TROPICAL CONVECTION AND CIRRUS EXPERIMENT BRASIL -

Overview of TroCCiBras and First Results from the Campaign 2004

Gerhard Held and Roberto Vicente Calheiros(General and Scientific Coordenators)

J.-P. Pommereau, U. Schumann and A.M. GomesTroCCiBras, TROOCINOX and HIBISCUS Teams

HISTORIC REVIEW (1)• June 2001 - First visit to IPA/DLR by GH & AMG, offering

IPMet’s support and participation, but TROCCINOX was then only interested in French Guiana (EC Space Center facilities)

• June 2002 - TROCCINOX-Kick-Off Meeting at DLR; strong interest by EC for collaboration with HIBISCUS in Bauru

• August 2002 - Negotiations for ‘Acordo’ between IPA/DLR & IPMet/UNESP initiated

• 12/11/2002 - International Seminar on Thunderstorm and Lightning Research at IPMet; first TROCINOX scientist (TF) visiting IPMet

• 08/01/2003 - Visit to IPA/DLR by GH (presentation of infra-structure support by IPMet for TROCCINOX 2004

• 2-8 Feb 2003 - Exploratory visit by DLR delegation to Brazil; two-day TROCCINOX Workshop at IPMet

• March 2003 - TroCCiBras was born …

HISTORIC REVIEW (2)

• April 2003 - ‘Acordo’ DLR / UNESP finally signed• May 2003 - Embraer agrees to the use of Hangar de Defesa• 14-16 May 2003 - TROPIC Workshop at DLR (GH presented)• 26/06/2003 - Convênio 083/2003 between IPA/DLR & IPMet/

UNESP published in Diário Oficial: Estado de São Paulo, No.118• 20/08/2003 - TroCCiBras proposal submitted to CNPq in Brasilia• 23/10/2003 - TroCCiBras funding proposal submitted to FAPESP• 19/11/2003 - Contract between Embraer and IPMet/UNESP

signed• 22/12/2003 - Import Licences for TROCCINOX cleared

- Presidential Decree No.625 signed in Brasilia• 30/12/2003 - Published in “Diário Oficial da União” No.253

HISTORIC REVIEW (3)• 23/01/2004 - Portaria no.36 signed at MCT in Brasilia• 27/01/2004 - Portaria no.36 published “Diário Oficial da União”

No.18• 04/02/2004 - Falcon arrives at GPX• 09/02/2004 - Participation of Geophysica finally cancelled• 10/02/2004 - INPE Bandeirante arrived at GPX (7 flights in

lower troposphere from 16 to 29/02/2004)• 02/03/2004 - Request for extension of TROCCINOX flights

until mid-March granted (total of 14 flights from 13/02 to 10/03/2004)

• 12/03/2004 - Falcon leaves from GPX for Recife• 18-19/03/2004 - TROCCINOX Meeting at Oberpfaffenhofen

(DLR), Germany, attended by RVC; Proposal: TROCCINOX 2 (November 2004 – February 2005)

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: TroCCiBras

• To conduct a multi-disciplinary Research Project in the State of São Paulo and surrounding regions to investigate the detailed structure of large tropical thunderstorm systems and how they process natural and anthropogenic pollutants between ground level and the lower stratosphere, as well as to study the impactof lightning and its relationship to convection;

• To utilize the observations for improving the Regional and Meso-Eta forecasting models, as well as other atmospheric chemistry and transportation models;

• Ultimately providing a better Nowcasting Warning System for the State of São Paulo;

• To validate satellite-borne and ground-based remote sensors

PARTNER ORGANIZATIONS OF TroCCiBras• Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC)• Centro de Lasers e Aplicações (CLA) / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e

Nucleares (IPEN) in collaboration with the Lidar Group of the NationalTechnical University of Athens, Greece

• Centro de Ensino e Pesquisas em Agricultura (CEPAGRI) / Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)

• Department of Communications Engineering (LRGOU), Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Japan, in collaboration with TROCCINOX

• Embraer, Unidade de Gavião Peixoto • Grupo de Eletricidade Atmosférica (ELAT) / INPE• Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) /

Universidade de São Paulo (USP)• Instituto de Física (IF) / Universidade de São Paulo (USP)• Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET)• Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) • Max Planck Institute of Chemistry, Mainz, Germany• Others which did not participate in the 2004 experiment:

CQMA/IPEN, CTA/IAE, UECE

TroCCiBras PROJECT STRUCTUREAREA OF

SUB-PROJECTTITLE OF SUB-PROJECT

Italics indicate Sub-Projects not executed during the 2004 campaign due to limitations of funding

LEAD INSTITUTION

Meteorology, Atmospheric Physics and Forecasting

Radar Observations, Integration of Lightning Observations, Numerical Models & Nowcasting

IPMet / UNESP

Validation of Atmospheric and Chemistry Numerical Models

CPTEC / INPE

The Coupling Between the Boundary Layer and the Onset and Vigor of Moist Convection

CTA and CPTEC/INPE

Cloud Physics Studies UECE

Lightning and Sprites Studies ELAT / INPE

Air Pollution, Cloud and Climate Interactions IAG / USP

Atmospheric Chemistry Vertical Distribution of Aerosols and Trace Gases between the Ground and the Mid-Troposphere

IF / USP and MPIC

Validation of Satellite-Borne and Ground-Based Remote Sensors

Matching Measurements from Different Sensors IPMet / UNESP

Assessing Clear Air Detection and Cloud Boundaries

IPMet / UNESP

Rainfall Quantification by Satellite Microwave Channels

IPMet / UNESP

GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTIONAnnual Mean Flash Density per km2 (LIS & OTD)

SOURCE: GSFC/NASA

HIBISCUS at IPMet: Campaign 2004

CNES

CNRS & IPEN Lidar

Balloon Launch Area

TroCCiBras DATA BASE (1)Campaign: 21 January – 11 March 2004

• RADAR DATA (gif) {21 Jan – 11 Mar 2004}- Integrated PPI 450km- BRU, PPR 240km : PPI, CAPPI, tops (daily archives)- Vol scans in UF format only generated for overlays !

• RADIO SONDE PROFILES (BRU) {24 Jan – 06 Mar 2004}- 105 PTU; 93 wind; 3 O3; 8 DMI backscatter sondes

• LIDAR {21 Jan – 04 Mar 2004}- 67 profiles (ca 30% reaching 18-36 km)- morning: 21; afternoon: 20; night: 25 profiles

• BANDEIRANTE (MPI & IF/USP): < 3 km- CO, CO2, NO, NO2, O3, SMPS particulates, Nephelometer,

Aetalometer (black carbon), OPC (Optical Particle Counter)- Flights: 16 (2x), 20, 27 (2x), 28 & 29 Feb 2004

TroCCiBras DATA BASE (2)• LIGHTNING DATA

- RINDAT (ELAT) {21 Jan – 11 Mar 2004; complete}- VHF (LRGOU) {13 Feb – May 2004; selected events}

• SURFACE AWS (IAC Campinas)- 23 stations {21 Jan – 11 Mar 2004)

• RADIOSONDES (Met Offices) {21 Jan – 11 Mar 2004}- ASCII & GIFs extracted from archives by IPMet

• MESO-Eta (10x10 km; CPTEC) {02 Feb – 11 Mar 2004}• GOES Satellite Images (NASA) {03 Feb – 11 Mar 2004}• HIBISCUS {31 Jan – 11 Mar 2004}

- 6 ZL & SF; 2 NILU cubes (short duration)- 3 MIR; 8 BP (long duration)

• TROCCINOX Falcon {13 Feb – 10 Mar 2004; 14 Flights}

TroCCiBras DATA CATALOGUE(overview in addition to detailed sub-catalogues)

DATA SUMMARY : TroCCiBras 21 January – 11 March 2004

Not shown in Table:• GOES Satellites• AWS Data

PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSESCampaign: 21 January – 11 March 2004

• The initial TroCCiBras campaign period was scheduled from 26 January – 20 February 2004

• Due to the late arrival of the Falcon and Bandeirante aircraft, for a variety of reasons, aircraft operations only commenced on 13 February and an extension of the Aerolevantamento permit until mid-March was requested

• This resulted in some mismatch of the observations, since not all field activities could be extended or re-scheduled

OPERATIONAL CORE AREA

BRU = Bauru radarPPR = Presidente Prudente radarGPX = Gavião Peixoto Airport

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF RELEVANCE TO BRAZIL

TroCCiBras Campaign: 21 January – 11 March 2004

TROCCINOX Falcon

Falcon Payload Configuration / Recife 2004

5-hole Probe /MeteorologicalSensors (11)

J(NO2) Radio-meters (up- &downward) (5)

Roof WindowH2O – DIAL (1)

Aerosol InletCPCs & CPSA (6)PSAP (7)

Inlet forLyman-α H2Odetector (10)

Gas InletNO, NOy (3)

PCASP-100XAerosolProbe (7)

FSSP-300AerosolProbe (8)

Gas InletOzone (2)& CO (4)

H2O-DIAL (Lidar)

HIBISCUSZL10 Balloon

TroCCiBras Bandeirante

PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSES -Bandeirante CO - 29 Feb 2004

F7 29.02.04

0

20

40

60

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100

120

140

160

12:00:00 12:30:00 13:00:00 13:30:00 14:00:00 14:30:00 15:00:00 15:30:00 16:00:00 16:30:00 17:00:00

UTC

CO

[ppb

]

Sampling in air affected by convectionon the previous day

PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSESTROCCINOX Falcon - Flight path 03 March 2004

(14:19 – 18:08 LT)

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS (1)TroCCiBras Campaign 2004

• TroCCiBras had achieved its objectives, despite the fact, that the Geophysica M55, high-flying aircraft laboratory could not arrive in time for the January to March 2004 campaign;

• Six Brazilian research institutions participated actively in the field campaign under the coordination of IPMet/UNESP, viz., CPTEC, CLA/IPEN, IF/USP, INMET, ELAT/INPE, IAC, as well as the German MPIC;

• A unique data base has been established for the experimental period (21 January to 11 March 2004), which had not been available before in the State of São Paulo;

• The coordination of TroCCiBras with the European Commission projects TROCCINOX and HIBISCUS resulted in an overall data set of extremely outstanding value for Brazil;

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS (2)TroCCiBras Campaign 2004

Although at this stage it is too early to come up with any conclusive statements, as the data are still being analyzed, some preliminary findings of importance to the State of São Paulo, and possibly also to Brazil, can already be highlighted -

• Radar statistics, as well as actual case studies performed during the experimental period demonstrated, that the State of São Paulo, with IPMet’s Doppler radars, is an ideal location for investigating the behavior of strong tropical convective storm systems and their impact regionally, as well as globally {during February 2004: 28% >16.5km and 8% >18km; but the electrical activity during Jan-Feb-Mar 2004 was well below average};

• reliable measurements of vertical profiles of water vapor are essential for the validation of satellite-borne monitors, directly impacting on the moisture budget of the country;

• Satellite-borne ozone monitors have been found to be relatively inaccurate, highlighting the importance of in-situ measurements by stratospheric balloons (HIBISCUS) and the high-flying Geophysica aircraft (≥20km altitude) of TROCCINOX, to obtain accurate vertical profiles forinvestigating the exchange of ozone and other trace gases and aerosols between the upper troposphere and the stratosphere;

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS (3)TroCCiBras Campaign 2004

• the production of NO by lightning discharges in the tropics could have been underestimated, based on some in-situ measurements near thunderstorms. This would not only impact on environmental policy issues in Brazil, but also changes the global perception of LNOx contributions to the total NOxbudget, especially when considered in view of the global distribution of lightning discharges observed by satellite-borne systems (e.g., LIS) and other global networks;

• it would be extremely beneficial to install an aerosol lidar and a regular radiosonde station (or at least a vertical wind profiler with RASS capability, such as proposed for SIHESP) in Bauru, in order to monitor various important parameters in the troposphere, which would directly benefit the medium-term forecasting (modeling), as well as the nowcasting capabilities of IPMet, for the benefit of the community in the State of São Paulo.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• UNESP and FUNDUNESP are thanked for their generous financial support to enable at least the most important subprojects and activities of the TroCCiBras project to be executed jointly with TROCCINOX and HIBISCUS during the experimental campaign;

• CTA provided invaluable logistic support for obtaining the necessary permissions from central Government in connection withthe temporary importation of foreign aircraft;

• Embraer is gratefully acknowledged for opening their facilities at Gavião Peixoto, to be used as a base for the TroCCiBras and TROCCINOX aircraft, at no cost;

• Zillo Lorenzetti and the staff at Usina São José, as well as UNIP, Bauru Campus, are thanked for permitting the installation of the LRGOU lightning stations on their premises.

• All participants are thanked for their dedication and hard work!!!

Thank You!http://www.ipmet.unesp.br/troccibras/