Tuesday, November 18th

Turn in homework – Age of Jackson vocabTest review quizThe Age of Jackson

Identify the key players in the election of 1824 and its aftermath including the formation of new parties

The change which resulted in Jackson’s victory in the 1828 election

Identify the significant events of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson including the Trail of Tears

Election of 1828 worksheet

ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

The Age of Jackson

Passing of the Torch

On July 4, 1826 both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died During this period, the Founding Fathers who had

worked to create and guide the nation passed away Left a political void which was hard to fill; a

new generation of leaders was neededWhen Jefferson and Adams died, John Quincy

Adams (J.Q.A) was in his first term as President Not very effective or popular

His chief political opponent was Andrew Jackson

Election of 1824

Election was to succeed James Monroe, last Founding Father to serve as President

Election of 1824 between Jackson and J.Q.A was almost even bitter than the election in 1800 Jackson won the majority of the popular vote but

failed to win a majority of the electoral votes Went before the H.o.R. since neither Jackson or

Adams received the necessary electoral votes Jackson was the first President from the West

Henry Clay and the Election

During this period the most powerful individual in the H.o.R. was Henry Clay, Speaker of the House Clay had actually run for President in the election but

finished fourth Clay disliked Jackson and mistrusted his lack of

political experience Said that Jackson’s service in the War of 1812 did not

qualify him for the complexities of being PresidentClay endorsed J.Q.A for President because he felt

Adams would be more sympathetic to his beliefs Adams supported Clay’s American System

Aftermath of the Election

Even with the election over with, it did not stop the fighting

Jackson’s supporters, or Jacksonians, accused J.Q.A of stealing the presidency The Jacksonians received additional fuel when Adams

appointed Clay as Secretary of State which they called a corrupt bargain

The bitterness of the election would set the tone for the rest of J.Q.A’s Presidency as well as Jackson’s eventual Presidency

New Parties

By 1824 the old Democratic-Republican Party was near collapse The election sealed the deal as the Dem.-Rep. vote

was split four ways among the candidatesTwo new parties came out of the election

National Republicans

Followed Adams and Clay and Created to oppose the possibility of Jackson becoming

PresidentFocused on the American System:

Internal improvements Supported tariffs and manufacturing Supported nationalism

Strong national government

Democrats

Followed Jackson and Martin Van Buren Created in response to Adams “stealing” of the

presidencyFocused on:

An agriculture economy, and opposed tariffs Weak federal government

Election of 1828

Throughout Adams presidency, most states relaxed voting requirement rules which dramatically increased the number of people eligible to vote No longer had to own property in order to vote in most states

Jackson was quick to capitalize on the change Characterized Adams as an intellectual elite who was not in

touch with the common people Showed himself as a humble, common man

Born to first-generation immigrants on the Western frontier First President since Washington not to have a college degree

Jackson won the election by a landslide by connecting with the people and a record number of people came to Washington to see him inaugurated

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson

Had a notorious temper Observers likened him to a volcano, and only the most intrepid or

recklessly curious cared to see it erupt.... typically followed by his own vow to hang the villain or blow him to perdition. Given his record – in duels, brawls, mutiny trials, and summary hearings – listeners had to take his vows seriously.

Had two regrets from his presidency, that he “had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun”

Got in a disagreement with Charles Dickinson who had insulted Jackson wife and refused to honor bets made at a horse track The two met in May 1806 in Kentucky to settle the dispute in a duel Dickinson shot Jackson in the chest, inches form his heart, Jackson then

shot Dickinson in the chest and Dickinson bled to death Jackson suffered medical conditions because of the bullet for the rest of

his life

President Jackson

Announced his appointees would only serve four years Believed without turnover of people, the government

would become corrupt and ineffective Coincided with public corruption investigations into

all executive offices Instituted a spoils system

Removed nearly ten percent of the federal employees, most from Adams’ administration

Replaced them with loyal Jacksonians Ironically, may have brought in more corruption to the

gov.

Assassination Attempt

Events of Jackson’s Presidency

Jackson’s Presidency is known for four significant events: Indian removal Nullification crisis National bank controversy Panic of 1837

Jackson and Native Americans

During the period there were two attitudes towards Native Americans Wanted to displace Native Americans from their land

and move them out West Wanted to assimilate them into the American culture

(conversion to Christianity)Jackson believed that assimilation could not

work; only effective policy was to move Native Americans out West to avoid confrontation with white settlers

Indian Removal Act

Under Jackson’s direction, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which authorized the President to negotiate treaties with Indians which gave them territory beyond the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands in the East

Jackson said of the Act that it was “not only liberal, but generous” Based on his view that state governments should have the

right to govern within their territoryIn several cases, Jackson used federal troops to

force non-compliant Native Americans off the land Included Choctaw, Sauk, Fox, Chicksaw, and Cherokee

Cherokee Fights Back

The Cherokee fought back through the legal system Marshall refused to hear the first case because Native

Americans were not citizens nor foreigners but “domestic dependent nation”

An American named Samuel Worcestor sued on behalf of the Cherokee Had been a missionary living among the Cherokee but

had been arrested for violating a Georgia law which prohibited white missionaries from living on Cherokee land

Worcester vs. Georgia

In Worcester vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court recognized that the Cherokee were a distinct community Georgia did not have the authority to regulate the Cherokee

or invade their landsJackson refused to honor the ruling saying, “John

Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”

Many Cherokee wanted to continue to fight but many began to favor relocation Gov. recognized those Cherokee and signed a treaty with

them which gave them land and 5 million dollars in exchange for their land

The Trail of Tears

Involved most of the tribes in the East Choctaw in 1831 Seminole in 1832 Creek in 1834 Chicksaw in 1837 Cherokee in 1838

The Cherokee began the trail in October of 1838Jackson specifically ordered that the tribes travel

over land and not water; wanted t0 punish the tribes

46,000 Native Americans were forced from their ancestral land and homes

Map of the Trail of Tears

Nu na da ul tsun yi (The Place Where They Cried)

Along the way government officials stole their money, majority of their livestock was stolen

Of the 17,000 Cherokee which started the trail, approximately 4,000- 6,00 died along the way

“I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.”

Had to wait to cross the Ohio River by ferry and took shelter under a nearby bluff because of the cold Many died due to the weather; others were murdered by locals Those locals then sued the government for $35 a head because

they had to bury the dead Cherokee

Thursday, November 20th

Take daily quizLesson on states’ rights and the national

bank Identify the significance of the nullification crisis and

he the fight over the second B.U.S Understand the broader fight over states’ rights

Work on Rest in Peace Andrew Jackson worksheet

Daily Quiz

What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester vs. Georgia?

Following the election of 1824, what was the corrupt bargain?

What change occurred which allowed more men to vote?

What were the two new parties which came out of the election of 1824?

What was Jackson’s position on Native Americans?

States’ Rights and the National Bank

Tariff Raises the Issue of States’ Rights

The Tariff of 1816 was passed with Southern support in part because the tariff rate would decrease over time

Over time however, the South had gotten fed up with having to pay more for northern manufactured goods and believed the North was getting rich at their expense

Issue came to a head in 1824 and 1828 when Congress passed additional tariffs which raised the tariff rates

Issue of the Tariff

Highest tariff on imported goods up to that point

South believed that the North was getting rich at the expense of the South Called a “tariff of abomination” by John C. Calhoun

The Nullification Theory

John C. Calhoun served as Vice-President for both Adams and Jackson Initially supported tariffs because they protected American

manufacturing His home state of South Carolina was in a economic depression

because of the low cotton prices and many there wondered if Calhoun still supported them

In response Calhoun brought up the Nullification Theory Questioned the legality of federal laws being applied to sovereign

states Viewed the Constitution as a compact between the states; therefore

states could nullify, or reject, a law they viewed as unconstitutional If the federal gov. did not recognize a states right to nullify a

federal law, that state had the right to leave the Union

Webster-Hayne Debate on States’ Rights

Took place between Senator Robert Haynes of South Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

Highlighted the division in the country over the issue of secession and nullification

Considered one of the greatest debates in American history Took place at a party

When asked his opinion, Jackson said “our union it must be preserved”

Peggy Eaton Affair (Real Housewives of the 1800s)

Peggy Eaton was the wife of the Secretary of State

Kept getting snubbed by the wives of the other cabinet members; especially Calhoun’s wife Jackson demands that the cabinet make their wives

apologize to Peggy Jackson saw similarity in how his wife had been treated

by the public

Begins tossing out members of the cabinet loyal to Calhoun Serves as a warning if they do not apologize

The Nullification Crisis

In 1832 Congress passed the Tariff of 1832 which raised the rates again

Outraged S.C. legislators declared that the tariffs were unconstitutional and if any attempt was made by the gov. to collect duties then S.C. would secede from the Union The Nullification Convention which nullified the tariffs and said it

would secede if force was used against the stateJackson, though a Southerner, believed that the

declaring a law unconstitutional flouted the will of the Constitution and such an act would be treasonous Persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill, authorizing the use of

force against S.C. or any state if it resisted paying duties under the tariffs

The Compromise

Confrontation seemed inevitable until Clay came up with the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which would decrease tariff rates over the next ten years

Both sides were able to claim victory with the agreement S.C. held the Nullification Convention repealing ordinance

nullifying the tariffs and, symbolically, nullified the Force Bill For now, a crisis had been averted“The tariff was only a pretext,

and disunion and southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or slavery question.“ Andrew Jackson

The National Bank

During the crisis with S.C., Jackson was engaged in another battle over the National Bank

While the charter of the bank was not supposed to expire until 1836, Clay and Webster introduced legislation to renew the charter early to make it a campaign issue Hoped that Jackson would lose political support over a

fight with the bank and he would not be reelectedUnderestimated Jackson’s political skill

Fight for the Bank

Jackson vetoed the charter for the National Bank to be renewed; cast the bank as an elitist institution The bank earned interest on taxes deposited there

which it distributed to wealthy individuals, not the entire population

The bank gave extremely low loans to Congressmen which were not available to ordinary Americans

“The bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!”

King Andrew the First

Jackson’s Reelection

After Jackson was reelected in 1832, he told the Secretary of the Treasury to put all government funds in specific state banks Called “pet banks” because they were loyal to the

Democratic PartyThe National Bank President tried to call in

all loans owed but it backfired on him Bank lost support from businesses and individuals

Charter expired in 1836 and the National Bank became private; went bankrupt five years later

Opposition Unites: The Whig Party

Main individuals included Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, and Daniel Webster

Backed the ideals of the American System Strong federal government including control of the

banking system and a national currency Supported tariffs

Attracted individuals from the Democratic Party who were angry at Jackson’s leadership style

Martin Van Buren

Jackson announced that he would not run for a third term and instead endorsed his V.P., Van Buren

Van Buren easily won the 1837 election 1. The newly formed Whig Party was not able to agree

on one candidate and ran three candidates against Van Buren

2. Jackson’s endorsement also was significant in helping Van Buren win the election

Quickly had to deal with Jackson’s legacy

Jackson’s Financial Legacy

When Jackson put federal money into friendly state banks, those banks began to widely print bank notes which could be redeemed for gold or silver

People would take this useless currency to buy land from the federal government meaning the government was stuck with it Jackson announced on August 15, 1836 that only gold or

silver could be used to purchase federal land Caused people to rush the banks to redeem their

bank notes for gold or silver to purchase land Banks did not have enough silver or gold to cover the bank

notes

Panic of 1837

By May 1837, situation had gotten much worseNew York banks stopped accepting paper

currency and other banks quickly followed suitBecame known as the Panic of 1837

Banking system collapsed Wiped out the savings of Americans and bankrupted

hundreds of businesses More than a third of the population was unemployed

Van Buren tried to help by reducing federal government spending but only made the situation worse

Election of 1840

Van Buren was increasingly unpopular for being unable to stop the economic crisis

The Whig Party took advantage by nominating William Henry Harrison for President Portrayed Van Buren as a privileged aristocrat and

Harrison as a common man Campaigned on Harrison’s fame from the War of 1812

Created a campaign song called “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

Log Cabin Campaign – meant to show Harrison as a common man

Monday, November 24th

Turn in homeworkTake surveyTake daily quizWatch The Abolitionists

Daily Quiz

What was the name of the theory in which states could strike down federal laws they deemed unconstitutional?

Who settled the Nullification Issue?

Who was the Whig Party formed in opposition to?

What was the campaign slogan for Harrison during the election of 1840?

What was Jackson’s financial legacy?

Monday, December 1st

Lesson on Women and Reform and the Second Great Awakening

Review for test Start study guide

Women and Reform

Women’s Roles

Customs demanded that Women restrict their activities to their home and family Housework and caring for children were considered

the only proper activities; became known as the cult of domesticity

Women could not vote or serve on juries When a women married, any property she owned went

to her husband and lacked guardianship over children

Mobilizing for Reform

Women started becoming more politically active during the mid-1800s during the Abolition Movement

The Movements

Temperance Movement: recognized drunkenness was a serious problem and attempted to ban alcohol

Education Movement: campaigned for greater education opportunities for women Brought along more women into the field of medicine

The Suffrage Movement: get women the right to vote Part of Seneca Falls Convention

Seneca Falls Convention

Held in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19-20, 1848

First national convention on women’s rightsCovered many issues regarding women’s

rights but the most controversial was achieving the right to vote

The convention issued the Declaration of Sentiments Based upon the Declaration of Independence

Second Great Awakening

Started in the 1830s because of the overall era of reforms and swept across the country Started with preachers wanting to spread the word of

personal salvation through religious activism, or evangelism

Rejected the Calvinistic belief that your life, and where you ended up, was preordained Core belief was that your actions determined whether

or not you were going to heaven or hell Insisted that people could improve themselves and

society Abolitionists, women’s reform movements

Spread of the Message

The message promoted by the Second Great Awakening was similar to Jacksonian democracy Focused on the power of the common citizen and their

responsibilities Belief in a “democratic” God

Delivered the messages in large forums Could draw 20,000 or more people Were very dramatic

The Forums

Stump Speaking

Wednesday, December 3rd

Turn in study guideTake test on Age of Jackson and ReformWork on vocab for Expansion and Build up to

the Civil War