TUBERCULOSIS

Sri Chusniati

TUBERCULOSIS

G : Mycobacterium

F : Mycobacteriaceae

O : Actinomycetales

Morphology & characteristics:

Slender, straight or slightly curved rod with rounded ends

Width from 0.2 – 0.5 um, length 1.5 – 4 umAcid-fastNon spore & non capsulatedNon motileObligate aerobe Intra cellularGram +

Growth Properties in media

Media: Not grow in general medium Grow In rich medium + albumin (Lowenstein Jensen)

Period incubation 4-6 weeks at temperature of 37o CColonies:

Dried, rough, convex color: white to yellow (M. tuberculosis)

wet, flat, smooth white in color (M. bovis)

In broth medium: grow spreading on the wall of the tube from the bottom to the top & form membrane in surface

Media for the growth of Mycobacterium:

- Lowenstein Jensen (glycerol)- Stonebrink (M. bovis)- Egg yolk Citrate- Potato Agar- Petragnani- Dubos Broth

colonies appear after 4 – 6 weeks

Characteristics in biochemistry tests

Mycobacterium bovis not form niacin & non reduce nitrate

This properties are contrariwise with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Resistances

Sun rise directly in + 8 oursPasteurize Suspension of cresol/phenol 5 %: 24 oursJodium tincture: 5 minutesResistant to 4% NaOH Resistant In rotten carcass & wet soil for 1-4 years

In dried feces of cattle bacteria are able to life in 150

days

Sensitive host cattle, poultry and human

M. bovis M. tbc tipe bovisM. avium M. tbc tipe aviumM. tuberculosis M. tbc tipe human

contagiouschroniczoonoses

The type of disease are acute & progressive to all organs

TUBERCULOSIS (BOVINE)Bovine tuberculosis

The causative agent is Mycobacterium bovisIt occurs worldwide, but M. bovis has been

almost eradicated from the cattle of several developed countries.

Reservoir & mode of transmissionCattle are the natural reservoir of infectionTransmission to humans is via consumption of

row milkThe organism poses a serious hazard to

laboratory workers

Incubation periodHumans four weeks to several yearsAnimal variable

Antigenic Structure

Consisted of Polysaccharide, protein & lipid

Clinical featuresCattle chronic disease - Weight loss

- Bronchopneumonia extensive destruction of lung tissue progressive respiratory distress

death.- Swelling of the retropharyngeal lymph node - Mastitis progressive indurations

Humans- The primary lesion - enlarged cervical limph nodes - Over many months, with fever, weight loss,

abdominal pain & tenderness, bone & joint lesions, meningitis with neurological sign.

Pathogenesis

via inhalation lung cough be swallowed gut intestine hematogen/lymphogen >< phagocyte cells multiply damage phagocyte cells form mass like cheese

The injured cell stimulate the body to form epitheloid cells (to localize bacteria so the bacteria are able to spread continuously) giant cell

At tubercle calcium are piled or heaped to be a thing like lime

In resistance animals Tubercle not develop just appear in the local area

named local tuberculosis (tbc lokal)

In sensitive animals

Tubercle become enlargement.

In bronchus tubercle become erupts during animal coughing bacteria enter GIT and continuously spread to entire body through lymphogen/ hematogen until reach wall of intestine, liver, spleen, lung, udder, uterus

general tuberculosis (tbc umum/milier)

When bacteria of M. tbc are found in milk, urine and sputum, the disease named tbc terbuka

Fowl

Avian tbc occur depend on environmental

sanitation Infection occur through oral and inhalation The process of tubercle formed in fowl

similar with the process in cattle Predilection organs : intestine, liver, spleen,

bone marrow. The disease unusual attack lung

Tuberculin Test Clinical features Pathology changes Lab examination

Diagnosis:

Tuberculin testGenerally intra dermal Methods: Shear the feather, measure the thickness of cowhide with

cutimeter injection tuberculin Observation after 72 hours.Result: Fever, Increasing of cowhide thickness > 60% + < 60% -

Pathology:Tubercle with variated size, one/joinedIf cut feels like cutting sand center of

cheese-like formTubercle esp. in lung, hepar, spleen, ren,

retropharyngeal lymph nodes, bronchiale lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes

Giant cell, epitheloid cell

Lab examination

Sample (sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pus) If organ + papain + NaOH 2-4% wait for 30’

centrifuge sediment + HCl 2N culture & incubation 37oC in 5-8 weeks

if 12 weeks not growing negative Followed by microscopic BTA animal-tested

Biologic Test :Colony centrifuged sediment + PZ

injected to 2 animal (sc/ip)Animal weak & bulge on injection areaAfter approximately 4 weeks 1 animal killed

PA/ negative After 8 weeks 1 animal killed PA/ PA/ tubercle in organs

Result of biologic test:

Fowl Guinea pig Rabbit

M. bovis - + +M. avium + - +M. tbc - + -

Differential Diagnosis

Cattle:Pleuro Pneumonia Contagiosa Bovis c/ Mycoplasma bovisAspirasi PneumoniaCorynebacterium pyogenesMalleus c/ Pseudomonas malleiJohne’s disease c/ M. paratbc

Fowl:NeoplasmaAspergllosis, MucormycosisPenyakit pernafasan causa lainPenyakit pencernakan causa lain

Testing material & shipping method

Sputum, pleural fluid, raw milk, organ fresh & cool, in transport media

organ in formalin 10% histopathology

Prevention & Controlling:

Animals: No Vaccination Sanitation disinfectant liquid cresol/phenol Isolation suspect animals New animal from tbc-free places Serious condition slaughtered

Good condition may be cut & look afterpart with tubercle must be thrown away

Fowl Good managementSanitation New animals from tbc-free area Reactors tuberculin + slaughtered Prevent domestic birds transmission

Treatment

Usually failed because :Cell wall of bacteria is thickBacteria can live by intracellular Drugs penetration is slowAnimals: Not attemptedHumans: antituberculous chemotherapy

Health aspect:Cattle

Local tbc : consume only the sterilized milk throw infected organ awaygeneral tbc /milliar:

slaughter & throw away