True or False?

If someone does not say hi to you in the hall, then you are likely to believe he or she is a snob.

True or False?

Even if you resolve not to smoke, if your friends are smokers, you are more likely to light up.

True or False?

If you get someone to agree to a small request, then you can likely get them to just about anything.

True or False?

If you behave in a way that is contrary to your beliefs, then you will say you were only pretending and your beliefs will stay the same.

True or False?

People are likely to conform to a group only if that group has no less than 20 people in it.

True or False?

People will not conform to an authority figure's request to shock a person to death.

True or False?

People do worse on a task they are good at if they perform it in front of a large group of people.

True or False?

People in a group tend to exert more effort than when they are alone.

True or False?

When people are in a crowd, they are more likely to do things they would not do alone.

True or False?

People who are prejudice become less prejudice if they discuss their feelings with others who are prejudice.

True or False?

When a group needs to make a decision, it is not necessary to appoint someone to play the devil’s advocate.

True or False?

If you believe you will fail math, you may not study, which would cause you to fail a math test.

True or False?

Minority groups cannot sway majority opinion, no matter how firm they are.

Myers PSYCHOLOGY

Seventh Edition in Modules

Social ThinkingSocial InfluenceSocial Relations

Video- Situations Matter

So what is the point of Social Psychology?

To answer questions like: What drives people to feel hatred? Where do prejudices come from? What makes a hero motivated? How do we think about one another? How do we influence one another? How do we relate to one another?

Social Thinking

Social Psychology scientific study of how we think about,

influence, and relate to one another

Attribution Theory tendency to give a causal explanation for

someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OTHERS’ BEHAVIORS? HOW DO WE EXPLAIN OUR OWN BEHAVIOR?

An attribute is a quality, a feature, a trait.

So how do we explain peoples’ behavior?

Attribution Theory

There are two ways that we explain behavior: Situational attribution

EXTERNAL CAUSE

Dispositional attributionINTERNAL CAUSE

But as humans we often ERR.

Social Thinking

Fundamental Attribution Error tendency for observers, when

analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (activity 32-4)

FAE

Do we do what we think or do we think therefore we do?

Attitude belief and feeling that predisposes one

to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

Log onto Harvard IAT https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/dem

o/

Social Thinking How we explain someone’s behavior affects

how we react to it

Negative behavior

Situational attribution“Maybe that driver is ill.”

Dispositional attribution“Crazy driver!”

Tolerant reaction(proceed cautiously, allowdriver a wide berth)

Unfavorable reaction(speed up and race past theother driver, give a dirty look)

Social Thinking Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as

well as by external social influences

Internalattitudes

Externalinfluences

Behavior

Social Thinking

Attitudes follow behavior

Cooperative actions feed mutual liking

Actions Affection Attitude:

Foot in the DoorRole PlayingCognitive Dissonance

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Social Thinking

Role set of expectations about a social

position defines how those in the position

ought to behave Video (Stanford Prison Exp.) Zimbardo’s Ted Talk

Stanley Milgram’s Experiment:

Obedience- Strong social influences can make

people conform to falsehoods or capitulate to cruelty.

Article and video

Social Thinking

Cognitive Dissonance Theory we act to reduce the discomfort

(dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

As in this cartoon, this is why we find it so unnerving to watch Obama receive the Noble Peace Prize while concurrently ordering the invasions of country after country. His actions speak to anything but peace

To reduce CD:

We tend to adjust our attitudes before we ever change our actions.

Changing our behavior can change how we think and how we feel.

Thing to remember:

Social Thinking Cognitive dissonance

Social Influence

Conformityadjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Normative Social Influence influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (seg. 29, Sc. Am. Fr.)

Social Influence The chameleon effect- best way empathy is

demonstrated.

Participant Participant rubs face shakes foot

Confederate rubs face Confederate shakes foot

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Numberof times

Social Influence

Asch’s conformity experiments

Social Influence

Informational Social Influence influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Social Influence Social Facilitation

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others

occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

Social Loafing tendency for people in a group to exert

less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Social Facilitation

Check out these images…

Look here

Social Influence

Deindividuation loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Social Influence

Group Polarization enhancement of a group’s prevailing

attitudes through discussion within the group

Groupthink mode of thinking that occurs when

the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives

Social Relations

Prejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude

toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,

and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Activity- Effects: What’s in a Label Video- John Stossel Prejudice… 2007

Stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often

overgeneralized) belief about a group of people Video

Social Relations Does perception change with race?

Take IAT

Social Relations Americans today express much less

racial and gender prejudice ABC NEWS Clark Study

Stereotyping Okay, ya?

Arlene: You know my friend Sandra, well she's going out with this yuppie

financial type person called Derrick from that riverside development.

Clare: Noooo! Well I never! Arlene: She is you know. And a right one he

is too. All these city types are the same. Pushy, flashy, big mouthed and full

of themselves. I bet he drives a top-of-the-range Porsche and has an

iphone. Clare: Have you seen him in his car then? Arlene: No, but I reckon that's what he must

drive. Clare: Have you met him? Arlene: Yea, I bumped into them the other

day at the shops. When he opened his mouth and I heard his yuppie

accent, I knew what he'd be like. Actually he was dead complimentary to me,

and Sandra says that he's very kind and thoughtful. But I know he's still a

yuppie. Clare: You're being too hard on him. He's probably

quite nice. Arlene: He supports the Phillies! Clare: Oh well, you were right first time then.

A stereotype is a rigid judgment made of a person based on just one or two characteristics

1. In the source, what stereotype does Arlene use to judge Derrick? (1)

2. What characteristics does she use to arrive at this stereotype? (2)

3. Give one characteristic that Derrick has which goes against this stereotype (1)

4. Describe one other common stereotype in everyday life and say what characteristics are used to arrive at it

5. Stereotypes sometimes lead to poor judgments of people, yet we all use them. Describe one reason why we use stereotypes. (2)

Social Relations

Ingroup “Us”- people with whom one

shares a common identity Outgroup

“Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup

Social Relations

Ingroup Bias tendency to favor one’s own group

Scapegoat Theory theory that prejudice provides an outlet for

anger by providing someone to blame Just-World Phenomenon

tendency of people to believe the world is just

people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Social Relations Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed

stereotypes

Social Relations

Aggression any physical or verbal behavior

intended to hurt or destroy (#24 The brain)

Frustration-Aggression Principle principle that frustration – the

blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression

Social Relations

Conflict perceived incompatibility of

actions, goals, or ideas Social Trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Social Relations- Attractiveness Mere Exposure Effect

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture

Social Relations

Passionate Love an aroused state of intense

positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of

a love relationship Companionate Love

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Social Relations Equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Self-Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to

others Altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Social Relations

Bystander Effect tendency for any

given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

video article