1

1'1 Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY ,kafoaiSka hg;g m;a ùu

,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñKSu

16 jk ishjfia § mD;=.SiSka wdishdfjka f.k .sh l=`Mnvq we;=`M fjf<`o

øjH mD;=.d,fha ,sianka jrdfha § ñ, § .;a ,kafoaiSyq tajd hqfrdamd rgj,g

úlsKSfï fjf<`o jHdmdrhla f.k .shy' ,kafoaiSkaf.a uõrg jQ ´,kaoh tl,

iamd[a[hg hg;a rgla jYfhka mej;=Ks' iamd[a[jreka frdaudkq lf;da,slhka

jQ w;r ,kafoaiSyq frmrudÿ Nla;slfhda jQy' wd.ñl jYfhka o fï fomsßi w;r

u; .egqï mej;s fyhska ,kafoaiSka iamd[a[hg tfrysj ksoyia igkla wdrïN lr

;snqKs' fï w;r iamd[a[fha rcq jQ fojk ms,sma rdcH Wreuhlaa wkqj mD;=.d,fha;a

rcq njg m;a jQ fyhska ,kafoaiSkag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug Tyqg wjia:dj ,enqKs'

tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ,kafoaiSka ,sianka jrdhg meñKSu fojk ms,sma rcq úiska

;ykï lrk ,È' fufia ,kafoais keõj,g ,sianka jrdhg meñKSug fkdyels ùu

fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a fjf<`odug wjYH l=̀Mnvq we;=`M fjf<`o øjH ,nd .ekSug

kï tajd ksIamdokh flfrk wdishdjg meñKSu yer fjk;a u.la ,kafoaiSkag

fkd;snqKs'

mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihla .; jk f;la ;uka meñfKk uqyqÿ

ud¾. mss<sn`o oekqu fiiq hqfrdamShka w;g m;aùu je,elaùug mshjr f.k we;'

tu ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkag b;d úYajdiodhl wh yereKq úg iel lghq;= ,kafoaiS"

bx.%Sis fyda m%xY cd;slfhl=g mD;=.Sis kejl wdishdjg meñKSug j;a mD;=.SiSyq

bv fkdÿkay' tfy;a ,kafoaiSyq úúO T;a;=lrejka fhoùu yd fjk;a ud¾.j,ska

1'1 rEmh ¡ fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.fï ^VOC& ,dxPkh

2fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

1595 j¾Ih muK jk úg mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñfKk keõ ud¾. fy<s lr

.;ay' fï wkqj 1602 j¾Ihg fmr ´,kaofha fjf<`o iud.ï lsysmhla wdishdjg

meñKs kuq;a fjf<`o øjH ,nd .ekSfï § ,kafoais iud.ï w;r u ;r.hla we;s

úh' tfia u tl u ,kafoais fjf<`o iud.ulg fyda ´,kaoh fjkqfjka wdishdfõ

lghq;= lsÍug wjYH kSs;Hkql+, n,hla ,eî fkd;snqKs' fï ;;ajh ie,ls,a,g

.;a ´,kao md,lhd 1602 j¾Ifha § ,kafoais fjf<`o iud.ï lsysmhla tl;=

fldg fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.u fyj;a zVOCZ iud.u msysgqù h' tu iud.u

msysgqùfï rdclSh n,m;%h wkqj ́ ,kao rch fjkqfjka wdishdfõ fjf<`odï lsÍug"

m%foaY hg;a lsÍug" n,fldgq bÈlsÍug" wdKavqldrjreka m;a lsÍug yd wod< m%foaY

md,kh lsÍug zVOCZ iud.ug n,h ,enqKs'

1602 j¾Ifhka miq fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<`o iud.u uQ,Huh jYfhka

o Yla;su;a jQ fyhska m%n, keõ lKavdhï wdishdjg tùug ,kafoaiSkag yels

úh' fufia zVOCZ iud.u hgf;a meñKs ,kafoaiSyq cdjd ¥mf;a fn;dúh fyj;a

n;dúfha ;u uQ,ia:dkh msysgqjdf.k w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl ¥m;a yd bkaÈhdkq

fjr<nv m%foaYfha ia:dk lsysmhl iajlSh n,h f.dvke.+y' bkaÈhdkq id.rfha

;u fjf<`o n,h f.dvke.Sfï § ,kafoaiSkag wksjd¾fhka u mD;=.SiSka iu. igka

lsÍug isÿ úh'

Wvrg rcjreka ,kafoais iydh fidhd hdu

,kafoaiSka wdishdjg meñK jeä l,a .;ùug fmr 1602 j¾Ifha § fcdßia

jEka iams,an¾cka kï ,kafoais cd;sl woañrd,ajrhd keõ ;=kla iu. ,xldfõ

kef.kysr fjr<g

meñK uvl,mqjg f.dv

neiafia h' Tyq lkao Wvrgg

f.dia 1602 cQ,s udifha §

m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq

uqK .eiqKs' fuu wjêh

jk úg úu,O¾uiQßh rcq

mD;=.SiSkaf.a l%shdl,dmh

flfrys ±ä wm%idohlska miq

úh' tneúka mD;=.SiSka m<jd

yeÍu i|yd rcq ,kafoaiSkaf.a

wdOdr ,nd.ekSug leu;a;

m< lf<a h'

iams,an¾cka msg;aj

f.dia udi ;=klg muK 1'2 rEmh ¡ iams,an¾cka m<uq jk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq

uqK .eiSu3

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

miq isfn,a o j¾Ü keue;a;d m%uqL ;j;a ,kafoais ¥; msßila úu,O¾uiQßh rcq uqK

.eiSug meñKshy' fuu w¨;a ¥;hd o iams,an¾cka wh;a cd;shg u wh;a nj oek.;a

rcq uy;a yrißka uykqjr § Tyq ms<s.;a w;r" mD;=.SiSka m<jd yeÍu i|yd fomsßi

lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|j idlÉPd o meje;aù h' tfy;a miq wjia:djl

rcq bÈßfha § rcqg wf.!rj jk f,i isfn,a o j¾Ü l:d lsÍu fya;=fjka Tyq

yd rcqf.a msßi w;r .egqula we;s úh' .egqfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka isfn,a o j¾Ü

wjdikdjka; f,i urKhg m;a úh' fuu isÿùu ksid mD;=.SsiSka m<jd yeÍug

,kafoais iydh ,nd.ekSfï rcqf.a wfmalaIdj ì| jegqKs'

úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a ifydaorfhl= jQ fikr;a rcq n,hg

m;a úh' fikr;a rcqf.a ld,fha § ,kafoais ¥; lKavdhï folla iu`. idlÉPd

mej;s kuq;a rcq wfmalaId l< mßÈ id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enqKs'

fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .súiqu

fikr;a rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a fojk rdcisxy rclug m;a úh' t;=ud

mD;=.SiSka furáka m<jd yeÍug oeä wêIaGdkfhka lghq;= l< wfhls' fï i|yd

m%n, kdjql n,hla ysñ ,kafoaiSkaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSug rc;=ud l%shd lf<ah' ta

wkqj rcq ,kafoaiSkaf.a fmrÈ. uOHia:dkh jQ n;dúfha ksfhdað;hka iu. idlÉPd

meje;aù h' mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍug ;udg ,ndfok Wmldr fjkqfjka furg l=re`ÿ

fjf<|dfï whs;sh yd kef.kysr fjrf<a jrdhla ,kafoaiSkag ,nd§ug rcq tl`.

úh' tla hqfrdamSh cd;shla fjkqjg fjk;a hqfrdamSh cd;shla furgg f.kajd .ekSu

lsisfia;a u rcqf.a wruqK fkdù h' ,kafoaiSka yd rcq w;r we;s jQ idlÉPdj,

m%;sM, jYfhka 1638 uehs udifha § rcqf.a yuqodj yd ,kafoaiSka tl;=j uvl,mqj

mD;=.Sis n,fldgqj jg,k ,È' m%ydr lsysmhlska miq tys isá mD;=.SiSka mkakd

oeóug fuu fiakdfjda iu;a jQy' fuhska uy;a i;=gg m;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud

1638 j¾Ifha uehs udifha § u ,kafoaiSka iu. .súiqula w;aika lf<a h'

1638 .súiqfï m%Odk lreKq

mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug Wvrg rcqg iydh §ug ,kafoaiSka tl`.

ùu'

mD;=.SiSkag tfrys igka i`oyd ,kafoaiSkag jeh jk uqo,a" l=re`ÿ" .ïñßia" ó

bá wdÈ fjf<`o øjH ,nd§u u.ska mshùug rcq tl`. ùu'

we;=ka yer Wvrg fiiq fjf<`o øjH ñ, § .ekSfï taldêldß whs;sh

,kafoaiSkag ,nd§u'

rcq woyia lrkafka kï mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kakd n,fldgqj, ,kafoais

yuqodj k;r lrùug tl`.ùu'

4fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

mD;=.SiSka fkrmSfï igka iy uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h msysgqùu

1638 j¾Ifha .súiqfuka miqj mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug ;j;a

jir 20la .; úh' tu ld,fha § mD;=.SiSka hgf;a mej;s ;%sl=Kdu,h" ó.uqj"

.d,a," l`M;r" fld<U" ukakdru yd hdmkh we;=`M fiiq n,fldgq hg;a lsÍug

,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg yuqodfjda lghq;= l<y' ;%sl=Kdu,h yd ó.uqj n,fldgq

hg;a lsÍfuka miqj rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r u; .egqï we;s úh' ,kafoaiSka ;ukag

jdisodhl m%foaYj, n,fldgq w,a,d .;a miq 1638 j¾Ifha .súiqu mßÈ rcqg Ndr§ug

lghq;= fkdlsÍu tu ;;ajhg fya;= úh'

,kafoaiSka uq, isg u w;sYh lmá wkaoñka rcq iu. lghq;= fldg we;'

1638 .súiqfï tla j.ka;shlg wkqj mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .kq ,nk n,fldgqj,

zz,kafoais yuqod k;r l< hq;= jkafka Wvrg rcq leu;s kï muKsZZ hk woyi

mej;sh;a" ,kafoaiSyq tu j.ka;sh wu;l fldg lghq;= l<y' ta wkqj ;uka

w,a,d.;a n,fldgqj, rcqf.ka fkdúuid ,kafoaiSyq ;u Nghka k;r l<y' ó.uqj

yd .d,a, l=re`ÿ nyq,j jefjk m%foaY jQ fyhska tajd rcqg Ndr fkd§ ;uka i;=j

;nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq lghq;= l<y' fuu u;fNaoh ksid n,fldgqj, isák

fiajlhkag jegqma f.ùu rcqf.a j.lSula fkdjk nj rc;=ud lshd isáfha h' ta w;r

b,a,d isá hqO úhoï f.jk ;=re n,fldgq rcqg mjrd Èh fkdyels nj ,kafoaiSyq

o lshd isáhy' fufia fomlaIh w;r u;fNaoh l%ufhka W.% úh' tfy;a fld<U

we;=̀M n,fldgqj,ska mD;=.SiSka m,jd yeÍug ,kafoais iydh wjYH jQ neúka fojk

rdcisxy rcq fndfyda bjis,su;aj lghq;= l< nj fmfka'

1'3 rEmh ¡ .d¨ fldgqj

5fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

fï w;r fcrdâ y,a*aÜ kï fifkúhd hgf;a úYd, ,kafoais yuqodjla

,xldjg meñKshy' bka Yla;su;a jQ ,kafoaiSyq mD;=.SiSkaf.ka fld<U fldgqj

w;am;a lr.ekSug Wia ìïj, ld,;=jlal= iú fldg fldgqj jegÆy' y,a*aÜ

fifkúhd flfrys m%idohg m;a rdcisxy rc;=ud Tyqg uy;a ie,ls,s olajd úYd,

yuqodjla o igkg tù h' ñka uy;a wirKNdjhg m;a mD;=.SiSyq hg;a nj m%ldY

fldg fld<U fldgqfõ h;=re ,kafoaiSkag Ndr ÿkay'

tf;la .d¨ fldgqfõ isg l%shd;aul jQ ,kafoaiSyq t;eka isg fld<U fldgqj

jvd;a Yla;su;a lr th ;u uQ,ia:dkh njg m;a lr .;ay' fuh o 1638 j¾Ifha

.súiqu kej; lvlsÍula jQfha h' fï ksid rdcisxy rcq fldamhg m;a úh' ,kafoaiSka

1658 j¾Ifha ukakdru o bka miq hdmkh yd l,amsáh o w,a,d .ekSu;a iu.

,xldfõ uqqyqÿnv m%foaYj, tf;la meje;s mD;=.Sis md,kh wjika úh' w,a,d.;a

n,fldgq ,kafoaisyq ;uka w; u ;nd .;ay' ,kafoaiSkaf.a wruqK mD;=.SiSka hgf;a

mej;s m%foaYj, Tjqkaf.a n,h msysgqùu nj rcq f;areï.;a miq ,kafoaiSkag w;am;a

lr .; yels N+ñh wju lsÍfï Wmdhla rcq l%shd;aul lr we;' ta wkqj mD;=.SiSka

hgf;a mej;s ,kafoaiSka w;am;a lr .ekSug bv ;snQ m%foaY /ila Wvrgg wE`od

.ekSug rc;=ud lghq;= lf<a h' rcqf.a tu Wmdh ksid ,kafoaiSkag w;am;a lr .;

yels jQfha mD;=.SiSkag jvd wvq N+ñ m%foaYhls' ,kafoaiSyq fld<U" .d,a," ud;r"

ó.uqj" l,amsáh" ukakdru" hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mqj wd§ m%foaYj, n,fldgq

bÈ l<y' tn`ÿ m%Odk n,fldgqj,g wu;rj w,suxlv" fmaÿre ;=vqj" lhsÜia wd§

ia:dkj, l=vd n,fldgq /ila o Tjqka úiska bÈ lrk ,È' mD;=.SiSka fjkqjg

tjeks u fjk;a hqfrdamSh cd;shla f.kajd .ekSu ksid zbÕ=re § ñßia .;a;d jeks

hZ hk m%ia:dj msre<la we;s ù ;sfí'

,kafoaiSska Wvrg rdcH iu`. meje;ajQ iïnkaO;d

furg foaYmd,k n,hla f.dvk.df.k isá mD;=.SiS" ,kafoais" bx.S%is

hk hqfrdamd cd;Ska w;=ßka Wvrg rdcH iu. jeä ld,hla hym;a in`o;djla

mj;ajdf.k .sh cd;sh ,kafoaiska fõ' mD;=.SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh iïnkaOfhka

wkq.ukh lf<a wdl%uKldÍ m%;sm;a;shls' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ish n,h msysgqjd oYl

folla .; ùug;a fmr bx.%SiSyq Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a l<y' tfy;a ,kafoaiSyq

1658 - 1796 ld,fha § Wvrg rcq iu`. ¥; in`o;d meje;aùu" ,sms yqjudre lr

.ekSu" wdÈfhka iduldñ in`o;djla mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r wjia:dj ,enqKq úg tu

rdcOdksh wdl%uKh lsÍug;a miqng fkdjQy' fï ksid ,kafoaiSka yd Wvrg in`o;d

w;r lsishï úÑ;%;ajhla oelsh yels h'

fojk rdcisxy rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r mej;s in`o;d

mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd yeÍug II rdcisxy rcq ,kafoaiSka le`ojd.;a

kuq;a 1638 - 1658 w;r ld,fha § mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w,a,d .;a m%foaY ,kafoaiSka

6fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

rcqg Ndr fkd§u ksid fomlaIh

w;r u;fNao we;s jQ wdldrh óg

by; § i`oyka flßK' 1658 - 1675

ld,fha furg ,kafoais m%;sm;a;sh

fufyhjQ ks,Odßkag Wvrg

rdcOdksfha Yla;sh .ek ksis

wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKs' fï ksid

uqyqÿ u.ska yd f.dvìñka tu

rdcOdksh fldgq lsÍfï wruqKq

we;sj 1659 - 1668 ld,fha § tf;la

Wvrg hgf;a mej;s kef.kysr yd

niakdysr fjr<nv m%foaY lsysmhla

,kafoaiSka úiska w,a,d .kakd ,È'

,kafoaiSskaf.a fuu wdl%uKldÍ l%shd

.ek ksYaYíoj isá fojk rdcisxy

rc;=ud 1670 j¾Ifha isg yeu me;a;lska u Tjqkag myr §ug mgka .;af;a h'

rdcisxy rcqf.a fufyhùu msg Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr fl;rï Yla;su;a yd

laIKsl ù o h;a 1658 j¾Ifhka miq ,kafoaiSka w,a,d .;a ish¨ u m%foaY mdfya

Wv/áhkaf.a fulS m%ydr ksid Tjqkag wysñ úh' rdcisxy rcqf.a fuu m%ydr ud,dj

Wvrg hqoaO Yla;sh ms<sn`oj kshu wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSug fuka u Wvrg

iïnkaO ,kafoaiSkaf.a bÈß m%;sm;a;sh ilia lr .ekSug o WmldÍ jQ nj fmfka'

f.dvìfï § Wv/áhka ,kafoaiSka iu. lrg lr igka lsÍug iu;a nj;a Wvrg

m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSug .sh fyd;a mD;=.SiSkag fuka fl<jrla ke;s hqoaOhlg

uqyqK§ug ;ukag;a isÿ jk nj;a fuu m%ydr ud,dj;a iu. ,kafoaiSyq f;areï

.;ay' tys m%;sM, jYfhka Wvrg rdcH iïnkaO lsishï f.!rj iïm%hqla; ìhlska

hq;=j tys rcjreka iu. yels ;rï iduldój lghq;= lsÍug ,kafoaiSyq lghq;=

l<y'

Wvrg ,kafoais ¥; in`o;d

m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a ld,fha isg Wvrg rdcOdksh yd ,kafoaiSka

w;r ¥; in`o;d mej;=Ks' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § wju jYfhka ,kafoais

¥;hka wg fofkl= j;a jßka jr rcq uqK.eiS we;' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha

isÿ jQ ,kafoais ¥; .uka w;r 1656 j¾Ifha § fckr,a fcrdâ y,a*aÜ rcq uqK

.eiSu b;d jeo.;a wjia:djls' fï jk úg mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd fkd;snQ

w;r ,kafoaiSka yd rcq w;r;a u;fNao mej;=Ks' rcqf.a wdrdOkfhka Wvrgg

.sh ,kafoais ¥;hd rc;=ud úiska b;d f.!rjfhka ms<s.kakd ,È' Wv/áhka b;d

w,xldr fmryrlska fckr,ajrhd le`ojdf.k .sh nj ,kafoais jd¾;dj, oelafõ'

y,a*aÜf.a wdpdrYS,S;ajh yd f.!rjdorh ms<sn`oj rc;=uka o fnfyúka i;=gg m;aj

we;'

1'4 rEmh ¡ hdmkh fldgqj

7fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

fojk rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj fojk ú,O¾uiQßh"

Y%S ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy yd Y%S úchrdcisxy hk

rcjrekaf.a ld,j, § o fun`ÿ ¥; .uka isÿ úh' fuu

ld,fha § rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r u; .egqï we;s jQ úg o

lvj;a jid oeóu wdÈfhka fomd¾Yajh w;r in`o;d m`Mÿ

jQ úg o ¥; .uka ixúOdkh flreKs' fun`ÿ ¥; .ukaj,

§ fndfyda úg wdKavqldrjrekaf.a ,sms rcq fj;g bÈßm;a

flreKs' rcqf.a ¥;fhda o we;eï wjia:dj, my; rgg

meñK ,kafoaiSka uqK .eiqKy'

¥; .ukaj, § fomd¾Yajh ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr

.ekSu" iqyo;ajh m< lsÍu" ¥;hkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g wfkla

md¾Yajh weyqïlka §u yd fomd¾Yajh w;r mj;sk .eg¨

idlÉPd lsÍu wdÈhg jeo.;a ;ekla ,enqKs' ,kafoais

wdKavqldrjrhd yd rcq uqK .eiSu ÿ¾,N isÿùula neúka

fomd¾Yajfha woyia tla;eka ùug fun`ÿ ¥; .uka yd

,sms yqjudreùï fnfyúka M,odhs úh' fojk rdcisxy rcq

,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,sùfï § ;ud ,xldfõ wêrdchd nj

i`oyka lf<a h' ,kafoaiSka o tn`ÿ ,sms .kqfokqj, § rcq

;%S isxy,dëYajr hehs kdñlj fyda i`oyka lr we;' rcq

,kafoaiSkag ,sms ,shk úg zug fiajh lrk ys;j;a ,ka

foais cd;shZ jeks mdG fh¥ w;r ,kafoaiSka o rcqg ,shQ

,sms wjika lf<a zTn jykafiaf.a iqjp lSlre fiajlZ hk

mdG fhdod .ksñks' ,kafoais ¥;hka lsysm fofkl= Wvrg rcq yuq ùu .ek jeo.;a

f;dr;=re lsysmhla my; igykska oelafõ'

,kafoais ¥;hka Wvrg rcq yuq jQ wjia:d lsysmhla

j¾Ih Wvrg rcq ,kafoais ¥;hd ¥; .ukg fya;=j

1602 m<uqjk

úu,O¾uiQßh rcq

fcdßia jEka

iams,a n¾cka

fjf<`o lghq;= ms<sn`oj rcq iu.

idlÉPd lsÍu i`oyd

1656 fojk rdcisxy rcq fckr,a fcrdâ

y,a*aÜ

rcq neyeolsk f,i ,enqKq wdrdOkh

yd tjlg mej;s .eg¨ idlÉPd lr

.ekSu

1688 fojk

úu,O¾uiQßh

rcq

l,ka w,ania rcq yd ,kafoaiSka w;r kj .súiqula

we;s lr .ekSu .ek idlÉPd lsÍu

1721 Y%S ùrmrdl%u

kf¾kaøisxy rcq

fld¾fka,shia

gel,a

rcqf.a ìij ñh hdu .ek ,kafoaiSkaf.a

fYdalh m%ldY lsÍu

1'5 rEmh ¡ fojk rdcisxy rcq

8fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

¥; .ukaj, § ;E.s fNda. yqjudre lr .ekSu

^1656 j¾Ifha fckr,a fcrdâ y,a*aÜf.a ¥; .uk weiqßka&

iduldó m%;sm;a;sh yd .egqïj,ska je,lSu

1687 j¾Ifha § fojk rdcisxy rcq ñh.sh miq Tyqf.a mq;a fojk

úu,O¾uiQßh rcq n,hg m;a úh' msh rcqf.ka Wreu jQ rdcHh wdrlaId lr .;a

fu;=uka ,kafoaiSka iu. ñ;%YS,sj lghq;= fldg we;' fomd¾Yajh wkq.ukh l<

l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

my< nqreufhka Wmiïmod NslaIQka f.kajd .ekSug ,kafoais keõ ,nd §u

msá.,a fldar,fha l=re`ÿ ;e,Sug ,kafoaiSkag mkjd ;snQ ;yku bj;a lsÍu

rcqf.a l=re`ÿ" mqjla" we;=ka fjf<`o iud.u u.ska ñ, § .ekSug tl`. ùu

fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka miq t;=udf.a mq;a Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy

rcq n,hg m;a úh' fu;=ud l=Kavidf,a l=udrhd kñka m%lgj isáfha h' fuu

wjêfha § ,kafoaiSka iu`. meje;s iduldó iïnkaO;d flfuka m¨ÿ jk isÿùï

lsysmhla we;s úh' fï ld,fha § Wvrg rcq l,amsáh" mq;a;,u jeks jrdhka yryd

mqjla" we;=ka yd we;ao< bkaÈhdjg hjñka jeä jYfhka fjf<| lghq;=j, kshe<S

we;' fuh ;ukag uy;a mdvqjla f,i ie,l+ ,kafoaiSyq ish¨ jrdhka jid oud Wvrg

fjf<|dug ndOd meñKjQy' Bg m%;spdr jYfhka rcq o ish m%foaYh yryd we;=ka

f.khdu ;ykï fldg l=re`ÿ we;=¿ l=¿nvq j¾. yd Wvrg ksmojk wdydr j¾.

,kafoaiSkag úlsKSu i|yd Wv/áhkag ;snQ bvlv wyqrd ±ó h'

,kafoais ¥;hd rcqg ,nd ÿka ;E.s rcq ,kafoais ¥;hdg ,nd ÿka ;E.s

mD;=.SiSkaf.ka w;a lr .;a fldä

wYajhka fofofkl=

m¾ishdkq ÿkq B;, lÜg, folla

i`ÿka oej

m¾ishka neg¨jka fofofkl= yd ;j;a

i;=ka lsysm fofkl=

rka ud,hla

uqoaola

rka md jeiqï n`okhla

9fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

fï jk úg ,kafoais md,kh meje;s m%foaYj, úiQ ckhd ,kafoaiSkaf.a

l%shdud¾. .ek l,lsÍ isá nj fmfka' Tjqka úiska mkjk ,o mSvdldÍ nÿ;a" nÿ wh

lrkakka úiska m%udKhg jvd uqo,a wh lsÍu;a" l=re`ÿ ;,kakkag uqyqK§ug isÿj

;snQ n,j;a wiykldÍ ;;ajh;a ksid ck;djf.a l,lsÍu jeä úh' fuu ;;ajh

ksid ,kafoais md,k m%foaY lsysmhl ler,s flda,dy, mek ke.sK' ,kafoaiSyq ish

n,h fhdod ler,s uev meje;ajQy'

Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud o uq,a rcjrekaf.a isß;a wkq.ukh

lrñka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjkaa kdhlal¾ jxYsl l=ußhl f.kajd w.ìij lr.;af;a h'

fï ksid u fndfyda kdhlal¾ jxYslhka Èjhskg meñKs w;r Tjqyq rcfha Wiia

;k;=re o ,ndf.k Wvrg mÈxÑj isáhy' rcjdif,a o Tjqkaf.a n,h jeä fjñka

meje;sfha h'

1739 j¾Ifha § Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq ñh.sh w;r t;=udg

mq;=ka fkdisá ksid kdhlal¾ jxYsl w.ìijf.a ifydaorfhl= Y%S úch rdcisxy hk

kñka rdc;ajhg m;a úh' fï wkqj m<uq úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka werô rc mrïmrdj

ksudjg m;a úh'

,kafoaiSka Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍu

Y%S úch rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq 1747 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a kdhlal¾ jxYsl

ìijf.a ifydaorhd lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy kñka isyiqkg m;a úh' fu;=ud tjlg

mßydkshg m;aj ;snQ nqÿiiqk k.d isgqùug ld¾hka rdYshla isÿ lf<a h' je,súg

irKxlr ysñfhdaa fï i|yd rcqg wkqYdikd ,ndÿkay' rc;=ud ,kafoaiSkaf.kaa keõ

,ndf.k Wmiïmodj f.k tau i|yd ishï foaYhg ¥; lKavdhula msg;a lf<a h'

1'6 rEmh ¡ ´,kao fid,aodÿjka ±lafjk is;=jula

10fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

ta wkqj Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL NslaIQka msßila fuys jevujd 1753 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõ

Wmiïmodj msysgqù h' t;eka isg j¾;udk ishï ksldh wdrïN úh'

l%s' j' 1762 muK jkúg Wvrg rdcHh yd ,kafoaiSka w;r kej;;a

.egqï we;s jQ nj fmfka' fï ksid ,kafoaiSkag úreoaOj fjk;a cd;shlf.a Woõ

,nd.ekSug rcq Wkkaÿjla ±laù h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1762 j¾Ifha § fcdaka

mhsnia kï bx.%Sis cd;slhd Wvrg rdcHhg ¥;hl= f,i meñKsfha h' ñka ìhg

m;a ,kafoaiSyq nerka jeka tla wdKavqldrjrhdf.a fufyhùu u; fiakdxl yhla

ud¾. yhlska hjñka Wvrg wdl%uKh l<y' fuu fiakdxl tllg j;a uykqjr

k.rh wi,g j;a meñKSug Wv/áfhda bv fkdÿkay' Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿ

igka l%u fhdod .ksñka t,a, l< m%ydr ksid wirK jQ ,kafoaiSyq n,dfmdfrd;a;=

iqkaj my; rgg meñKshy' fuu mrdcfhka jeä l,la .;ùug fmr 1765 j¾Ifha

§ ,kafoaiSka úiska kej; jrla Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk ,È' fuu wdl%uKfha §

fomlaIhg u n,j;a ydks isÿ úh' 1765 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha § ,kafoaiSka

uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M jQ fyhska rc;=ud wdrlaIdj m;d y`.=rkafl;g m,d

.sfha h' uykqjr k.rh w,a,d .;a ,kafoaiSka bÈßm;a l< fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug

rc;=ud tl`. fkdù h' j¾Id iuh wdrïN ùu;a iu. f,v frda. yd Wv/áhkaf.a

m%ydrj,ska fyïn;a jQ ,kafoaiSyq wdmiq meñKshy'

jir lsysmhla fkdlvjd mej;s .egqï ksid fï jk úg kej; iduhla we;s

lr .ekSug rc;=ud leue;af;ka isáfha h'

tfia u kdhlal¾ jxYslhkaf.a yeisÍï ksid ro,jreka fuka u fn!oaO

NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r o l,lsÍula mej;=Ks' fï nj ±k.;a rc;=ud iduh

fjkqfjka ,kafoaiSka fj; ¥;hka heù h' bka m%fhdack .;a fuu wjêfha isá

,kafoais wdKavqlre jQ úf,ï me,la ,kafoaiSkag jdis iy.; fldkafoais ud,djla

bÈßm;a lf<a h' rcqg tajdg tlÕ ùug isÿ jQ w;r l%s' j' 1766 § j.ka;s 25lska hq;a

.súiqula w;aika lf<a h' tu .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla my; mßÈ h'

fuu .súiqu wkqj Wvrg rdcHh Èjhskla ;=< msysá Èjhskl ;;ajhg m;a

úh' .súiqfuka fkdfnda l,lg miqj tys wd§kj rcqg wjfndaO jkakg úh'

1766 .súiqfï j.ka;s lsysmhla

hdmd mgqk" ukakdru" l,amsáh" fld<U Èidj" .d¨ fldar,h yd

;%sl=Kdu,h wjg m%foaY ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h'

uqyqÿnv isg rg ;=<g isxy, .õjl m%udKh ,kafoaiSkag wh;a h

11fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

uqyqÿnv m%foaY kej;;a ;uka fj; ,ndfok f,i rcq b,a,d isáh o ,ka-

foaiSyq thg weyqïlka fkdÿkay' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ;u md,kh ;yjqre l< Tjqyq

tu m%foaYj, lDIsl¾udka;h yd l=re`ÿ jeùu ÈhqKq lsÍug o mshjr .;ay'

1766 j¾Ifha we;s lr .kakd ,o .súiqu ksid Wvrg rcq yd ,kafoaiska w;r

u;fNao jeä fjñka mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSyq .súiqfï we;eï fldkafoais lv lrñka rcqg

wh;a m%foaYj,g ¨Kq iemhSu ;ykï l<y' ñka Wvrg jeishd uy;a wiSre;djlg

m;a úh'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj 1782 j¾Ifha § t;=udf.a ifydaorhd

rdcdêrdcisxy kñka rcq njg m;a úh' 1796 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka ,xldjg meñKs

w;r ,kafoaiSkag myr § bx.%SiSka Tjqkaf.ka m%foaY w;a lr .ekSu;a iu. ,xldfõ

,kafoais md,kh wjika úh'

1'2 ,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k" wd¾Ól" iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=

,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ixúOdkh

,kafoaiSka fjf<`o iud.ula jYfhka ixúOdkh ù isá fyhska ´,kaofha

isá zVOCZ iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,h wdishdfõ ,kafoais md,k m%foaY ms<sn`oj

;SrK .;a by< u uKav,h úh' ´,kaoh yd wdishdj w;r mej;s úYd, ÿr m%udKh

ksid tf;la ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY md,kh lsÍug 1609 j¾Ifha § fjf<`o

iud.u úiska n;dúhg wdKavqldrjrfhla m;a lrk ,È' Bg miq n;dúhdkq

wdKavqldrjrhdf.a iydhg WmfoaYl iNdjla o m;a flreKs'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h ia:dms; ùfuka miq furg md,k

lghq;= i`oyd fjf<`o iud.u úiska fjk u wdKavqldrjrfhl= m;a lrk ,È' tfia u

Tyqf.a iydhg o furg isá ,kafoais ks,Odßkaf.ka iukaú; úfYaI iNdjla m;a

flreKs' ,xldfõ ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd yd iydhl iNdj n;dúhdkq ks,Odßka

hgf;a mej;sh;a furg isá wdKavqldrjrhdf.a yelshdj yd fm!reIh wkqj wjYH

wjia:djl § Rcqj u ´,kaofha isá wOHlaI uKav,fhka Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug

yelshdj ;snqKs' tl, Y%S ,xldj" n;dúh yd ´,kaoh w;r .ukd.ukhg l,a .;

ùu;a ikaksfõok lghq;=j, ÿIalr;d wdÈh;a ksid furg isá wdKavqldrjrhdg

yÈis lghq;= wdÈfhys § iajdëk ;SrK .ekSug wjia:dj ,eìK'

furg isá ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhdg yd Tyqf.a WmfoaYl iNdjg ,xldfõ

,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY md,kh lsÍug n,;, ;snqKs' ta wkqj wod< m%foaYj,

mßmd,k lghq;= f.k hdu" nÿ wh lsÍu" ks,Odßka m;a lsÍu" bvï m%odkh wdÈh

12fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

isÿ lsÍug yels úh' wdKavqldrjrhd WmfoaYl iNdfõ ;SrKj,g wkqj lghq;=

lf<a h'

Èjhsfka ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod ;snqKs'

tajd fldudkavß hkqfjka o ye`Èkafõ'

fld<U fldudkavßh

,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fuh md,kh úh' fld<U" l`M;r" ó.uqj

we;=<;a uqyqÿnv m%foaY yd yxje,a," w`.=rejdf;dg u,ajdk n,fldgq msysá rg

we;=<; m%foaY fï hgf;a mej;=Ks'

.d¨ fldudkavßh

.d¨ fldudkavßfha lghq;= i`oyd fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= m;a lr

;snqKs' fnka;r .f`.a isg uvl,mqj olajd uqyqÿnv m%foaY yd Bg wh;a rg we;=<;

fmfoia fuu fldudkavßh hgf;a mej;sK'

hdmkh fldudkavßh

hdmk fldudkavßh o fjk u fldufodarejrfhl= hgf;a mej;=Ks' mq;a;,ug

W;=f¾ isg fjr<nv ;Srfha hdmkh olajd hdmkhg wh;a m%foaY yd kef.kysr

fjrf<a uvl,mqj olajd ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s m%foaY hdmk fldudkavßhg wh;a

úh'

.d,a, yd hdmkh fldudkavßj, fldufodarejreka fofokd fld<U

wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a lghq;= l< hq;= hehs ms<s.ekSula mej;sh;a m%dfhda.sl

jYfhka ish lghq;=j, § Tjqkag iajdëkj l%shd lsÍug wjia:dj ;snqKs'

wdKavqldrjrhd yd fldufodarejrekag my<ska mej;s mßmd,kh isú,a

md,kh" yuqod md,kh yd fjf<`o wxYh jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fn§ ;snqKs'

isú,a md,kh i`oyd tla tla fldudkavßh hgf;a o Èidjkshla mej;sKs' Èidjkshka

fldar,j,g fnod fldar, m;a;=j,g fnod ;snqKs' Èidjksfha úúO fiajd Ndrj

uqo,sjre yd úodfkjre isáhy' Èidjksfha lghq;= yeisrùfï j.lSu Èidj

Ndrfha mej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSkaf.a yuqod ixúOdkh yuqod lms;dkajreka hgf;a isÿ

úh' fjf<`o wxYh i`oyd Tm¾ yQ*aÜ ^fcHaIaG fjf<kaod& yd Tyq hgf;a yQ*aÜuka

^bvï wdodhï Ndr ;eke;a;d& jYfhka ;j;a ks,OdÍka m;a lr ;snqKs' fï wkqj

,kafoaiSka hgf;a md,k lghq;= ixúOdkh ù ;snQ wdldrh my; igykska fmkakqï

flf¾'

13fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd hgf;a fld<U fldudkaavßh ;=< mej;s fuu

mßmd,k jHQyhg iudk ;;ajhla fiiq fldudkavß ;=< o fldufodarejreka hgf;a

l%shd;aul úh' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a isú,a md,k lghq;= ixúOdkfha § Èidfjjrhdg

jeo.;a n,hla ysñ úh' fldudkavß ;=kg Èidfjjre ;sfofkla jQy' Èidfj ;k;=r

i`oyd ,kafoais cd;slhka m;a flreKq w;r isú,a md,kfha my< ;k;=re i`oyd

foaYSh ks,Odßka fhdojd .eksK' fldard<" uqo,s" úodfka" .ïuq,doEks jeks ;k;=re

fuka u hdmk m%foaYfha Ndú; jQ wêldß" lxldkï" Wvhd¾ jeks merKs ks, kdu

tfia fhdod .;a idïm%odhsl foaYSh ks,Odßkag WodyrK fõ'

wêlrK lghq;=

,xldfõ j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk kS;s ix.%yfha fldgila jk frdau

,kafoais kS;sh ,kafoaiSkaf.ka ,o odhdohls' ,kafoaiSka úiska ,xldfõ meje;s foaYSh

VOC iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,h

fldufodare.d,a,

isú,a md,kh yuqod lghq; =yuqod lghq;yuqod lghq; fjf<`o wxYh

lms;dkajre

uqo,sjre^úúO fiajd&^úúO fiajd&

úodfkjre^l=re`ÿ ;,kakkaf.a&

uqo,s$w;=fldard,

.ï uq,doEksjre

fldard,

Èidfjjrhd Tm¾ yQ*aÜfcHaIaG fjf<kaod

yQ*aÜukabvï wdodhï Ndr

fldufodrehdmkh

n;dúfha wdKavqldrjrhd yd WmfoaYl iNdj

Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd yd WmfoaYl iNdj

^fld<U&^fld<U&^fld<U&^fld<U&

14fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

kS;s yd isß;aúß;aj,g .e<fmk f,i frdau-,kafoais kS;sh ixialrKh fldg

,xldfõ l%shd;aul lrk ,È' ,kafoaisyq fuys meje;s ffk;sl wdh;k m%fhdackhg

.;a w;r kj Widú moaO;shla o y`ÿkajd ÿkay' tu Widú moaO;sh my; mßÈ h'

rdoa jeka ciaáÜ$- uydêlrKh

fuh ,kafoais wêlrK moaO;sfha by< u Widúh úh' tys m%Odkshd yq*aÜ

woañksia;d¾ kñka ye|skaù h' wmrdO kvq úi|Su fuys m%Odk ld¾h úh' fuu Widú"

fldudkavß ;=fkys u msysgqjd ;snqKs'

isú,a rdoa -$- isú,a Widúh

isú,a rdoa fyj;a isú,a Widúh ,kafoais md,kh wdrïNfha isg u fld<U"

.d,a," hdmkh hk fldudkavßj, msysgqjd ;snqKs' ßlaia fvd,¾ 120g wvq w,dN

iïnkaO isú,a kvq o újdy iïnkaO kvq o fuu Widúj, úNd. úh'

,Eka rdoa$- bvï Widúh-

,Eka rdoa fyj;a bvï Widúh fld<U" .d,a," hdmkh" ;%sl=Kdu,h"

uvl,mqj" ud;r hk uOHia:dkj, msysgqjd ;snqKs' Èidfõjrhd fuu Widúj,

iNdm;sjrhd úh' foaYSh ck;djg ir, tfuka u úhoï wvq" myiq wêlrK l%uhla

f,i fuu Widú l%uh we;euqka úiska y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'

msial,a Widú$ Èidfõ Widú$ .ïm;s Widú

,kafoais wêlrK moaO;sh ;=< my< u Widú f,i fuu Widú l%shd;aul

úh' mßmd,k lafIa;%fha my< ks,OdÍka jQ .ïuq,doEks" úodfk" uqo,s" fldard, jeks

foaYSh ks,Odßkag o ;u ;k;=rej,g wod< iq`M wêlrK n,;, ;snqKs' hdmk

m%foaYfha o ck;dj w;r mej;s idïm%odhsl kS;s Í;s" kS;s jYfhka ilia fldg

Ndú;hg .eksK'

,kafoaiSkaf.a wd¾Ól lghq;=

Y%S ,xldfõ ;uka hgf;a mej;s m%foaYj,ska Wmßu wd¾Ól jdis ,nd .; yels

mßÈ ,kafoaiSyq ish wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul l<y' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s fiiq

wdishd;sl m%foaYj,ska ,efnkjdg jvd bia;rï l=re`ÿ furg ksIamdokh jk nj

Tjqyq oek isáhy' tneúka l=re`ÿ j.dj" l=re`ÿ ieliSu yd fjf<`odu iïnkaOfhka

,kafoaiSyq úfYaIfhka Wkkaÿ jQy' uq,a ld,fha iajdNdúlj jkfha jefjk l=re`ÿ

iajfoaYslhka ,jd ;,jd .ekSug fhduq jQ ,kafoaiSyq miqj fld<U" l`M;r" w¨;a.u

yd ud;r jeks m%foaYj, l=re`ÿ j.d l<y' mD;=.SiSkaf.a ld,fha isg l=re`ÿ tla

15fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

/ia lsÍu yd fjf<`odu i`oyd mej;s uynoafoa fomd¾;fïka;=j ,kafoaiSka úiska

fjk u lms;dkajrfhl= hg;g m;a fldg jvd ld¾hlaIu lrk ,È' l=re`ÿ ;e,Su

yd tla/ia lsÍug idïm%odhsl rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh fhdod .ekssK' l=re`ÿ ;,kakkaf.a

kï f,aLk .; fldg Tjqkaf.ka Wmßu fiajh ,nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'

jeäysá l=re`ÿ ;,kafkl= ksYaÑ; l=re`ÿ m%udKhla iud.ug jd¾Islj fkdñf,a

;,d Èh hq;= úh' fufia l=re`ÿ fjf<`odfuka ,kafoaiSyq w;súYd, ,dNhla ,enQy'

l=re`ÿ yereKq úg mqjla" uq;=" we;ao<" .ïñßia" idÈlald" tkid,a" ó bá jeks

øjH yd we;=ka fjf<|du u.ska o ,kafoaiSyq wdodhï bmhQy' óg wu;rj bvïj,ska

wh l< nÿ o fudjqyq jeo.;a fldg ie,l+y' bvïj, whs;sh yd wh l< hq;= nÿ

wd§ úia;r we;=<;a f;daïnq kñka ye`Èkafjk f,aLk úfYaIhla mD;=.SiSka ilia

fldg ;snqKs' ,kafoaiSyq th ;j;a úêu;a lrñka mjq,a" bvï yd mdi,a jYfhka

f;daïnq ^Thombo& j¾. ;=kla ms<sfh, l<y' mjq,a f;daïnqjl .ul jdih lrk

mjq,aj, úia;r oelaúK' bvï f;daïnqjl .fï mjq,aj,g wh;a bvïj, úia;r"

jeú,s j¾. yd iud.ug wh úh hq;= nÿ uqo, wdÈh oelaúK' mdi,a f;daïnqjl

.fï foudmshkaf.a kï" orejkaf.a Wmka Èk" mdi,a yer.sh Èk yd fjk;a .ul

mÈxÑhg .sfha kï ta Èk wdÈh i`oyka flßKs'

f;daïnq ieliSu u.ska .ul jeishka .Kk" bvï yd j.djka ms<sn`o úia;r

wdÈh ,nd .ekSfuka iud.ug wh lr .; yels nÿ yd ,nd .; yels fiajh ms<sn`o

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug ,kafoaiSkag yels úh'

iy,a yd frÈms<s wdÈh úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍfuka fjf<`o iud.ug

jeh jk uqo,a wvq lr .ekSu i`oyd fuka u furg mßyrKhg fyda fjf<`odug

fhdod .; yels foa ksmoùfuka wu;r wdodhï ,nd .ekSu msKsi o ,kafoaiSSSyq

lghq;= l<y' Bg WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

uq;=rdcfj, wiajeoa§ug lghq;= lsÍu

fhdaO jej yd lka;f,a jej wd§ jeõ m%;sixialrKh lsÍu u.ska ù ksIamdokh

jeä lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu

Wla" .ïñßia" tkid,a" fldams" u,afnß" bkaäf.da wdÈ j.djka ÈhqKq lsÍu

,kafoaiSkaf.a bvï f;daïnqjl i`oyka jQ lreKq

r;au,dfka .u" fodka nia;shka wmamqydñg whs;s fodU.yj;a;

bvu" fmd,a .ia .Kk 195 hs' wh úh hq;= noao ßlaia fvd,¾ 1

iaghsj¾ 24 hs'

16fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

frÈ úùu" frÈ idhï lsÍu" W¿ .fvd,a jeks l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu

yeñ,agka we< jeks we< ud¾. bÈ fldg tajd NdKav m%jdykhg fhdod

.ekSu

hdmk m%foaYfha ÿïfld< j.d lrùu yd ;,a .ia l`oka jYfhka wmkhkh

lsÍu

iudc yd ixialD;sl lghq;=

wd.ñl m%;sm;a;sh

frmrudÿ wd.u ,kafoaiSkaf.a wd.u úh' uqyqÿnv m%foaY w;am;a lr.;a

miq ish wd.u tu m%foaYj, m;=rejd yeÍu i|yd Tjqyq l%shdud¾. /ila wkq.ukh

l<y¦ ck;dj frmrudÿ wd.ug yrjd .ekSu msKsi ´,kaofhka foaj.e;sjreka

f.kajd .;ay' ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s fld<U" .d,a, jeks m%foaYj, fuka u hdm-

kfha wÉpqfõ,s yd udkïldvq jeks m%foaY /il ,kafoaiSka bÈ l< foajia:dk fyda

tajdfha kgnqka j¾;udkfha § mjd olakg ,efí'

1'7 rEmh ¡ yeñ,agka we<

17fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

wOHdmk lghq;=

wd.ï m%pdrh lsÍu i|yd biaflda, kï wdh;k úfYaIhla ,kafoaiSyq

wdrïN l<y' .ï lsysmhla i|yd tl mdi,la wdrïN fldg ta m%foaYfha orejka tu

mdi,g meñKSu wksjd¾h flßKs' orejkaf.a uõ niska wOHdmkh ,nd ÿkafka h'

frmrudÿ wd.fï hdÉ{dj,g mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ m%Odk ;ekla ,eî ;sìKs' óg

wu;rj iajNdIdj" ix.S;h" foajO¾uh wd§ úIhka b.ekajQ w;r úêu;a úNd.

l%uhla o wrUk ,È' mdi,a mÍlaId lsÍug Tjqyq ks,Odß lKvdhula m;a l<y'

hqfrdamShkaf.a orejka i|yd fjk u mdi,a wdrïN flßK' fld<U msysá fiufkaßh

u.ska ,kafoais NdIdfjka Wiia wOHdmkh ,ndÿkafka h' tfia u hdmkh yd

ukakdru m%foaYj, o ,kafoaiSka úiska mdi,a bÈ lrk ,È' fufia mdi,a u.ska

flreKq wOHdmkh u.ska o rcfha ;k;=re yd kïnqkdu u.ska o yels;dla ÿrg

ck;dj ;u wd.ug yerùug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'

l%s' j' 1739 § uqøK hka;%hla ,kafoaiSka uq,ska u furgg f.k wd w;r

tu.ska nhsn,fha Wmqgkhla uqøKh lr fnod yereKs'

,kafoais md,kfha iudc yd ixialD;sl n,mEï

,kafoaiSyq j¾I 138l muK ld,hla ,xldfõ uqyqqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l<y'

,kafoais md,kh ksid ,dxflah iudchg yd ixialD;shg isÿ jQ n,mEï fndfyda

wxY Tiafia úuid ne,sh yels h' tajd my; mßÈ fláfhka úuid n,uq'

frdau .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh wkq.ukh lrñka biaf;damamqj" fid,aorh" l=¨kq

yd Wia jy, fh¥ ksjdi bÈ lsÍu

1'8 rEmh ¡ ,xldfõ ´,kao .Dy ks¾udK

18fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

úúO wdydr j¾. rdYshla y`ÿkajd §u WodyrK - flala" wÉpdre" fldlsia

Widú l%uh y`ÿkajd §u

furg iudchg n¾.¾ ^,xis& ck;dj tl;= ùu

isxy, yd fou< NdIdj,g ,kafoais jpk úYd, m%udKhla tl;= ùu'

my; i`oyka jpk Bg WodyrK fõ'

.Dyks¾udK yd

.Dy NdKAv

kS;s l%uh yd

Widú

fjk;a

fid,aor

;rmamq

nd,al

cfka,

ldur

biaf;damamq

bial=remamq

w,audß

fkd;dßia

f;da,al

fjkafoais

biaflda,

l=ú;dkais

lkaf;dare

Tmamq

nQo,a

1'9 rEmh ¡ ´,kao ms̀.dklaa iy ldishla

19fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'

20fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i`oyd h'