Trumpet 1

Trumpet

Trumpet

B♭ trumpetBrass instrument

Classification Brass

•• Wind•• Brass•• Aerophone

Hornbostel–Sachs classification 423.233(Valved aerophone sounded by lip movement)

Playing range

Written range:

Related instruments

Flugelhorn, cornet, bugle, natural trumpet, bass trumpet, post horn, Roman tuba, bucina, shofar, conch, lur, didgeridoo, piccolo trumpet, baritonehorn, pocket trumpet

Musicalinstruments

Woodwinds

Brass instruments

•• Soprano cornet•• Cornet•• Trumpet•• Horn•• Trombone•• Baritone•• Euphonium•• Tuba

Percussion

String instruments

Keyboards

Trumpet 2

The trumpet is the musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family. Trumpets are among the oldestmusical instruments,[1] dating back to at least 1500 BC. They are played by blowing air through closed lips,producing a "buzzing" sound which starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Sincethe late 15th century they have been constructed of brass tubing, usually bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.There are several types of trumpet; the most common is a transposing instrument pitched in B♭ with a tubing lengthof about 148 cm. Earlier trumpets did not have valves, but modern instruments generally have either three pistonvalves or, more rarely, three rotary valves. Each valve increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby loweringthe pitch.A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter.

History

Ceramic trumpet. 300 AD Larco MuseumCollection Lima, Peru.

The earliest trumpets date back to 1500 BC and earlier. The bronze andsilver trumpets from Tutankhamun's grave in Egypt, bronze lurs fromScandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.[2]

Trumpets from the Oxus civilization (3rd millennium BC) of CentralAsia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of onesheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder.[3] The Mochepeople of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to 300AD.[4] The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used formilitary or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;[5]

and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition.

In medieval times, trumpet playing was a guarded craft, its instructionoccurring only within highly selective guilds. The trumpet playerswere often among the most heavily guarded members of a troop, asthey were relied upon to relay instructions to other sections of the

army.

Trumpet player c.1660-1665

Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late MiddleAges and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as amusical instrument. The natural trumpets of this era consisted of a singlecoiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of asingle overtone series. Changing keys required the player to swap out thecrooks of the instrument. The development of the upper, "clarino" registerby specialist trumpeters—notably Cesare Bendinelli—would lend itselfwell to the Baroque era, also known as the "Golden Age of the naturaltrumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuosotrumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpetplaying is again a thriving art around the world. Most successful playersnowadays use a version of the natural trumpet dubbed the baroque trumpetwhich is fitted with one or more vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tunenotes in the harmonic series. The melody-dominated homophony of theclassical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role bymost major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet.Berlioz wrote in 1844:

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Reproduction Baroque trumpet by Michael Laird

Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished natureof its quality of tone, there are few instruments that havebeen more degraded (than the trumpet). Down toBeethoven and Weber, every composer - not exceptingMozart - persisted in confining it to the unworthy functionof filling up, or in causing it to sound two or threecommonplace rhythmical formulae.[6]

The attempt to give the trumpet more chromatic freedom in its range saw the development of the keyed trumpet, butthis was a largely unsuccessful venture due to the poor quality of its sound.Although the impetus for a tubular valve began as early as 1793, it was not until 1818 that Friedrich Bluhmel andHeinrich Stölzel made a joint patent application for the box valve as manufactured by W. Schuster. The symphoniesof Mozart, Beethoven, and as late as Brahms, were still played on natural trumpets. Crooks and shanks (removabletubing of various lengths) as opposed to keys or valves were standard, notably in France, into the first part of the20th century. As a consequence of this late development of the instrument's chromatic ability, the repertoire for theinstrument is relatively small compared to other instruments. The 20th century saw an explosion in the amount andvariety of music written for the trumpet.

Construction

Trumpet valve bypass (depressed)

The trumpet is constructed of brass tubing bent twice into a roundedoblong shape.[7] The trumpet and trombone share a roughly cylindricalbore which results in a bright, loud sound. The bore is actually acomplex series of tapers, smaller at the mouthpiece receiver and largerjust before the flare of the bell begins; careful design of these tapers iscritical to the intonation of the instrument. By comparison, the cornetand flugelhorn have conical bores and produce a more mellow tone.Bore sizes generally range from 0.430 to 0.472 inches and are usuallylisted as medium, medium large and large from various manufactuers.

As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing airthrough closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the mouthpieceand starting a standing wave vibration in the air column inside thetrumpet. The player can select the pitch from a range of overtones orharmonics by changing the lip aperture and tension (known as theembouchure). The mouthpiece has a circular rim which provides acomfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rimis the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (theback bore or shank) which tapers out slightly to match the diameter ofthe trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the timbre or quality of sound, theease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre.

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B♭ trumpet disassembled

Modern trumpets have three (or infrequently four) piston valves, eachof which increases the length of tubing when engaged, therebylowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by awhole step (2 semitones), the second valve by a half step (1 semitone),and the third valve by one-and-a-half steps (3 semitones). When afourth valve is present, as with some piccolo trumpets, it lowers thepitch a perfect fourth (5 semitones). Used singly and in combinationthese valves make the instrument fully chromatic, i.e., able to play alltwelve pitches of classical music. For more information about thedifferent types of valves, see Brass instrument valves.

The pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers thepitch; pushing the slide in raises it. To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slide, RenoldSchilke designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the useof a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so,thereby improving intonation and overall response.[8]

A trumpet becomes a closed tube when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturallyproduces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell is what allows the missing overtones tobe heard.[9] Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms built in tocompensate.

Types of trumpetsThe most common type is the B♭ trumpet, but low F, C, D, E♭, E, G and A trumpets are also available. The Ctrumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B♭ trumpet. Its slightlysmaller size gives it a brighter, more lively sound. Because music written for early trumpets required the use of adifferent trumpet for each key — they did not have valves and therefore were not chromatic — and also because aplayer may choose to play a particular passage on a different trumpet from the one indicated on the written music,orchestra trumpet players are generally adept at transposing music at sight, sometimes playing music written for theB♭ trumpet on the C trumpet, and vice versa.

Piccolo trumpet in B♭, with swappable leadpipesto tune the instrument to B♭ (shorter) or A

(longer)

The standard trumpet range extends from the written F♯ immediatelybelow Middle C up to about three octaves higher. Traditional trumpetrepertoire rarely calls for notes beyond this range, and the fingeringtables of most method books peak at the high C, two octaves abovemiddle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiencyin the extreme high register, among them Maynard Ferguson, CatAnderson, Dizzy Gillespie and more recently Wayne Bergeron. It isalso possible to produce pedal tones below the low F♯, which is adevice commonly employed in contemporary repertoire for theinstrument.

The smallest trumpets are referred to as piccolo trumpets. The mostcommon of these are built to play in both B♭ and A, with separate

leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B♭ piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B♭ trumpet.Piccolo trumpets in G, F and C are also manufactured, but are rarer. Many players use a smaller mouthpiece on thepiccolo trumpet, which requires a different sound production technique from the B♭ trumpet and can limit endurance.

Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of the usual three — the fourth valve lowers the pitch, usually by a fourth, to assist in the playing of lower notes and to create alternate fingerings that facilitate certain trills.

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Maurice André, Håkan Hardenberger, David Mason, and Wynton Marsalis are some well-known piccolo trumpetplayers.

Trumpet in C with rotary valves

Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, orsoprano bugles, after their adaptation from military bugles. Traditionallyused in drum and bugle corps, sopranos have featured both rotary valvesand piston valves.

The bass trumpet is usually played by a trombone player, being at thesame pitch. Bass trumpet is played with a shallower trombonemouthpiece, and music for it is written in treble clef. The most commonkeys for bass trumpets are C and B♭ . Both C and B♭ bass trumpets aretransposing instruments sounding an octave (C) or a major ninth (B♭ )lower than written.

The modern slide trumpet is a B♭ trumpet that has a slide instead ofvalves. It is similar to a soprano trombone. The first slide trumpetsemerged during the Renaissance, predating the modern trombone, andare the first attempts to increase chromaticism on the instrument. Slidetrumpets were the first trumpets allowed in the Christian church.[10]

The historical slide trumpet was probably first developed in the late 14thcentury for use in alta capella wind bands. Deriving from early straighttrumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpetwith a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was rather awkward, as theentire corpus of the instrument moved, and the range of the slide wasprobably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched inD, to fit with shawms in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standardnear A=466 Hz. As no instruments from this period are known tosurvive, the details – and even the existence – of a Renaissance slidetrumpet is a matter of some conjecture, and there continues to be some debate among scholars.[11]

Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.[12]

The pocket trumpet is a compact B♭ trumpet. The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet and the tubing ismore tightly wound to reduce the instrument size without reducing the total tube length. Its design is notstandardized, and the quality of various models varies greatly. It can have a tone quality and projection unique in thetrumpet world: a warm sound and a voice-like articulation. Unfortunately, since many pocket trumpet models sufferfrom poor design as well as cheap and sloppy manufacturing, the intonation, tone color and dynamic range of suchinstruments are severely hindered. Professional-standard instruments are, however, available. While they are not asubstitute for the full-sized instrument, they can be useful in certain contexts. The jazz musician Don Cherry wasrenowned for his playing of the pocket instrument.There are also rotary-valve, or German, trumpets, as well as alto and Baroque trumpets.The trumpet is often confused with its close relative the cornet, which has a more conical tubing shape compared tothe trumpet's more cylindrical tube. This, along with additional bends in the cornet's tubing, gives the cornet aslightly mellower tone, but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical. They have the same length of tubing and,therefore, the same pitch, so music written for cornet and trumpet is interchangeable. Another relative, theflugelhorn, has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet, and an even richer tone. It is sometimesaugmented with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes.

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Playing

FingeringOn any modern trumpet, cornet, or flugelhorn, pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below will produce thewritten notes shown - "OPEN" means all valves up, "1" means first valve, "1-2" means first and second valvesimultaneously and so on. The concert pitch which sounds depends on the transposition of the instrument. Engagingthe fourth valve, if present, drops any of these pitches by a perfect fourth as well. Within each overtone series, thedifferent pitches are attained by changing the embouchure, or lip-aperture size and "firmness". Standard fingeringsabove high C are the same as for the notes an octave below (C♯ is 1-2, D is 1, etc.)

A step = a tone; a half step = a semitone

Each overtone series on the trumpetbegins with the first overtone - thefundamental of each overtone seriescan not be produced except as a pedaltone. Notes in parentheses are the sixthovertone, representing a pitch with afrequency of seven times that of thefundamental; while this pitch is close

to the note shown, it is slightly flat relative to equal temperament, and use of those fingerings is generally avoided.

The fingering schema arises from the length of each valve's tubing (a longer tube produces a lower pitch). Valve "1"increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step, valve "2" by one half step, and valve "3" byone and a half steps. This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingeringsfor certain notes. For example, third-space "C" can be produced with no valves engaged (standard fingering) or withvalves 2-3. Also, any note produced with 1-2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 - each dropsthe pitch by 1-1/2 steps. Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages, or to aid inintonation. Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1-3 or 1-2-3 further lowers the pitch slightly toimprove intonation.

Extended techniqueContemporary music for the trumpet makes wide uses of extended trumpet techniques.Flutter tonguing: The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue to produce a 'growling like' tone. It is achieved as if onewere rolling an R in the Spanish language. This technique is widely employed by composers like Berio andStockhausen.Growling: Simultaneously humming while playing a note creates two sets of vibrations which interfere with eachother and create a characteristic 'growling' sound. Utilized by many jazz players, not to be confused with fluttertonguing, where the tongue is 100% responsible for creating the sound desired.Double tonguing: The player articulates using the syllables ta-ka ta-ka ta-kaTriple tonguing: The same as double tonguing, but with the syllables ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka ta-ta-ka.Doodle tongue: The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word doodle. This is a very faint tonguing similar in sound toa valve tremolo.Glissando: Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valve halfway or changing the lip tension. Modernrepertoire makes extensive use of this technique.Vibrato: It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation. Composers can call foreverything from fast, slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato.

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Pedal tone: Composers have written for two and a half octaves below the low F#, which is at the bottom of thestandard range. Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece. Claude Gordonassigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines, that were an systematic expansion on his lessons withHerbert L. Clarke. The technique was pioneered by Bohumir Kryl.[13]

Microtones: Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet's ability to playmicrotonally. Some instruments are adapted with a 4th valve which allows for a quarter-tone step between each note.Mute belt: Karlheinz Stockhausen pioneered the use of a mute belt, worn around the player's waist, to enable rapidmute changes during pieces. The belt allows the performer to make faster and quieter mute changes, as well asenabling the performer to move around the stage.Valve tremolo: Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations. By alternatingbetween valve combinations on the same note, a tremolo effect can be created. Berio makes extended use of thistechnique in his Sequenza X.

Noises: By hissing, clicking, or breathing through the instrument, the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways thatdo not sound at all like a trumpet. Noises sound a 1/2 step higher than they are notated, and often requireamplification to be heard.Preparation: Composers have called for the trumpet to be played under water, or with certain slides removed. It isincreasingly common for all sorts of preparations to be requested of a trumpeter. Extreme preparations involvealternate constructions, such as double bells and extra valves.Singing: Composers such as Robert Erickson and Mark-Anthony Turnage have called for trumpeters to sing duringthe course of a piece, often while playing. It is possible to create a multiphonic effect by singing and playingdifferent notes simultaneously.Split tone: Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds.The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth.Lip Trill or Shake: By rapidly varying lip tension, but not changing the depressed valves, the pitch varies quicklybetween adjacent harmonics. These are usually done, and are more straightforward to execute, in the upper register.

Instruction and method booksOne trumpet method publication of long-standing popularity is Jean-Baptiste Arban's Complete ConservatoryMethod for Trumpet (Cornet).[14] Other well-known method books include Technical Studies by Herbert L.Clarke,[15] Grand Method by Louis Saint-Jacome,Daily Drills and Technical Studies by Max Schlossberg, andmethods by Ernest S. Williams, Claude Gordon, Charles Colin, James Stamp and Louis Davidson.[16] VassilyBrandt's Orchestral Etudes and Last Etudes[17] is used in many college and conservatory trumpet studios, containingdrills on permutations of standard orchestral trumpet repertoire, transpositions, and other advanced material. Acommon method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler's Method for the Cornet, and there have been severalinstruction books written by virtuoso Allen Vizzutti.

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Players

Jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong in 1953

In early jazz, Louis Armstrong was well known for his virtuosity andhis improvisations on the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings. MilesDavis is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis'phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models forgenerations of jazz musicians.[18] Dizzy Gillespie was a giftedimproviser with an extremely high range, building on the style of RoyEldridge but adding new layers of harmonic complexity. Gillespie hadan enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both bythe example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians.Maynard Ferguson came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton'sorchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably highregister.[19]

Jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie in 1988

Notable classical trumpeters include Maurice André, ArmandoGhitalla, Alison Balsom, Hakan Hardenberger, Tine Thing Helseth,Adolph "Bud" Herseth, Malcolm McNab, Rafael Méndez, MauriceMurphy, Sergei Nakariakov, Charles Schlueter, Philip Smith, WilliamVacchiano, Allen Vizzutti, and Roger Voisin

Notable jazz trumpet players include Nat Adderley, Bud Brisbois, ChetBaker, Clifford Brown, Donald Byrd, Doc Cheatham, Don Cherry,Kenny Dorham, Dave Douglas, Ziggy Elman, Jon Faddis, MaynardFerguson, Roy Hargrove, Tom Harrell, Erskine Hawkins, FreddieHubbard, Roger Ingram, Harry James, Wynton Marsalis, BlueMitchell, Lee Morgan, Fats Navarro, Nicholas Payton, Claudio Roditi,Wallace Roney, Arturo Sandoval, Bobby Shew, Doc Severinsen,Woody Shaw, Clark Terry, Allen Vizzutti, Miles Davis, Cootie

Williams, and Snooky Young.

Notable natural trumpet players include Valentine Snow for whom Handel wrote several pieces and Gottfried Reichewho was Bach's chief trumpeter.The American orchestral trumpet sound is largely attributable to Adolph "Bud" Herseth's 53-year tenure with theChicago Symphony Orchestra. Though he was not as prolific a teacher as some of his peers, his widely recordedsound became the standard for American orchestras.

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Musical pieces

SolosThe repertoire for the natural trumpet and cornetto is extensive. This music is commonly played on modern piccolotrumpets, although there are many highly proficient performers of the original instruments. This vast body ofrepertoire includes the music of Gabrieli, Monteverdi, Bach, Vivaldi and countless other composers. Because theovertone series doesn't allow stepwise movement until the upper register, the tessitura for this repertoire is very high.Joseph Haydn's Trumpet Concerto was one of the first for a chromatic trumpet,[20] a fact shown off by somestepwise melodies played low in the instrument's range. Johann Hummel wrote the other great Trumpet Concerto ofthe Classical period, and these two pieces are the cornerstone of the instrument's repertoire. Written as they were inthe infancy of the chromatic trumpet, they reflect only a minor advancement of the trumpet's musical language, withthe Hummel's being the more adventurous piece by far.In 1827, François Dauverné became the first musician to use the new F three-valved trumpet in public performance.In the 20th century, trumpet repertoire expanded rapidly as composers embraced the almost completely untappedpotential of the modern trumpet.

References

Notes[1] "History of the Trumpet" (http:/ / www. petrouska. com/ historyofthetrumpet. htm). petrouska.com. . Retrieved 2008-05-03.[2] Edward Tarr, The Trumpet (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20-30.[3] "Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," Musée du Louvre (http:/ / www. louvre. fr/ llv/ oeuvres/ detail_notice.

jsp?CONTENT<>cnt_id=10134198673225306& CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE<>cnt_id=10134198673225306&FOLDER<>folder_id=9852723696500803& bmUID=1164415855346& bmLocale=en)

[4] Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York:Thames and Hudson, 1997.

[5] "Chicago Symphony Orchestra - Glossary - Brass instruments" (http:/ / www. cso. org/ main. taf?p=1,1,4,3). cso.org. . Retrieved 2008-05-03.[6] Berlioz, Hector (1844). Treatise on modern Instrumentation and Orchestration. Edwin F. Kalmus, NY, 1948.[7] "Trumpet, Brass Instrument" (http:/ / www. dsokids. com/ 2001/ dso. asp?PageID=162). dsokids.com. . Retrieved 2008-05-03.[8] Dr. Colin Bloch (August 1978). "The Bell-Tuned Trumpet" (http:/ / www. dallasmusic. org/ schilke/ Tunable Bell Trumpets. html). .

Retrieved 25 February 2010.[9] D. J. Blaikley, "How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn", The Musical Times, January 1, 1910, p. 15.[10][10] Tarr[11] "IngentaConnect More about Renaissance slide trumpets: fact or fiction?" (http:/ / www. ingentaconnect. com/ content/ oup/ earlyj/ 2004/

00000032/ 00000002/ art00252). ingentaconnect.com. . Retrieved 2008-05-03.[12] JSTOR: Notes, Second Series, Vol. 54, No. 2, (1997 ), pp. 484-485. JSTOR 899543.[13] Joseph Wheeler, "Review: Edward H. Tarr, Die Trompete" The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 31, May, 1978, p. 167.[14] Arban, Jean-Baptiste (1894, 1936, 1982). Arban's Complete Conservatory Method for trumpet. Carl Fischer, Inc. ISBN 0-8258-0385-3.[15] Herbert L. Clarke (1984). Technical Studies for the Cornet,C. Carl Fischer, Inc. ISBN 0-8258-0158-3.[16] Colin, Charles and Advanced Lip Flexibilities.[17] Vassily Brandt Orchestral Etudes and Last Etudes. ISBN 0-7692-9779-X.[18] "Miles Davis, Trumpeter, Dies; Jazz Genius, 65, Defined Cool" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/ bday/ 0525.

html). nytimes.com. . Retrieved 2008-05-03.[19] "Ferguson, Maynard" (http:/ / www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/ index. cfm?PgNm=TCE& Params=U1ARTU0001188). Encyclopedia

of Music in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. . Retrieved 2008-01-02.[20] Keith Anderson, liner notes for Naxos CD 8.550243, Famous Trumpet Concertos, "Haydn's concerto, written for Weidinger in 1796, must

have startled contemporary audiences by its novelty. At the first performance of the new concerto in Vienna in 1800 a trumpet melody washeard in a lower register than had hitherto been practicable."

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Bibliography• Barclay, Robert. The Art of the Trumpet-Maker: The Materials, Tools and Techniques of the Seventeenth and

Eighteenth Centuries in Nuremberg , Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0198162235• Bate, Philip. The Trumpet and Trombone: An Outline of Their History, Development, and Construction, Ernest

Benn, 1978, ISBN 0393021297• Brownlow, James Arthur. The Last Trumpet: A History of the English Slide Trumpet, Pendragon Press, 1996,

ISBN 0945193815• Campos, Frank Gabriel. Trumpet Technique, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0195166922• Cassone, Gabriele. The Trumpet Book, pages 352+CD, illustrated, Zecchini Editore, 2009, ISBN 8887203806• Sherman, Roger. Trumpeter's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Playing and Teaching the Trumpet, Accura

Music, 1979, ISBN 0918194024• Skardinski, Stan. You Can't Be Timid With a Trumpet: Notes from the Orchestra, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books,

1980, ISBN 0688419631• Smithers, Don L. The Music and History of the Baroque Trumpet Before 1721, Syracuse University Press, 1973,

ISBN 0815621574.

External links• International Trumpet Guild (http:/ / www. trumpetguild. org), international trumpet players' association with

online library of scholarly journal back issues, news, jobs and other trumpet resources.• Trumpet Playing Articles (https:/ / www. purtle. com/ jeff-articles) by Jeff Purtle, protege of Claude Gordon• Jay Lichtmann's trumpet studies (http:/ / uhaweb. hartford. edu/ lichtmann/ tptstudies. html) Scales and technical

trumpet studies.• Dallas Music (http:/ / www. dallasmusic. org/ gearhead) — a non-profit musical instrument resource site• A trumpet fingering chart (http:/ / www. lyricbrass. com/ spang/ fctrumpet. pdf)PDF (43.2 KiB)

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsTrumpet  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=481707983  Contributors: 14tjoyce, 151.24.189.xxx, 199.89.234.xxx, 2D, 30daysinAK, 78.26, A-izzle, A412, ABF, AL2TB,ARUNKUMAR P.R, Abrech, Abu-Fool Danyal ibn Amir al-Makhiri, Academic Challenger, Acarter27, Achowat, Acsenray, Acuzzort, Adam Arredondo, Adam Bishop, Adambro, Addshore,Adelsmettawa, AdrianHorn, Agent Smith (The Matrix), Aggieman07, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Ajdecon, AkSahota312, Alan Rockefeller, Alansohn, Aldaron, Alegoo92, Aleksg8, Alksub,Altermoor, Amillar, Amped, Anaxial, Andonic, AndreNatas, Andrew.S.Xer, Andrewa, Andrewrodman, Andy M. Wang, Aniten21, Ann Stouter, Anniebug2, Anonymous12348, Anothersockpuppet of Outoftuneviolin, Antandrus, Antdos, Antediluvianreptile, Antonio Lopez, Aquarius Rising, Archer3, ArielGold, Arthena, ArthurRied, Astral, Atif.t2, Atlant, Atollervey, Autiger,Avicennasis, Avoided, Avono, Axeman89, B-radweb20, Backslash Forwardslash, Badagnani, BanyanTree, BarretB, Bassbonerocks, Battoe19, Bbbdddbbbddd, Bdesham, Bdiscoe, Bearly541,Belasted, Ben Tibbetts, Bencherlite, Bentleybsb, Bentogoa, Bentonius, Bfigura's puppy, BigRedTrumpets, Bigboy369, Biggyjiggywiggy, Bill Thayer, BjKa, Bjankuloski06en, BlackAce48,Blacktrumpetman, Blathnaid, Blehfu, Blizzard youkai, Bob Burkhardt, Bobo192, Bonadea, Boringone, Bpell, Brokecthing, Bsadowski1, Bubba73, Bucketsofg, Buga, Bunnymochi, Burgulization,BurningZeppelin, Buzybeez, Bwoodard7, Bwyard, C.lettinga, CMG, Cacycle, Caltas, Camembert, CanadianLinuxUser, Canthusus, CapitalR, CardinalDan, Catgut, Cb6, Cbrodersen, Cclark3,Celarnor, Chairman S., Charleca, Chickenflicker, Chiklit, Chinasaur, Chrisbs, Chriseather321, Chun-hian, CimanyD, Cje, Cjh013, Clarinetlover, Clarino tromba, Claygate, Closedmouth,Coasterlover1994, Cocytus, Codelover.lover, Coleridgem, Colorfulharp233, Commander, ConCompS, ConMan, Connel MacKenzie, Connor.gm, Conversion script, Coolmtnbiker048, Cornetist,Corpx, Courcelles, Craig Stuntz, Cranberry5553, Crazycomputers, Cremepuff222, Cruftbane, Cspivey11210, Cyan, Cyber Bakers, DMacks, DVdm, DabMachine, Dadude3320, Daerg, Dalahäst,Dalstadt, DanielDeibler, Danny, Daquinman, Darth Panda, Darthgriz98, Daveterran, DavidRF, Dawnseeker2000, Dbeardsl, Dbolton, De728631, Deadsugar, Deathslaad, Deb, Debanjanghosh,Denisarona, Deor, DerHexer, Detritus, Dffgd, Dflam, Dfrankow, Diannaa, Diebel210113, Dionisiofranca, Discospinster, Dissolve, Djmush1, Dogman15, Dogru144, Dok3, Download, Dpotter, DrDebug, Dragon of the Pants, Drakon94, Dreadstar, Drummingboi, DuncanHill, Dycedarg, Dynaflow, Dysepsion, Dysmorodrepanis, EJF, ERK, ERcheck, ESkog, Echuck215, Edison,Edwinstearns, Eeekster, EhJJ, Elewood, Elipongo, Elkman, Emmett5, EncMstr, Engineer Bob, Epbr123, Erenaeoth, Eric-Wester, Eroica, Ertfgyhj.hgfdtersdtchfg, Escape Orbit, Estrellador*,Euryalus, Evancarpenter, Everyking, Excirial, Explicit, Extransit, Ezratrumpet, Fagairolles 34, Falcon Kirtaran, Fenoxielo, Fidel Brookes, FinalRapture, Flamurai, Fleminra, Flewis,Flibblewibblewoo, Fluffernutter, Fnlayson, Fornaxx, Fred sienkiewicz, Free Bear, Freediving-beava, Freedomlinux, Frosty0814snowman, FunPika, Funeral, Furry, Fvw, Gabriel, Gaignun Kukai,Gail, Garuman, Gary King, Gazza1685, GcSwRhIc, Geneb1955, George The Dragon, Giggy, Gilliam, Gimmetrow, Gnevin, Gobbleswoggler, Godofkratos, Goeagles4321, Gogo Dodo,Goochelaar, Goodnightmush, Graham87, Granny911, Greekcheeseman, Grouse, Gsmgm, Gtg204y, Gurchzilla, Gzkn, Hadal, Haham hanuka, HamburgerRadio, Happy1234, HappyInGeneral,Harris7, Hayonnotttirb, Headdymann, Hellounable123, Herald Alberich, Highestquadc, Highnotes4ever, Hippo92blue, Hippoeggs, Hmains, Hogabuga, Hoo man, HorsePunchKid,Huhohyerharder, Huppy, Hut 8.5, Hyacinth, Hydrogen Iodide, IRP, ISC PB, IainP, Icairns, Iconix420, Ieatbabiesmmmmm, Infrogmation, Insanity Incarnate, Instinct, Ipla10s, Ipso2, Iridescent,Irishguy, IronGargoyle, Isfisk, ItCouldBeLupus, Ixfd64, J.Wolfe@unsw.edu.au, J.delanoy, J3ff, JForget, JNW, Jab843, Jafeluv, Jailyn13, James086, JamesBWatson, Jarrodclarizio, Jauhienij,JavierMC, Jaymendoza, Jeff G., Jeff purtle, Jerome Kohl, Jesusisgay, Jez, Jh51681, Jharrisonr, Jhoyle94, Jimahs, JinJian, Jll, Jmlk17, JoanneB, JoeTrumpet, JoelAdair, John, John254,Johnjohncoo, JonnyBhoy888, Jordan Elder, Jose77, Jossi, Joyous!, Jpgordon, Jswartz42, Jtfrankel, Juliancolton, Junglecat, Just plain Bill, Justinslovergirl, K. Annoyomous, KConWiki, KK700,KPH2293, Kaihsu, KaragouniS, Karenjc, Katalaveno, Katanahack, Keilana, Keithnoi, Kerotan, Kesla, Keyboard1333, Khalid Mahmood, Kimchi.sg, King of Hearts, Kingkoch, Kingofhearts66,Kingpin13, Kirachinmoku, Kirk Hilliard, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knowz, Kntrabssi, Koizumi.Seiji, Kotetsu131, Krawi, Krich, Kripkenstein, Kschwerdt514, Kujialayi, Kukini, Kusma, Kylecool13,Kylesandell, L Kensington, L88738, LOL, Lala land flyy4life, LcawteHuggle, LeaDavid, LedgendGamer, Leszek Jańczuk, Lidmann, Light current, Lilmcnicholls79, Little Mountain 5,Littlejazzman, Ljlaws2010, Lo-rentro, Longhair, Lotje, LoudNotes, Lovely Chris, Lrish888, Luigi30, Luk, Luna Santin, Lupin, Lyndsayruell, M1ss1ontomars2k4, MBK004, MC10, MER-C,MJ94, MONGO, Macintosh User, Macy, Madrigalstud, Magnus Manske, Magog the Ogre, Mahummel, Mailer diablo, MakeChooChooGoNow, Malcolm Farmer, Mamegoma123456, ManiF,Markcoulter50, Markiyan100, Marudubshinki, Massimiliano.zampini, Matchups, Matelfring, Materialscientist, MatthewTStone, Matthewrbowker, MaxEspinho, Mayooranathan, Mcpgv,Mdkingston, Meno25, Mentifisto, Merphant, Mike Rosoft, Minderbinder, MindstormsKid, Minicruller, Mink Butler Davenport, Missmarple, Mlwgsgis1487, Mod.torrentrealm, Morel, MouseNightshirt, Mpicanco, Mr. Money88, Mrnbkr2039, Mrtaterhed, Mtnerd, Musashi1600, MusicalAds, Myrtone86, N419BH, N96, Nancy, Naruaki, Natalie Erin, Nathanieldottz123456789, Natl1,NawlinWiki, Nburden, NellieBly, Neofelis Nebulosa, Nethgirb, Nevilley, NewEnglandYankee, Newsboy84, Nicklas92, Nielsheur, Nietzscheanlie, Niffweed17, Nilmerg, Nineteenninetyfour, Nlu,Noctibus, Noetica, Nomorenonotnever, NorwegianBlue, NrDg, Nuigurumi, Oams, Od Mishehu, Oda Mari, Ohnoitsjamie, Oklahomefootball332, Old Moonraker, Omicronpersei8, Onemoregain,Opus33, Opus88888, Orpheo, Ospalh, Otisjimmy1, Outoftunetrumpet, Outoftuneviola, OwenX, Oxymoron83, PJ, PM800, PMDrive1061, PTP2009, Pablo-flores, Pacemanscoop, Palczewski,Papa November, PaperTruths, Paranomia, Patar knight, Paxsimius, Pb30, Pctorab, PeneGrande, Pentap101, Penwhale, Perfect Proposal, Persian Poet Gal, Phearson, Pherbinator, PhilKnight,Philip Trueman, Piano non troppo, Piccolomaster, PimpMyHorn, Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Piotras, Piperh, Pipian, Pippin Bear, Planninefromouterspace, PlumCrumbleAndCustard, Pmsyyz,Poccil, Poiylasfs, Powerload, Praefectorian, Primal400, ProStrong911, Pseudoyoink, Purple Lava, Purplesugar, Pwilliamhughes, Pylori, Pyxzer, QWERPOIUASDLKJZM,QuackOfaThousandSuns, QuantumEleven, Quebec99, Quinnwalker11, Qwerty02, RA0808, RAWRIORSMASH, RCS, RJaguar3, RaceStang, RainbowOfLight, RandomP, Ranierotazzi, Ranveig,Ravn, Razimantv, Razorflame, Rbeas, Rdsmith4, Reach Out to the Truth, Reaper Eternal, Reba d, Redfarmer, Reubzz, RexNL, ReyBrujo, RicardoFachada, RickySavage13, RicoCorinth,RingtailedFox, Riotrocket8676, Rkevlihan, Rmm2, Robert Skyhawk, Robert.Allen, RobertG, Robzaas, Rodhullandemu, Rokbloom, Romanm, Roraem, Rosiestep, Rothorpe, RottweilerCS, Royraider, Royalguard11, Rrburke, Rror, Rsm99833, Rsrikanth05, Rwberndt, Rwl10267, RyanCross, Ryls, Ryulong, SJP, Sabine's Sunbird, Sam Korn, Sanfrancrisco, Santiago C, Savidan,Saxgoddess 85, SchfiftyThree, Scohoust, Scott r 128, Scottre, Seann, Seashrimp, Segv11, Sejosho, Seneca91, Serenome, Sethbowers, Setveen, Shadow4, ShakingSpirit, Shanes, Sharkface217,Shriram, SidP, Sidasta, Sidleigh, SilkTork, SkyOhPlease, Smalljim, Smellltheeglove, Smellydog378, Smjg, Snigbrook, Snowolf, Snoyes, SoWhy, Someone else, Sousaphone13, SparrowsWing,Special-T, Spellmaster, Spencer, Spitfire, Spork the Great, Springeragh, SpuriousQ, Squandermania, Steel, Stlouisfn13, Strudan, Sturm55, Sully2302, Super Rad!, Svencb, Sww wiki, THENWHO WAS PHONE?, THaScHwAb, TRUPET, Tanaats, Tanvir Ahmmed, TarisWerewolf, Tarret, Tartan, Tartarus, Tassedethe, Taylorbeaty, Taylort56, Tcncv, TeaDrinker, Techman454,Teddey, Tedius Zanarukando, Tegel, Telescopium1, Tempodivalse, TenPoundHammer, Tennesseetrumpet, Tenors, Termanter123, Tgeairn, Tgm8, Thadjones, The Cunctator, The Evil IP address,The JPS, The Thing That Should Not Be, The ed17, The sock that should not be, The wub, TheDarkOneLives, TheHYPO, TheMuuj, TheScotch, Thealexeckhoff, Theda, Thehelpfulone,Themfromspace, Thingg, Tiddly Tom, Tide rolls, Tiki2099, Tim Starling, Timc, Timjuerk, Tintenfischlein, Tobby72, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tombomp, Tomkurts, Tpbradbury, TptmasterHalifax,Tranminhtu, Trmptplyr 07, Trpt123, Trumpet awesome, TrumpetBflat, TrumpetDude, TrumpetSoloist, TrumpetTime, Trumpetrep, Trumpetsizzle, Trumpettess1, Trusilver, Truthflux, Tsuguya,Turkish flip64, Twang, Twanganator1, Twilld, TwistOfCain, Twsx, Tyre Burgest, Ugha, Ukcman, Ukexpat, Ulric1313, Ultimateshowdown, Ultraexactzz, Uncle Dick, Uncle Milty, Unint,Unruhbrady2, Useight, VasilievVV, Versageek, Versus22, Victoriaedwards, Viridian, Volunteer Sibelius Salesman, Vssun, W4chris, WG(n) Iutscht Minderbinders Dreckschwanz, Waggers,Walton One, Waspy777, Wayne Slam, Wdchk, Wetman, Weyandt, Whitesoxrule, Whtup034, Wiki alf, WikiBandit2551295395, WikiDao, WikiZorro, Wikieditorman13, Will Beback, WilliGers07, William Avery, Willking1979, Willy1414, Willythewonkernater, Winchelsea, Winhunter, Winkelschleifer, Wizzent, Wjejskenewr, Womas, Woogee, Woohookitty, Words suck,Wtmitchell, Xaviercastella, Xdenizen, Xxconehead, Yachtsman1, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yerpo, Yid613, Yipdw, Yonatan, Yoyoyo28, Yule.lele, Zachary foster, Zoe, АлександрВв, СашаСтефановић, Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἀφ' ἑκατέρων, 2255 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Trumpet_1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trumpet_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:PJImage:Range trumpet.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Range_trumpet.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Dbolton, Fluteflute, Hyacinth,MezzofortistFile:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trumpetlarcomuseum.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AxelBoldt,Patrick.charpiatFile:Gerard Dou - Trumpet-Player in front of a Banquet - WGA06662.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gerard_Dou_-_Trumpet-Player_in_front_of_a_Banquet_-_WGA06662.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MattesImage:Baroque repro trumpet.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baroque_repro_trumpet.jpeg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, SvencbImage:Trumpet valve bypass.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trumpet_valve_bypass.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:user:WarXImage:Bb trumpet in parts.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bb_trumpet_in_parts.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Freediving-beavaFile:Trumpet piccolo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trumpet_piccolo.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Eusebius, Mezzofortist, PapaNovember, Shoulder-synthImage:Trumpet in c german.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trumpet_in_c_german.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AichasImage:Special-T trumpet overtone series.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Special-T_trumpet_overtone_series.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Aviad2001, Dbolton, Doodledoo, MacGyverMagic, Милан Јелисавчић, 2 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 12

File:Louis Armstrong restored.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: World-Telegram staffphotographerImage:Dizzygillespie88.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dizzygillespie88.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 2T, Infrogmation, Neukoln

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/