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Trituration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Triturationis the name of several different methods of processing materials. Trituration is also thename of the process for reducing the particle size of a substance by grinding, as by grinding of

powders in amortarwith apestle. Trituration additionally refers to the production of a homogeneousmaterial through mixing. For example,dental amalgamis formed by combining particles of an alloywithmercury.Uses[edit]In organic chemistry

, trituration is a process used to purify crudechemical compoundscontaining soluble impurities.Asolventis chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are verysoluble(or the other way around). The crude material is washed with the solvent and filtered away,leaving the purified product in solid form and any impurities in solution.

Inpharmacology, trituration can also refer to the process of grinding one compound into another todilute one of the ingredients, add volume for processing and handling, or to mask undesirable

qualities. For example, the amount of hormone in a dose ofLevonorgestrelformulated asaprogestogen-only contraceptiveis only 30g, which is far too small to handle. In typical product thedrug is triturated with c. 1700 times its mass of sugar before being compressed and coated to

produce the final tablet.[1]

Injuicing, a triturating juicer is a style ofjuicerused to break down fresh produce into juice and fiber.CalcinationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Calcination(also referred to ascalcining) is a thermal treatment process in absence of air appliedtooresand other solid materials to bring about athermal decomposition,phase transition, or removal of avolatile fraction. The calcination process normally takes place at temperatures below the melting pointofthe product materials. Calcination is not the same process as roasting. In roasting, more complex gassolidreactions take place between the furnace atmosphere and the solids.

Contents

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1Industrial processes 2Calcination reactions 3Oxidation 4Alchemy 5References

Industrial processes[edit source]

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An oven for calcination of limestone

The process of calcination derives its name from the Latin calcinare(to burn lime)[1]due to its most commonapplication, the decomposition of calcium carbonate (limestone) tocalcium oxide(lime) andcarbon dioxide,in order to producecement. The product of calcination is usually referred to in general as "calcine,"regardless of the actual minerals undergoing thermal treatment. Calcination is carried out in furnacesorreactors (sometimes referred to askilnsor calciners) of various designs includingshaft furnaces,rotarykilns,multiple hearth furnaces, andfluidized bed reactors.Examples of calcination processes include the following:

decomposition of carbonate minerals, as in the calcination oflimestoneto drive offcarbon dioxide; decomposition of hydrated minerals, as in the calcination ofbauxiteandgypsum, to remove

crystallinewateras water vapor; decomposition of volatile matter contained in raw petroleum coke; heat treatment to effect phase transformations, as in conversion

ofanatasetorutileordevitrificationofglassmaterials removal of ammonium ions in the synthesis of zeolites.

Calcination reactions[edit source]

Calcination reactions usually take place at or above the thermal decomposition temperature (for

decomposition and volatilization reactions) or the transition temperature (for phase transitions). This

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temperature is usually defined as the temperature at which the standard Gibbs free energyfor a particularcalcination reaction is equal to zero. For example, in limestone calcination, a decomposition process, the

chemical reaction is

CaCO3

CaO + CO2(g)

The standard Gibbs free energy of reaction is approximated as Gr= 177,100 158T(J/mol).[2]Thestandard free energy of reaction is zero in this case when the temperature, T, is equal to 1121 K, or848 C.

Examples of chemical decomposition reactions common in calcination processes, and their respective

thermal decomposition temperatures include:

CaCO3 CaO + CO2; 848 C

See alsocalcination equilibrium of calcium carbonate

Oxidation[edit source]

In some cases, calcination of a metal results inoxidationof the metal.Jean Reynotedthatleadandtinwhen calcinated gained weight, presumably as they were being oxidized.

Alchemy[edit source]

Inalchemy, calcination was believed to be one of the12 vital processesrequired for thetransformation of a substance.

Alchemists distinguished two kinds of calcination,actualandpotential. Actual calcination is thatbrought about by actual fire, from wood, coals, or other fuel, raised to a certain temperature.

Potential calcination is that brought about by potentialfire, such as corrosive chemicals; forexample, gold was calcined in areverberatory furnacewithmercuryandsal ammoniac; silver withcommon salt andalkali salt;copperwith salt andsulfur;ironwith sal ammoniac andvinegar; tinwithantimony; lead with sulfur; and mercury withaqua fortis.[3]There was alsophilosophical calcination, which was said to occur when horns, hooves, etc., werehung over boiling water, or other liquor, until they had lost theirmucilage, and were easilyreducible into powder.

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