Upload
haines
View
27
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Tropical Convection: A Half Century Quest for Understanding. Robert Houze University of Washington. Bjerknes Memorial Lecture, AGU, San Francisco, 4 December 2012. Tropical Convection: A Half Century Quest for Understanding. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Tropical Convection: A Half Century Quest for Understanding
Bjerknes Memorial Lecture, AGU, San Francisco, 4 December 2012
Robert HouzeUniversity of Washington
A personal story of three great field campaigns and the evolution of
meteorological satellites
Tropical Convection: A Half Century Quest for Understanding
Before Satellites
Small cumulus
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus
Visual Observation
Radiosonde data in the tropics
Riehl & Malkus 1958
“Hot tower hypothesis”
TIROS I1960
…the atmospheric sciences require worldwide observations and, hence, international cooperation…
John F. Kennedy, New York, 1961
“If we are genuinely interested in forecasting a few weeks in advance, we should give serious consideration to enlarging our network of observing stations, particularly over the oceans.”
Edward Lorenz, NYAS, 1963
Detente
The promise of global prediction
Satellites
Global Atmospheric Research Program
“ GATE ”
The era of field campaigns
GATE 1974
Convective parameterization
Glo
bal m
odel
grid
Problem: How to deal with tropical convection in a global model
Small area assumption
Satellite Observations produced an
“inconvenient truth”
Convective cloudsare actually large
…“mesoscale”
“No particular significance is attached to the interaction between the [mesoscale]
and the other scales.”
…NAS Plan for U.S. Participation in GATE
Satellite view of the tropical cloud population
• Explained satellite pictures • Retained the hot tower notion • Included smaller clouds
Prevailing view of tropical convection in the early 1970’s
The grandest field campaign:GATE 1974
197440 ships!
12 aircraft!
4 shipborne scanning digital
C-band radars
16 sounding sites
The GATE radarsled to a
second “inconvenient truth”
Houze et al. (1980)
Post-GATE view of the tropical cloud population
Global model grid
Hot Tower
Houze 1982
Heating and cooling processes in a mesoscale system
Simplified Mesoscale System Heating Profiles
Schumacher et al. 2004
Hei
ght (
km)
Deg K/day
Convective
Stratiform
Mesoscale System Heating Profiles
Hei
ght (
km)
Deg K/day
0% stratiform
40% stratiform
70% stratiform
Schumacher et al. 2004
Does this matter?
0% stratiform
250 mb stream function, 400 mb heatingK/day
Schumacher et al. 2004
250 mb stream function, 400 mb heatingK/day
Schumacher et al. 2004
40% stratiform
More Field Projects
BoB 1979
JASMINE1999
EPIC 2001TEPPS
1997
(Dashed: No sounding network)
Soundings and radars on aircraft, ships, and islands
AtlanticGATE1974
W. PacificTOGA COARE
1992-3Indian Ocean
DYNAMO2011-12
The West Pacific, 1992-93TOGA COARE Array
Shipborne and airborne Doppler radars
+ Rawinsondes
Cu congestusSmall Cb
“Trimodal distribution”
Richard Johnson’s
analysis of the TOGA COARE
rawinsonde data
Johnson et al. 1999
TOGA
COARE
ARM’s Manus Island cloud
radar confirmed the “trimodal distribution”
Hollars, Fu, Comstock, & Ackerman 1999
XMANUS
Madden and Julian 1971, 1972
The “MJO”
TOGA COARE
West Pacific 1
2
3
7
8
5
6
4
“Active Phase” ~1-2 weeks
Wheeler & Hendon 2004
Doppler radar sampling relative to the MJO in TOGA COARE
RossbyGyres
Kelvin WaveConvergence
Moncrieff’s Mesoscale Layer Model of Tropical Convection
Moncrieff 92
Synthesis of TOGA COARE Doppler radar observationsconfirms Moncrieff’s model
TOGA COARE Airborne Doppler Observations of MCSs
25 convective region flightsShow deep layer of inflow to updrafts
Kingsmill & Houze 1999
<
Kingsmill & Houze 1999
TOGA COARE Airborne Doppler Observations of MCSs
25 stratiform region flights
Houze 1982
Empirical Model of an MCS
Layer inflow
Midlevel inflow
BoB 1979
JASMINE1999
EPIC 2001TEPPS
1997
(Dashed: No sounding network)
AtlanticGATE1974
W. PacificTOGA COARE
1992-3Indian Ocean
DYNAMO2011-12
DYNAMO: The third of the 3 great field campaigns
DYNAMO-AMIE-CINDY
Two radarsRawinsondeOceanography
Two radarsRawinsondeOceanography
Four radarsRawinsonde Falcon aircraft
Rawinsonde P3 aircraft
IndianOcean
Focus of DYNAMO/AMIE:
Convective cloudpopulation
Multi-radar ApproachTo document more aspects of the convective population
HUMIDITY
DYNAMO/AMIE:DUAL WAVELENGTH
Water vapor
GATE:CM-WAVELENGTH
Precipitation
DYNAMO/AMIE:MM-WAVELENGTHNon-precipitating
Cumulus
CUMULUS
DYNAMO/AMIE:MM-WAVELENGTH
Anvil cloud
ANVIL
TOGA COARE: DOPPLER
Air motions
DYNAMO/AMIE:POLARIMETRYMicrophysics
Stretched Building Block HypothesisMapes et al. 2006
Large-scale wave structure at the same times
Cloud population at three different times
“We speculate that there is a natural selection in the atmosphere for wave packets whose phase structure produces a local, Eulerian sequence of cloud zone-supporting anomalies that aligns with the convective cloud system life cycle.”
Mapes et al. 2006
Indian Ocean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
The MJOover the Indian Ocean
4
5
6
“Active Phase” ~1-2 weeks
DYNAMO Wheeler & Hendon 2004
October Active Period
November Active Period
December Active Period
Rain seen by the S-PolKa radar
Zuluaga and Houze 2013
Zuluaga and Houze 2013
Composite large-scale divergence and vertical motion during 2-day rainfall episodes
Variation of the DYNAMO radar echo population
Composite of all 2-day rainfall episodes
Vertical structure of the MJO
Moncrieff 2004
TRMM Radar Observations of the MJO over the Indian Ocean
Phase 7
Active Phase Suppressed Phase
Deep Convective
Cores
Broad Stratiform
Rain Areas
Summary & ConclusionsThe three great oceanic field campaigns
• GATE 1974 • Mesoscale systems• Heating profiles
• TOGA COARE 1992-3 • Trimodality• Mesoscale circulations
• DYNAMO/AMIE 2011-2• Convective population• Relation to large-scale waves
Summary & ConclusionsSatellites (& reanalysis)
• TIROS 1960• Global awareness
• TRMM 1997 • Precipitation radar in space
• A-Train 2000’s• Cloud radar and lidar in space
• Next generation & beyond• GPM, Earth Care, MeghaTropique, …
End
This research was supported by NASA grants NNX10AH70G, NNX10AM28G,
NSF grants, AGS-1059611DOE grant DE-SC0008452