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-5,i.,$o63t"Eii . ,( RishtrrnrirD. ) ata66i. .ai ,eelC;"| ai5.!o ad'8:,r3-i: -cqo:eF oacc)l: 3goc?d)lc:aa .6coi coeqoiooitalcq;c)c,( l. cca: rDaaicD:it eai:oreiaer:g 4a9{coco6; ma8coa{naeaSord:rga3@l:a:si, ry"6;q,"ii oqr qr"56i$5; oia'e5,ud3:r0cg6: e1,oae1, eco;6: o3r:ai;i q,ogeaSolroqroor: e76qai :.Qa6'"?4,- 16c,6;6fl { oo3oo,5; ( Superlor ) .{5,4r"9, -co6:

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.,b,c.3orr6:tu6 65;-6,"i,rS'-iq:o66o36; co{o:co6: ( MoralBehavior ) r1a,cr159a,o6 rfi 5;"e",3"3i,".,a6a3.""-

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IImra tFFlr5;:5;J,.15r J,,irf,'--. -,uaa,a6o (rjr.;6r- l) cDt'S:r mcrr ,8ora; )(.j,.qsr-

'THEATTITTTDE oF nlniy sunomslr rowARDs rnutrr "ir absr.in from utteriDg fal5hood is om of thc Buddhist livc - fold DreDrs

which arc supposed to be valid as uoivErsal law. Orc can negativety refrain fromtiving frlsc stakmcnts while at rhe same time he or she may positively sp.atvrbar is lrue ( sacca:adi ), be trusrwonhy ( poccayika ), and he not L ;bodceive lhc world ( aviranvadalrc lokas.I as well.

Right spech ( samrhavaca ) fu apperciared as thc one of thc eighr . foldpr$.to liber6tiotr and contraily tyi0B ( ftusavada ), slandering ( dsu;avaca ),Drrsi spccch ( ptarusevrca ), ad yah lrlt ( $r|phppolapo ), arc rEgarded simmoral rctio$ ( slusala tao_m ) ir Buddh texts.Spech or st.rmnt catr b dividcj into eight pG3ibilhica:a follows; -- tl[e real llseful- tle red useful- tue real uselss- true real- unuue utr'eal- untnre unrcrl- untrue unreal

usefulusefirluslsss

usiess

swcct & pleEsnrtrot swd rrplesanr,swet & pleasantnot swcet ulplcasaswea & lLanrnol s*eel ullte4t6nls'rd & pleasanttrot swel uopleasanl

Of tho6e 8.kitrd! of spccctf oDly th .ffisr rwo ttc Lrd Br@u assens forlncy are true and usful. Ttoughr ii may b unphisan! he poclaims rrurh at

Propr timelikeputtirg one's fingerinlotbe throatofachildViowhcn ircausespaio in ordr to pull somerhiry sruded iD tn ehildb tlroatr

' It/f,A,IN THEORIFf AND BUDDHISM .

Buddhism s.ys that ! sl,arement is true wha! ir is in rccordancc with facrs( yathabhulan pajanad ), Orhrwisc ir is not rue. Ir mcans iD Buddhisn rhere i6rresFndrrc lheory which holds lhat correspondence with facl is true.

And th Buddha points out in the discuisiq with Saccaka that his( Sacaakab)lalr statemctrt is trot i! cotrsisrnc wilh the fonnr onc. A stalement without 'cohcrdce is aegardd as fales The masEr even whet| hc was a Bodhisa(va spokeotrly truth 6nd fulfilled his promise a( any cost, even at the rxpens ofhis life.

' Hc aars as he spcaks, ad hE sFrl{.s as he ers ( yathakad tathavadi,yathavadi lrlhrlad ). Whih conrpondcnct with frcls is necssary lo arive at.trutL Thcrc must also bc.consistency tretwen theory and praclice thoughBuddhism does nor approvc lhes iwo th@riesas criteria of truth.

Accordi ng lo the Alag.ddrpana Sutta ofMa.ijima Nitaya lhc Buddha hasgiven an exrmple ofa nft to his le-hing, For a |r|an who wishes to Bet to lheotherbenk of the dver must bc rcady b discard his rafl without carrying it on hisshouldr after otbr bank has ben reached. Likewis his teachings are forunde$tanditrg the wgrld and overconing iq noll.traspio& once reaiizd theDhamma shqrld b giver up, not to sFak of what is not Dhamma. HereF gmatical method as chFnsized whcn hc saF thal h is doclrine is for Praclice,not for theory.

h should bc DoEd here rhar the Fagmrtism is not itl the Theological strsces undrslood itr the wdt for the quality of lhe doc-lrine of the Buddha is foutrdin lh issue that of: ( ptccattam veditabbo vinnuhi ) ( wis men are asked lopractise and knoqiit pnonally ).

And the Bualdha's statemetrl.s are meanirgful ( ehipdsiak ). The slogans' K.aram Buddhassa sasanam, lisso viija anupatlr ' c!c. Proclained by libcratdelde6 ( thcFs ) hav provd tl|a! they have verilied ihc doctrine of the Bsddhnand gained the libelatioll

Bsid6 tbe Buddha avbiditwo xlrmes, that of snsula indulgc[cE ands.ll monificalior or Brmalism and Matrialisn or niddle way ( ma.ijhimaparipada ), making it as imporranl characlristic of his kaclings. Buddhismtho.efore approves the pragmalism and verific.llion as criteria of lrulh. TheBuddhist system in arriving at trudl is assrtd rr lhe from of four nobl lrulhs( Canrri.triyericcani ).,r,dS:-

6a Tutoridl essay 33'Gep 1991)

Buddhist Phrlosophv qSro?iia8' MA)

Thaton (Sathirrn in Mon lan-Suege) is an ancient. capital ofMon Kingdom (Ramanndesa)the presenl lowr part oIMyannbr. Thrron s.'c;dd rohave flourished as a Don b-ween sth Bc-llth AD, ril theconquer of it by KingAnar.rratha of Pagan.

It wns also known .as.Sudhamr4.avati and

Suvannabhumi- Tire latter nameis lathe. controversill as to itsaudEnticiw becau-er Si m andSulna ua of-lndonesia have beeneadt claimcd to be iddtifiedwiih this rulme. My aitn here,hottever, b not tO untie thisknot but introduce Thaton iothe readcF ofsri t tka.

gl\rmrrE|urOLD CITY.

Thalon was identifid wiqrGolhmattika or Taikkbla whkhis now sitrr;ted nearA,etth;rna vi age at the footof Kelasa.hilb .bout 1) hilrsaway t|orth gf tlli nex' city.

Of some archaological find-ings, h,vo rampads in rcctangu-larsh.iF rad dle

'lnlah6 of rh

asl and west (about ZZ)0 f(Ytlong ) and the north and soulhiruer walls are significturt

TIE rnoat li6 hctwen twowalls thatale L{ed with laieritesto$s. The palace 6iE in 0lecentB is .Easurd l,(f,o teetfrom north to south .nd t lSteast !o weaa.

.Son!. nartsble rfuitiyir built

78

entirely of hewr lat db witldelp ait5gh rtcheabilievedb h.v.beeo bqilt wbrlhacilvwar rr irshighelt Edtldhd ft --todal

'

tl ''

t'

Acrotding : to (i:gKyanzitdrr'sMm hs.riFEE -one ol thctrl'trt.! Kydldinpagodi ind was tet'rirc{t' byhim h th tlth ccntuy.

Anothr. duitiya built b en-.,,,hritr$. IES ttlboa tL Bd-'dli w.r renovat { bt l6ntDhaluruzeti oa lbru.v.d lnthr 15th .et$rrt. A tew tli6 rf|at itt*rr"e,atakastoriet terd.otr phqulstiearhg bas-rdiefs, dlbB ofred.diih sandstonaa walls (at thepr6.nt Zothqk viUege), scdP,tured walls ofplinth (atTrzaungcn itiya), va.ious storc statues

' atrd scuhtur!, includlng olatot th guddh!. Anand.,Bralrrrra, Virhnu and Shiva wcreeho dis.overd

One of Ore mort (lldrrtedch.itiy. in thc r8ion & theKy.ittiyo, th hrno|re goHen

--

borrld.r p.toda, otr the sumrnitof Mt'Kytiltiyo, t,617 fet.bow sa lcvel tt is iust lE fcet

. Lrigh(h.idll el6tqll r !!g1

boulder whif$ resb prec.ri-ously on . projcting tibubrro.k whi(h ibseu is 5rDntrdtcvtt l fuet tlom 0t m;untiinbyr ta.pchairL Itisbelivd lohrlr bn buitt dunnE ft tidrc.of dle Euddha. The enshlinedbftr.lrcls..id to b obtahedby.l|.nnit who heasuled it inhir hiiFknot befor he found abou.l&l recmbling his held onwhich h could build f ch.itiy!lD{thlhdn t! slEd Elic.

T}TETIIATONCHRONICLE

It is in Mon (Ran6n u) t n-guage and cont2ins also bg-Ed!. It ie s.id tl|at the Euddl|e.rquesled by Arah.ntG.vampati, uscd tovisit ttrcsite

.

and prTdkd that a city wouldbd fottddd there. The lene.aSah tumed out b bc in hisprevio{sbirth a brother ofKingShth'Iria, th. founder of Otecity,h tll.chrcnicle.Thd|rgi-cle alto r

,FREEDOM OF TIIOUGM HAS BEEN E}IVISAGED BYTIIE BUDDIIA ItrMSELF"

Accordi n8 io th SanSarava Sut|a of ft Majjima Nikaya a bctifc wirhourclear understanding having only rradilion and logic as iis corncr srone wasdiscouraged by rhe Buddha.

It was rhe one atrd otly great evnr ever had ir the hislory ofmrnlin.l. thc.ddrass of lhe lord buddha to rhe inhabi!.nls of a sma towo;altcd Kesnpuhwho wer lnpwn as tatamas while bcing overvhelmed by dubds on variousdoctrines preached by Srahanas wfien ttey visiled their town.

The Buddhat advice.io Oese k;tamns is to be found in lhb tatana Sulhof lhe Angutbn Nitaya which corlains fic fo[owilg sraremenrr; -(l) do not be led by revetarioft ( Ma dnu\s.vena )(2) do not be led by uaditiotr ( Ma parJmpnny. )(3) do not b td by heaEay ( Ma ititiraya )(4) do i."r be ted by scriplul6 ( Ma pitakasanpodarna )(5) do nor be led by mere logic ( Mr rJkk{heru)(6) do rcl bi ted by sbtrdpoiors ( Ma nayahelo ) , ,!(7) do not b ted by reasosft*ith inaoequ.re

knowledge ( Ma akaraparivihktJ ,(8) do not be led by th delighr in rh opinions rhar _have been pondered over ( Ma datlhioijjhanatthanri )(9t do nol be led by seeming abjlirics ( Ma bhcbbruparaya )

. (10) do not be led by rh narion thnt rir'c rF*cr is one,s

ieacher ( M, samam no grru )

In the coqrse th Master, oul of groat coDpjssiQA, admonish.d OescFopl not !o acc.A a viw mcrcly based on revti io; and lo8ic. Oulof rheabove l0pornrs N6, 1,2,3,4,9 and l0 rfel b rhe Vedic terrs or tradirions whichwerc accolating !o Erahmins rveated by Brahm3 himselt ( Te anussavmditthadhemnabhiooa vGaraparamrpa(q adibra hamacariyam padj;hantiseyysthapi Brahsmana Evijia )( Sangarava Suua ). The resLdenorc io rhi mcrclogic and reasoning prcvalcnr ar rhat timc.F. to

a'14

Revelation wh ich came dow 0 fromsenelalioo otgenelation maybe righlor wrong ( Sussularn Yalhai Suicuran annalha ) lr should oot b' rgarded asa euide ir seekinB after truth.ln $e samc way a mele logic also which may bco-rr".t or incori""t could lot b laken as-ctiterion fot lhe kulh 6eekersl S,r tattiitam y artra; sura .kkitam ;nratha) Some Srrman+s on lhe gtound of;ere logic rejeded all lhe extra - sensoty PlccPlions g lddhividha'jhanaelc'

Thc Buddha lherefore wenl funher to advise the kalamas " Oh kalarnas'

wheo you by yoorselvs know lhal cetrain things are had blamcwonhy

".*"ri uv ilJ*,*. *ae aken andotEerved thcs lhrngs lead to harm and

iri rhen ei"e dt.m up ......... ... And when you buy vourslves know tftatce.tuin th-iogs ar" gooi, not blame wonhy' Plaised by wis men undenaken andoh6erved ticse lbiings lead to bnefiE 6nd halPincss, lhen'accfl lhem andfollow them "

for realizztion ol lru|n. .A wctl - known and dch man by lhe nalneofUPtli wbocamewith the hope

ro a.r"rr d,. S;ddba in atr argumerit on rlc theorv of kamnia ar the.c'd of the

corw"rsation Lo"* Our tfre v;w ot the Buddha wa{ighl 'nd

firt of his ma:ier'ilJr"ii", *^ *-"g,

""4 utged the Bud4ha to acccpt hin as a lav disciPle Th

J,ffrru "it"a

r'1. ,ii"*niirtuer his decision saying " caietullv considringI6a f-

"

*" - r;o*n man likc vou " ( Ijpali suna' Majjims Nikava )

The lnaster who realized the truih and gained eolightenment throtrgh

anaivtical reasoning and pr3clic always ncoulaged peoPl lo examineeven lne

Tarlr eara himslfaod what he laughl ( vimansaka Sulta' Majjrna l.rrraya I-He

claln.O rtrar le isoqe ofthose wto obtaincd the LjllimsG klowlcdgelhro{gh prsonal exPerinence'l Sangarava Suna, Majjima Nikaya )'

We sr. lhelefore totbing but riSht to say lhai freedom of ihorglx whicfr isof petsoltl vcrification has been enviseged tv rh l"O

""*" n'lill;.

,r,1 (ai'Sa Tltonal esy 8313: Butldhist?hilosoPhv q5;qJ6;

79

THE PRESENT.

CITYI w.r esbbliCrd .bdirt g)

llihr south of th. old citY.ltc|nb. .erdt d by car o. E in t oErR nsL Evn bdiyThabn bf aoinfc guaaf ,ittraane..t aVF65s. rn ditnlidl Pdc!.a

Th.r. .Ie .t t alt $odl b|rnlo.lrri.swift tboi ov*{fitEuddhilt n|onb studYing ttdpBaticing rmdibtion An .x'|mirutiqr d5i8nad to enaonr+p dc .tudY oI ton\t duoughP.li C.rut Co|nr nli. |!rd$rc.dlE .ntri. bttld YldYmd oFrd to.n who Par..dth. Uiivtsity .nrtan . Lv.lJthkr s.n Ye.G to (omPltsrnd I tittlc ot "PitrlalhY.Frru' b 8ivn io ttia. wtb(o[nphLd

.,, '- 2.,. -

tHA_rorl jvvaxna

-/eHar'I1./ |>aq,o,6r;.1'

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