Tuesday Dec. 20, 2011

L.O.: SWBAT explain the main ideas that led to Manitoba joining Confederation.

1. Chapter 9 Test?2. Introduce Chapter 103. Red River + Selkirk Notes4. HW:– Red River + Selkirk Worksheet– Métis + Rupert’s Act Worksheet– Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

Chapter 10The Nation Expands (1800-1873)

Turn to Page 206See Map Page 208

Manitoba Joins Confederation Pg. 209• Rupert’s Land– Area to the north and west of the Great Lakes came to

be called the “North-West”– 1870, 30 000 to 40 000 Native peoples living in the

area– Native women made pemmican (food made of buffalo

meat, fat, and berries)– European and First Nations traded

Assiniboia – The Red River Settlement Pg. 210

• Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, wanted to help crofters (cultivates small farms) of Scotland

• Forced off their land because of sheep• Lord Selkirk asked for land in the Red River Valley• Refused at first by HBC (company owns the land)• Bought shares at a low price and gained control of

the company• Land grant of 300 000 square km called Assiniboia

(See Map)• This was a good location to try and stop the NWC

Lord Selkirk Pg. 210• 1771 – 1820• Went to university to become a

lawyer• Interested in social problems

(between people and communities)

• His older brothers died and he was left with the family fortune and titles

• Concerned about his fellow Scottish tenant farmers

Conflict I• Selkirk’s land in the middle of transportation route

and trading area of the NWC• NWC angered – thought HBC was blocking their

pemmican and disrupting their trade• The Métis and Cree felt that the settlers would end

their traditional hunting patterns • NWC warned the Métis that food, especially

pemmican, would become scarce

Conflict II• Jan 1814, Governor of Assiniboia, Miles Macdonnell

issues the law “Pemmican Proclamation”• Worried that the settlers would starve• This law stated that no food could be taken from the

area without a licence• The Métis angered because pemmican was used for

trade and food• 1815, Cuthbert Grant and the Métis barricaded Fort

Douglas • Seven Oaks Battle (near a group of trees)– Robert Semple, Governor-in-Chief of Rupert’s Land and a

group of armed men went to find out what Grant and the Métis were doing

– 1 Métis died, 20 colonists including Semple killed

Selkirk’s Settlers

• First group of 80 settlers arrived at York Factory in 1811

• Difficult winter: homesickness, cold, poor food, and scurvy

• Aug 1812 arrived in the Red River Valley• Nothing set up for them, so another difficult

winter• Received help from First Nations and the

Métis

The Métis Pg. 213• In 1843, 5000 people in the Red River Settlement;

4000 were Métis • Began when English, Scot, or French married Indian

women• Mixed cultures: English, French, and usually one

Indian language; Roman Catholic or Protestant• Worked in the fur trade, interpreters, labourers,

hunters, trappers, Red River carts

The Métis Pg. 213

• The Buffalo Hunt– Major source of food and pemmican– Happened at least once a year– Hunters display their skills and earn admiration– Travel on Red River carts until buffalos found– Four basic rules:

• No hunting on Sunday• No one would lag behind, go ahead, or go a different direction• No one start buffalo running until ordered• Anyone stealing would be publicly humiliated

• Métis Farms– Long, narrow strips fronted onto the river

Wednesday Dec. 21, 2011

L.O.: SWBAT explain the reasons and outcomes of the Red River Resistance.

1. Answer Key to Worksheets2. Red River Resistance PPT Notes3. Work Period4. HW:– Red River Resistance Worksheet + Read Pg. 214– Chapter 10 Quiz Monday Dec. 26– Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

Canada Purchase Rupert’s Land Pg. 215

• Interested in purchasing Rupert’s Land• Good farmland; not much left in Ontario• Canadian goal of expanding west from Atlantic

Ocean to the Pacific Ocean• John A. Macdonald’s Conservative gov’t policy

called “From Sea to Sea”• Fearful that Americans would take over

Rupert’s Land

Rupert’s Land Act, 1868 Pg. 216• Canada purchases Rupert’s Land from HBC for

$ 1 500 000• Transferred HBC lands to the Canadian gov’t• This happened Dec. 1, 1869• HBC allowed to keep its fur forts and given large land

grants in the West• The entire area renamed the “North-West

Territories” (See Map)• Canadian gov’t sends surveyors before the official

transfer to look at the land and divide it up– The Red River settlers and the Métis surprised– No one asked for their opinion on this matter

• Read Page 217 as a class

Red River Resistance Pg. 218

• The Métis angry at the gov’t land surveyors• Upset that William McDougall would be

appointed as lieutenant-governor of the NWT• Known as a federal minister who favoured

westward expansion

• Louis Riel emerges as the leader of the Metis

Red River Resistance Pg. 218

• Louis Riel 1844 - 1885– Well-educated– Born in the Red River Settlement– Sent by Bishop Tache to Montreal

to study priesthood– Studied law for a short period– Persuasive speaker– Fluent in English and French– Known as the Father of Manitoba

Red River Resistance Pg. 218• Louis Riel set up the National Committee of Métis• To guarantee the lands, language, and religious rights

of his people• First act was to stop McDougall from entering the Red

River area on Nov 2, 1869• Next, seized Fort Garry, headquarters of the HBC in

Red River• Fort Garry meeting with the Metis• Creates the List of Rights – conditions by which they

would join Canada• Dec. 8, 1869 Provisional Gov’t (temporary gov’t)

replaces the National Committee; leader was Riel

The Métis List of Rights Pg. 220

• Late December 1869, PM John A. Macdonald sent Donald Smith to speak with Red River people

• He was a Sr. Officer of the HBC– Wanted to explain the Canadian gov’t plans for

the area– Find out what the Métis concerns were

• Smith worked with the Métis to create a revised List of Rights (Read)

Thomas Scott Pg. 221• Land surveyor and member of the Canada Party• The English-speaking Protestants in Red River that was

working to make the North-West part of Canada• Not interested in the rights of the Métis• When Fort Garry was seized, members of the Canada Party

including Scott, were jailed• While in jail, Scott insulted and attacked the guards;

threatened to escape and kill Riel• Sentenced to death for disobedience to a lawful authority on

March 4, 1870 (Riel recommended mercy)• Quebec and Ontario outraged – many French-speaking

Roman Catholics saw Riel as a man who stood for French rights; English-speaking Ontario Protestants saw him as a murderers

• PM J.A.M. and Conservative Party in a difficult position now

The Manitoba Act, 1870 Pg. 221• Canadian government agreed that the areas

around the Red river Settlement should become a province

• The Métis wanted this because a province meant greater control over local matters

• Fifth province to join on July 15, 1870• French and English official language• Two publicly funded school systems: Roman

Catholic + Protestant• Federal gov’t retained control of Crown lands• Riel leaves to U.S. because PM sent troops to

Manitoba under Colonel Wolseley Aug 23, 1870

Thursday Dec. 22, 2011

L.O.: SWBAT explain why and when B.C. and P.E.I, joined Confederation.

1. Answer Key to Worksheet2. B.C. + P.E.I. PPT Notes3. Work Period4. HW:– B.C. + P.E.I. Worksheet– Canadian Map Worksheet– Chapter 10 Quiz Monday Dec. 26– Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

Friday Dec. 23, 2011

L.O.: SWBAT explain why and when B.C. and P.E.I, joined Confederation.

1. Quiz2. B.C. + P.E.I. PPT Notes3. Work Period4. HW:– B.C. + P.E.I. Worksheet; Canadian Map Worksheet– CPR + National Policy WS– Chapter 10 Quiz Monday Dec. 26– Chapter 10 & 11 Review Sheet due Dec. 30

British Columbia & Prince Edward Island

Join Canada

• BC joined Canada in 1871

• PEI joined Canada in 1873

British ColumbiaEnters Confederation

Prior to Confederation:

British Columbia was the only Crown Colony west of the Dominion of Canada in 1867

Crown Colony – means a colony under direct control of Great Britain

After explorers such as Cook, Vancouver, Mackenzie, Thompson and Fraser explored the area, the British took possession of British Columbia

The HBC and NWC were involved in the fur trade with the First Nations in the area

Vancouver Island

1849 – Vancouver Island becomes a British colony (before British Columbia mainland)

1851 – James Douglas of the HBC becomes the Governor, and makes Fort Victoria the HBC headquarters

In 1851, there were only 1,000 settlers living on Vancouver Island, but there was a large First Nations population

Sir James DouglasCame to Canada from Scotland in

1819 to work for the NWCMoved west with the HBC in 1821

and founded Fort Victoria as the HBC headquarters

Became the second governor of the colony of Vancouver Island

Known as the Father of British Columbia

He was granted a knighthood by the British monarchy for keeping law and order in British Columbia during the gold rush. He became “Sir” Douglas

Mainland British Columbia

British Columbia was known as New Caledonia

1858 – Gold rush hits the Lower Fraser (Thompson River) and 30,000 miners flood into the area. Many miners are from the United States

1858 – Governor Douglas convinces the British to make New Caledonia into a British colony and it is re-named British ColumbiaGov. Douglas was worried about lawlessness in the area because

of the miners, just like what happened in California in 1849

GOLD RUSH

• In 1862 – A second Gold Rush hits the Cariboo region of BC and many more miners come search for gold

• By 1865, the gold rush was coming to an end and the colony of British Columbia and the colony of Vancouver Island were in financial trouble

• In 1866, the British unite British Columbia and Vancouver Island into one colony

• New Westminster was the original capital city, but it was moved to Victoria in 1868, where it has been ever since

• By 1868, the colony of British Columbia was heavily in debt because of gold rush construction, such as roads

• When the gold rush ended, there was no money left to pay for the construction

• Coal mining, farming and lumbering became the main industries in British Columbia

• Some people wanted to join the United States, but most people favoured joining Canada in order to keep its strong ties with Great Britain

British Columbia Act (1871)Delegates from BC went to Ottawa to discuss becoming a

province of Canada in 1870

In return for BC joining into Confederation, Canada promised:

A railway joining BC to the rest of Canada would start within 2 years and completed in 10 years

Canada would pay off BC’s debt of $1,000,000Yearly grant of $35,000, plus a yearly grant of 80 cents per person

until BC had a population of 400,000 peopleBC would have control of government-owned public lands (Crown

Lands), just like the other provinces.

British Columbia became Canada’s sixth province in 1871

NewfoundlandDid not trade much with Canada

Exported fish to Europe, West Indies and Brazil Imported trade goods from the United States

Was strongly against joining Confederation in 1867 because they did not want to pay taxes or have their trading partners restricted

They already had been granted responsible government from the British since 1855

By 1894, the price of fish dropped and Newfoundland was in debt.

Delegates from Newfoundland went to Ottawa to negotiate terms of joining Canada, but the terms could not be agreed upon

Newfoundland did not join Canada until 1949

Prince Edward Island joins Confederation

Prior to ConfederationPEI rejected joining Confederation in 1867, even though it

hosted the Charlottetown Conference in 1864

In the 1860’s, PEI shipyards were producing over 100 ships per year and its farms exported good harvests to Europe

People thought there were not financial benefits for joining Canada at that time

But many PEI landlords did not own their land. Absentee landlords owned a lot of the farmland from Britain

If they joined Confederation, they would have only 5/200 seats in the House of Commons (rep by pop)

Why did PEI change their minds?Absentee Landlords – Farmers wanted to own land

PEI was deeply in debt because of the declining economy

Wooden ships built in PEI were no longer needed around the world, as steam engine and iron hull ships took their place

The biggest reason for PEI’s debt was the building of the island railwayCosts estimated at $4000 per km went to $14,000 per km

By 1873, railway construction stopped because of the debt and PEI decided to look into joining Confederation to get out of debt

Prince Edward Island Act (1873)July 1st, 1873, Prince Edward Island joined Canadian

Confederation as the seventh province

Confederation was not really a celebration in PEI because it was needed to get PEI out of debt

The Canadian government agreed to:Give PEI a $800,000 loan, which would be used to buy back

land from absentee landlordsCanada would pay all PEI railway debtProvide a $50 grant for every person living on the islandFerry and telegraph service would be provided to the island