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Trichuris trichiura. Eva Dali & Quinn Quaderer. The Human Whipworm. Taxonomy. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Superphylum : Aschelminthes Class: Enoplea Order: Trichinellida Family: Trichuridae Genus: Trichuris Species: Trichiura. Some interesting facts. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Trichuris trichiuraEva Dali &
Quinn Quaderer
The Human Whipworm
Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Superphylum: Aschelminthes Class: Enoplea Order: Trichinellida Family: Trichuridae Genus: Trichuris Species: Trichiura
Some interesting facts T. vulpis is an important whipworm for canids
including dogs, foxes and coyotes; Common in the U.S. except in drier areas
T. suis is important for swine and is indistinguishable from T. trichiura
Whipworm is a Soil-Transmitted Helminthe Eggs of T. trichiura were found in a glacier mummy
more than 5000 years old In 2010, the estimated number of persons infected
was 604-795 million
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Worldwide Two conditions are necessary
Poor standards of sanitation-Human feces on the soil
Physical conditions that allows eggs development and survival; Warm climate, high rainfall and humidity, Moisture-retaining soil, dense shade
MORPHOLOGY The eggs are lemon shaped with an
opercular plug at each end. Contains single celled zygote. 2-cell stage before advanced cleavage
stage Adults look like a whip; anterior 2/3
thread-like, posterior 1/3 club-like. Females are longer than males, males have a corkscrew tail, and both sexes have a stichosome esophagus
Trichuriasis Life Cycle
LIFE CYCLE This is a direct life cycle. Adult whipworms are found in the large intestine, usually
the ileocecal area. They mate and the eggs leave the body in the feces. They must embryonate before they are infective, which
takes about three weeks. Infective eggs are ingested from eating contaminated soil.
Upon ingestion, the larvae hatch and penetrate the small intestine to mature.
They eventually migrate to the large intestine and complete maturation in three months.
Adults can live for years and deposit thousands of eggs per day.
Pathology Light infections (<100 worms): Usually asymptomatic Moderate to heavy infections: affect cognitive function in
children and finger and toe clubbing Intense trichuriasis: dysentery, anemia, growth
retardation, finger clubbing and rectal prolapse
Microscopically detecting worms or eggs in stool
Diagnosis
TREATMENT AND CONTROL Sanitation: use of toilet facilities and safe disposal of feces
Health education Mass treatment in communities with high
prevalenceDRUG OF CHOICE
Mebendazole Albendazole
PUBLIC CONCERNS Whipworm is the third most common
nematode infection in humans behind Ascarids and human pinworm (E. vermicularis).
Janovy, John. Roberts, Larry. Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts’ Foundations of Parasitology, 8th edition. New York: McGraw Hill. 2009.
CDC: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/gen_info/index.html
http://www.parasite-diagnosis.ch/web/11113/trichuriasisclinic
References
1. Humans get infected from ingesting contaminated plants. T/F
2. Poor standards of sanitation and cold climate are conditions necessary for the development and survival of eggs T/F
3. Adult Trichuris trichiura is found in the small intestine. T/F
4. The egg is pear shaped T/F5. There are less than 100 worms in an
infected human. What symptoms would be seen?
Questions