedlungen von Schöpfer der schnurkeramischen Kul…

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Gera, a city in Thuringia, – Chuv k ! r! "strong, solid, massive".

Hamburg, the Free and Hanseatic City – Chuv khum "wave". See also Cham.

Hanower, the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony – Chuv kh" na "guest", vere"custom, usage".

Hartha, a town in the district of Mittelsachsen, in the Free State of Saxony – Chuvkh" rta – 1. "patch, clout", 2. "rough country".

Homburg am Main, integral part of the community Triefenstein in Main-Spessartdistrict (Bavaria) – Chuv. khum "wave". Coat of arms of the community (see. Right) isdivided transverse by wavy line, which seems to symbolize the Main River flowingthrough Triefenstein. Then we would recognize a random match of a detail on theemblem with the meaning of the Chuvash word. However, there are still severalsettlements having the same name (in Saar et al.), as well as several places namedHomberg. Among them there are those which have specific motivation for their namesin place features. See. Also Cham, Hamburg.

Jena, a University city in Thuringia – Chuv y! n! "den, lair, couch".

Jüterbog, a historic town in the Teltow-Fläming district of Brandenburg – Chuv yüte "to be exhausted", p" k "to sleep, die"

Kandel, a town in the district of Germersheim, in Rhineland-Palatinate and amountain of the Black Forest – Chuv k " n "potash", t ! l "place, country". Potash wasrecieved from wood in the Black Forest long since.

Kiel, the capital of northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein – Chuv kil "house,

family, yard". The coat of arms of the city of Kiel is the so-called Holstein nettle leaf .The brick-built boat symbolizes city rights by the association with city-courtyard wall(see left).

Kirkel, a municipality in the Saarpfalz district, in Saarland – Tschuv khyr "pine-tree", k ! l "ach".

Kyritz, a town in the Ostprignitz-Ruppin district, in Brandenburg – Chuv k ! r"Herbst", eç "Arbeit". There is in the center of the city Coat of arms a golden sheaf symbolizing the finish of field work (see. right).

Nohra, a municipality in the Weimarer Land district of Thuringia, – Chuv nakhra

"horn".

Nürnberg (at first Nuremberg), a city in the state of Bavaria – Chuv nür "moist,humid", en "site, land".

Pankow, the highest populated and the third borough of Berlin – Chuv pankav "silly"

Parchim, a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern – Chuv par "to give", kh! m "fire, flame".

Perkam, a municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria – Chuv p! r "lonely, single, whole,allein, alike", k$m "ash".

Salem, a municipality in the Bodensee district of Baden-Württemberg – Chuv sel! m "good, nice, beautiful"




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Tarthun, a village and a former municipality in the district Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt – Chuv t " rtan "to swell", turt " n "to stretch out, lengthen", turt " m "load"

Teklenburg, a town in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia – Chuvt ! kle "still, quiet".

Zorge, a municipality in the district of Osterode, in Lower Saxony, Germany – com

Turk. jor$a/jur$a "troat, amble" (Chuv ç" rkha). The municipality has the coat of armswith jumping horse (see left). The meaning of the name remained in human memoryduring long centuries.

So, we have a few matches between place names of Bulgarish origin and heraldry. Some of them may berandom, but in other cases the name is explained by motivation of terrain features or probability of correspondences seems unlikely (as in the case of s name Zorge). There are two possible explanations for thisphenomenon: 1. The population of Turkish origin coexist with the new settlers (the Celts and later theGermans) for several millennia and was assimilated already at historical time. 2. Interpretation of the namesgiven by Turks remained in the memory of the local population regardless of its language during the sametime.

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Turks as Carriers of the Corded Ware Culture in Central -Eastern Europe