Trends and Issues in Thailand’s Climate Ch ange

Trends Trends and Issuesand Issues in in Thailand’s Thailand’s Climate ChClimate Changeange

Ppt prepared for Symposium I: Tropical Forests and Climate Change

In FORTROP II international conference on “Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World”

The Convention Center, the KU Golden Jubilee Building, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 17-21 November 2008

Organized by The Kasetsart University Faculty of Forestry (KUFF) and many other CO - ORGANIZERS

20 November 2008:10:30-10:50

Nipon Tangtham Professor in Watershed Management

Advisor: Forestry Research CenterFaculty of forestry, Kasetsart University

Nipon Tangtham Professor in Watershed Management

Advisor: Forestry Research CenterFaculty of forestry, Kasetsart University

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

• UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol :THAILAND’s INITIAL NATIONAL

COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNFCCC

• Status of Thailand Greenhouse Gases Emission

• Thailand’s Policy on Climate Change

• Trends of surface air temperature and mean annual

rainfall :Indochina Deforestation Effect on Regional Precipitation and

East-Asian Summer Monsoon

• Global Warming & Sea-level Rising in the Gulf of Thailand

• Recent studies related to climate change in Thailand

• Issues on research results :the roles of forest management vs

intensive agriculture on global warming mitigation

Thailand’s involvement with UNFCCC and the Kyoto protocol

Thailand ratified the UNFCCC in December,28, 1994 and the Convention became effective in the country three months later in March 1995

Thailand signed its support for the Kyoto Protocol on 2 February 1999, ratified on 28 August 2002

Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization; TGO.- the newly established autonomous governmental organization with a specific purpose as an implementing agency on GHG (Cabinet approved on 15 May 2007)

National Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation (Cabinet approved on 22 January 2008)

Policy IsPolicy Issuessues

Thailand’s Policy on Climate Change

Education, Training &

Public Awareness

National Communication

Adaptation

Research & Observation

System

Mitigation

Capacity Building

Clean Clean Development Development MechanismMechanism

Development & Technology

TransferInventories, Registry & Monitoring

system

Thailand’s

national a

nd govern

ment

policie

s

Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning CD4CDM 19 October 2005

THAILAND’s INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNFCCC

Office of Environmental Policy and Planning. 2000. Thailand’s Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Ministry of Science, Technologand Environment. Bangkok,Thailand. 100 p.

• CONTENTS– Introduction – National Circumstances – Inventory of Greenhouse Gas in 1994 – Greenhouse Gas Projections and Mitigation Option – Vulnerability and Adaptation – Policies and Measures – Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and Capacity Building 19– Public Education and Awareness

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/thainc1.pdf
















Inventory of Greenhouse Gases in 1994

THAILAND’s INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNFCCChttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/thainc1.pdf

Greenhouse Gas Emission Trends in Thailand

Trends and Issues in Thailand’s Climate ChangeTrends and Issues in Thailand’s Climate Change
















Thailand’s Greenhouse Gas Projections and Mitigation Options

THAILAND’s INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNFCCChttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/thainc1.pdf

















Thailand Greenhouse Gases Emission by Sector in 2002

297297,611,000,611,000Total emissionTotal emission

50,221,0004. Landuse Change & Forestry

3,188,0003. Agricultural &Livestock

10,777,0002. Industrial Process144,475,0001. Energy Sector

Quantity Quantity (tonnes)(tonnes)

Emission SourceEmission Source

677,0005. Wastes 0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

Energy

Industrial

Agriculture

Landuse change

Wastes

Sources of emission by sector

Emission(1000 tonnes)

69%

5%2%

24%

0.3%

Source of information: National Clean Development Mechanism Study for the Kingdom of Thailand (2002)


Emission from the Energy Sector between

2000-2004 (1000 tonnes)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Transportation 44.44 45.62 48.02 51.62 53.21

Power 57.78 61.26 63.45 66.29 71.62

Manufacturing 30.92 33.90 37.13 38.04 39.73

Res. & Com. 4.30 4.53 4.56 4.67 5.31

Others 9.09 9.21 9.85 10.72 10.80

Total 146.56154.5

3 163.0 171.3 180.6

Emission Increase (Million tonne CO2e) 7.97 8.50 8.33 9.313

Percentage Increase 5.44 5.50 5.11 5.43

Average Percentage Increase 5.37

Year

Source: Thailand Energy Statistics 2004


Empirical evidence for Thailand Empirical evidence for Thailand surface air temperature change : surface air temperature change :

Possible causal attributions Possible causal attributions and impactsand impacts

annual averaged maximum temperature

annual averaged minimum temperature

differences between annual averaged maximum and minimum

. Linear trends (C per 50 yrs) for annual averaged maximum temperature (a), annual averaged minimum temperature (b), and the differences between annual averaged maximum and minimum (c) from 1951 to 2003 .

Dr. Atsamon Dr. Atsamon LimsakulLimsakul

Environmental Environmental Research and Research and

Training CenterTraining CenterDepartment of Department of Environmental Environmental

Quality PromotionQuality Promotion

August 2004August 2004

TTrendrend of surface of surface air temperatureair temperature

TTrend of Mean Annual Rainfall in Thailandrend of Mean Annual Rainfall in Thailand

ที่��มา:แผนภู�ม�ขอม�ลภู�ม�อากาศ กรมอ�ตุ�น�ยมวิ�ที่ยา 25(48)::Source:TMD(2005)



Mitigation Measures: • Energy Sector:

– Demand Demand–side management Program– Energy Conservation and Promotion Act

– Switching Fuel– Transportation Improvement

• Forestry Sector:– Protection of Forest– Reforestation– Afforestation : Prime Minister’ s Policy to increase green a

reas by using economic incentive tools


















Vulnerability and AdaptationVulnerability and Adaptation• As a tropical country, Thailand is highly, vulnerable to climate

change in five major areas – Agriculture – Forest – water resources– Coastal – Health

• V&A is the most disadvantage area of work in climate change• Capacity building on research and and development is urgentl

y needed• Lack of sufficient international support to conduct research on

the issues• Need immediate attention regionally and globally.
















IMPACT OF DEFORESTSTION ON REGIONAL PRECIPITATION

OVER THE INDOCHINA DENINSULA :Special Reference to the Northeastern Special Reference to the Northeastern

ThailandThailand

by

S.Kanae,Y.Oki and K.Musiake

Journal of HydrometeorologyVol.2 No.1 February 2001

Vegetation exists

Deforested region

Kanae et.al., (2001). Significant decrease in precipitation over Thailand were detected only in September.

The magnitude of the mean decrease over the whole deforested area was relatively 7% change and the local maximum decrease was 29% relative change.

It is explained that the monsoon westerlies which are normally predominant external force influencing this regional climate disappear in September when the maximum rainfall is typically occurred.

Decreasing trend of rainfall in Septemberin Phisanulok and Sakhon Nakhon in Northeast Thailand

(Kanae et al., 2001)

1950 1990 1950 1990

300

200

300

200

Time series of precipitation at selected meteorological station indicate longer negative trend in September compare to that in other months

Is monsoon rainfall decreasing? -Is monsoon rainfall decreasing? -Impact of deforestation in Thailand on water Impact of deforestation in Thailand on water cyclecycle

The rainfall in the whole of Thailand in the late monsoon season (September) shows a remark

able decreasing trend since 1950’s. This decrease of rainfall may, at least partly, be attributed to

the change of surface water balance induced by change of the surface vegetation condition, i.e., the

deforestation over the whole of the country as shown in Fig.1. The recent model study (Kanae et al.,

2001) has suggested that the decreasing trend of rainfall in September may be related at least partl

y to the recent deforestation in Thailand.

That is, the deforestation over a wide region in the plain area of Thailand is likely to induce red

uction of surface roughness and evaporation efficiency, and increase of albedo(reflected short wave

radiation), which result in increase of sensible heating and decrease of evaporation. This change of s

urface heat balance in turn affect atmospheric stability to decrease cumulus convection and rainfall.

However, this effect of deforestation to decrease rainfall is noticeable only in September, when the s

outhwest monsoon current has become weak. In July and August, when the monsoon current is still

strong, the change of land surface condition by deforestation tends to change distribution of rainfall

, rather than to decrease the overall rainfall amount over the deforested area

Is monsoon rainfall decreasing? -Is monsoon rainfall decreasing? -Impact of deforestation in Thailand on water Impact of deforestation in Thailand on water cyclecycle

The rainfall in the whole of Thailand in the late monsoon season (September) shows a remark

able decreasing trend since 1950’s. This decrease of rainfall may, at least partly, be attributed to

the change of surface water balance induced by change of the surface vegetation condition, i.e., the

deforestation over the whole of the country as shown in Fig.1. The recent model study (Kanae et al.,

2001) has suggested that the decreasing trend of rainfall in September may be related at least partl

y to the recent deforestation in Thailand.

That is, the deforestation over a wide region in the plain area of Thailand is likely to induce red

uction of surface roughness and evaporation efficiency, and increase of albedo(reflected short wave

radiation), which result in increase of sensible heating and decrease of evaporation. This change of s

urface heat balance in turn affect atmospheric stability to decrease cumulus convection and rainfall.

However, this effect of deforestation to decrease rainfall is noticeable only in September, when the s

outhwest monsoon current has become weak. In July and August, when the monsoon current is still

strong, the change of land surface condition by deforestation tends to change distribution of rainfall

, rather than to decrease the overall rainfall amount over the deforested area

Role of large-scale vegetation and land use on water cycle and climate in monsoon Asia

Prof Tetsuzo YasunariFrontier Research System for Global Change (FRSGC)

and Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba

The results of the experiment on the impact of Indochina deforestation on the East-Asian summer monsoon by Sen et.al (2003) indicate that deforestation in the peninsula has not only local but also far-reaching effects on the East Asia summer monsoon. Locally, the effect could be described as increases in wind speed and Temperature, and decrease in water vapor mixing ratio from surface up to about 850 mb.

Furthermore, the deforestation tends to enhance the rising motions, and hence, tends to reduce surface pressure and geopotential height up to about 850 mb over the deforested area. The local landscape changes tend to increase rainfall on the downwind side and decrease it on the upwind side.

Indochina Deforestation Effect on East-Asian Summer Monsoon

• Working group on Eastern region Carrying Capacity study for development and environment prevention(2006)

– Overall region annual rainfall has decreased, excepted in Trat Province which having an increasing trend

– Rate of decreasing was maximum at Chantaburi (-19.4mm) followed by Rayong, (-10.3 mm.), Chachoengsao (-8.6mm.), Srakaew(-8.0mm.), Nakhon Nayok (-7.4mm.), Prachinburi (-4.8 mm. ) and minimum at Chonburi Province (-4.6 mm .)

– Trat Province has an increasing trend of 9.12 mm/annum

– It is noticeable that among the months of decreasing rainfall amount, the maximal decreasing was in “ September or October” which is the peak of rainy season, even in Trat Province

TTrend of Rainfall in Eastern Thailand: rend of Rainfall in Eastern Thailand: Results obtained from Results obtained from

Observation and 10,15 and 20 year Time Series Regression AnalysisObservation and 10,15 and 20 year Time Series Regression AnalysisTTrend of Rainfall in Eastern Thailand: rend of Rainfall in Eastern Thailand: Results obtained from Results obtained from

Observation and 10,15 and 20 year Time Series Regression AnalysisObservation and 10,15 and 20 year Time Series Regression Analysis

Recent changes in number of foggy days in Thailand, especially in the North have been observed by Nomoto (1999) and Nomoto (2003). The number of foggy days has been decreasing at most stations, especially Chiang Rai (CR), Phrea (Ph) and Nan (N)

provinces. Assuming that the trends in changes are linear, the rate of decrease reached 1.42 days/yr at CR, 2.01 days/yr at Ph and 1.97

days/yr at N respectively. The numbers at Mae Hong Son and Mae Sariang have not decreased continuously, but have fluctuated widely

throughout the period (1951-1995).

Deforestation and No. of Foggy Days

Global Warming & Rising OceansJeffrey Chanton

An ActionBioscience.org original article

• In addition to island nations, low-lying coastal countries are threatened by rising sea level.

• A 1 meter rise in sea level would inundate half of Bangladesh’s rice land. Bangladeshis would be forced to migrate by the millions.

• Other rice growing lowlands which would be flooded include those of Viet Nam, China, India and ThailandThailand. Millions of climate refugees could be created by sea level rise in the Philippines, Indonesia and Egypt.

http://www.actionbioscience.org/environment/chanton.html














Will sea-level really fall in the Gulf of Thailand?Will sea-level really fall in the Gulf of Thailand?Vongvisessomjai, S.Vongvisessomjai, S.

Songklanakarin J. Sci. TechnolSongklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2006, 28(2) : 227-248., 2006, 28(2) : 227-248

• Rate of sea-level changes due to climate changes vary according to latitudes: namely (i) in high and conditions occur with significant sea-level rises, and (ii) in low latitudes, successive humid and arid conditions occur with small sea-level rises or falls.

• IPCC projection of future sea-level rise in the high and and high scenarios respectively is wrongly accepted to be applicable to the Gulf of Thailand, which is in the low latitudes, where air and seawater temperatures are already high, and therefore, an insignificant increase of temperatures is found in several large cities.

• Analyses of Analyses of 5656 years data of tides recorded at Ko Lak, Prachuap Khirikhan province an years data of tides recorded at Ko Lak, Prachuap Khirikhan province and Sattahip, Chonburi province revealed that sea levels are falling slowly, which is consistd Sattahip, Chonburi province revealed that sea levels are falling slowly, which is consistent with results of Gregory (1993) who reported sea-level falls in the low latitudes and thent with results of Gregory (1993) who reported sea-level falls in the low latitudes and th

e Gulf of Thailand ofe Gulf of Thailand of 0-50 0-50 milimeters using U.K. Meteorological Offices Coupled Ocean milimeters using U.K. Meteorological Offices Coupled Ocean-atmosphere General Circulation Model. -atmosphere General Circulation Model.

• In conclusion, the sea-level in the Gulf of Thailand is found preliminarily to be In conclusion, the sea-level in the Gulf of Thailand is found preliminarily to be falling slightly or not changing, contradicting the belief that sea-level is rising ifalling slightly or not changing, contradicting the belief that sea-level is rising in the Gulf of Thailand at the same rate as that in the high and middle latitudesn the Gulf of Thailand at the same rate as that in the high and middle latitudes.. This should be investigated in more detail in the near future. This should be investigated in more detail in the near future.

http://www2.psu.ac.th/PresidentOffice/EduService/journal/28_2_pdf/01_sea_level_fall.pdf






















Figure 21. Monthly mean water levels at Ko Lak and Sattahip from 1940-1996 (HD, 1998).























Sea Level Trend in Gulf of Thailand Using Tide Gauge Data

สมมาตร เนียมนี�ล และ อ�ที่ธิ� ตุร�สิ�ร�สิ�ตุยวิงศSommart Niemnil and Itthi Trisirisatayawong

ABSTRACT• Sea level change is an index of climate change especially the global warming. Global sea level is rising at 1.8 mm/yr (IPCC,2007),

but few studies have been conducted regarding local sea level change and there is virtually no systematic study in the Gulf of Thailand. The objective of this research is to determine the rate of sea level change in the Gulf of Thailand using annual average sea-level data from 3 tide gauge stations of Hydrographic Department, Royal Thai Navy namely Sattahip station in Chonburi province, Ko Lak station in Prachuap Khiri Khan province and Ko Mattaphon station in Chumporn province and one station from Port Authority of Thailand namely KoSichang in Chonburi province.

• The results shows no agreements among the rates determined from different stations. Analysis of data of Sattahip station, Ko Mattaphon and Ko Sichang yield the rising rate of 0.22, 0.51 and 0.81 mm/yr respectively whereas data from Ko Lak station, Prachuap Khiri Khan gives a falling rate of 0.52 mm/yr.

• The conflicted results indicate the need of further investigation of local factors before actual rate of sea level change in the Gulf of Thailand could be determined.

• KEYWORDS : Sea Level Change, Tide Gauge, Gulf of Thailand

• [email protected]

• ภูาควิ�ชาวิ� ศวิกรรมสิ�ารวิจ คณะวิ�ศวิกรรมศาสิตุร จ�ฬาลงกรณมหาวิ�ที่ยาล�ย กร�งเที่พ ฯ 10400

• Department of Survey Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok

http://elib.fisheries.go.th/nifi-lib/ver1.7/misc/viewintn.asp?Ifmfn=/LIBCAB/DRAWERS/ARTICLE/DATA0007/00007707.PDF
































Figure 2. Long Term Sea Level Trend at Ko Mattaphon Station, Chumporn Province.Figure 1. Long Term Sea Level Trend at Sattahip Station, Chonburi Province.

Figure 3. Long Term Sea Level Trend at Ko Sichang Station, Chonburi Province . Figure 4. Long Term Sea Level Trend at Ko Lak Station, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province.

































Recent studiesRecent studies related to climate change in Thailandrelated to climate change in Thailand

1961-1990 2010-2039 2040-2069 2070-2099

Techamahasaranond,J.2001Techamahasaranond,J.2001

Predicted Change in Forest Predicted Change in Forest Types determined basing on Types determined basing on

Environmental Factors Environmental Factors caused by Climate caused by Climate

Change/Global Warming Change/Global Warming according to HadCM2according to HadCM2 ModelModel

Change in Change in Forest typeForest type

Impacts of Climate Change on Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Type Condition of the Forest Type Condition of the

Upper Chao Phraya River BasinUpper Chao Phraya River Basin

Impact of Climate Change on Water Resource of the Upper Chao Praya Impact of Climate Change on Water Resource of the Upper Chao Praya Basin: Basin:

The Inflow of Bhumibol and Sirikit ReservoirsThe Inflow of Bhumibol and Sirikit Reservoirs

Bhumibol and Sirikit Reservoirs in Ping and Nan basin of the Upper Chao Praya Basin: Bhumibol and Sirikit Reservoirs in Ping and Nan basin of the Upper Chao Praya Basin:

Bhumipol Bhumipol ReservoirReservoir

Sirikit Sirikit ReservoirReservoir

NanNanbasinbasin

Ping basinPing basin

WangWangbasinbasin

YomYombasinbasin

The 25 main river

basins of

Thailand

http://conservation.forest.ku.ac.th/GAME/report/summary_report.pdf




















Results from the models:Results from the models:– Thailand has approximately 2940km of coastline, much of

which contains important economic activities such as shrimp farming and rice farming. The study considered the potential impact of a 0.5 m and 1 m rise of sea levels in the Suratthani Province in southern Thailand.

– This region is characterised by a sand dune line which may mark an ancient shoreline and has a consistent elevation about 1m above present sea level. It was therefore used as an indicative boundary to the area potentially affected by a 1m sea-level rise.

– The suggestion is that 7400 ha (37 percent) of the study area would be affected by inundation under a 1 m sea-level rise. About 4200 ha of productive agricultural land and large numbers of shrimp ponds would be lost.

The Potential Socio-Economic Effects of Climate Change : Impacts in Thailand

http://ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/004-149/004-149.html














When does Kog-Ma forest absorb CO2 gas?

We want OBSERVATION DATA!

Atmosphere

Forest

The hill evergreen forest may absorb CO2 gas in the dry season, while it may release CO2 gas in the rainy season.Annual carbon budget in KogMa 　

canopy absorption tC/ha/yr 　　 20.9 soil respiration tC/ha/yr 　 25.3 NEE tC/ha/yr 4.4

carbon releaseTentative Value!

Plots (ton C ha-1)NF CI CC

CO2 CH4

N2O CO2 CH4

N2O CO2 CH4

N2O

Summer season (Mar-Jun)

12.65 0.21 5.01x 10-4 17.71 0.28 4.16 x 10-4 16.10 0.31 9.31 x 10-4

Rainy season (Jul-Oct)

10.19 0.25 5.96 x 10-4 14.63 0.03 1.4 x 10-3 13.05 0.20 1.79 x 10-3

Cold season (Nov-Feb)

4.91 0.17 3.80 x 10-4 3.59 0.11 9.5 x 10-4 5.10 0.19 1.00 x 10-3

CO2 equivalent b 27.76 13.44 0.46 35.93 8.96 0.86 34.25 14.56 1.15

Total CO2 equivalent b 41.66 45.75 49.96

b CO2 equivalent: calculated from GWP of CO2, CH4 and N2O in 1, 21 and 310 , respectively.

Effects of crop managements on soil carbon sequestration

Jaiarree,S.2008.Soil Carbon Dynamics in Agro-ecosystems in Thailand. Ph.D. Thesis progress report: JGSEE, KMUTTTable 12 CO2 (ton CO2 ha-1) and CH4 emissions (ton CH4 ha-1) and N2O emissions

(ton N2O ha-1) from native forest and corn soil in each season in 2005

NF = 200 yrs.-Dry evergreen forest

CI = Corn, inter cropping with baby corn ;10-15 t/ha compost application

CC = Super sweet corn;10-15 t/ha compost application

THAILAND’s INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNFCCC

FUTURE RESEARCH ISSUESFUTURE RESEARCH ISSUES

• Improvement of Climate modeling

• Development of Impact Modeling

• Vulnerability and Adaptation Studies

– Energy

– Biodiversity and timber and non-timber products

– Tourism

– Permanent crops and livestock

– Coastal resources such as beach, coastal ecology, coral reef, and land use change

– Direct and indirect health effects such as heat-related death and illness, physical and psychological trauma due to disasters, vectorborne and non-vector-borne diseases

• Social and Economic Issues



•Scenarios derived from four GCM models were used in the analysis of impact on agriculture in Thailand. The four models were:

(1) CSIRO global coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea-icemodel (CSIRO coupled GCMs or CGCM), (2) HadCM2 model, (3) ECHAM4/OPYC3 model and (4) CCCMA’s
















Ongoing Research and Projects Ongoing Research and Projects

• CDM A/R Pilot Projects in Thailand “Advanced methods for measuring and monitoring CO2 Emission/Reduction in Afforestation and Reforestation Projects” Cooperative ProjectCooperative Project :Michigan State University (MSU)+ Mahasarakham Univ. +Suranaree Technology Univ. + Land Development Department + Royal Forest Department under NRCT(National Research Council of Thailand) started from 2007

•Investigation on the effects of climate change on Investigation on the effects of climate change on natural resources and environment in natural resources and environment in

Thailand:Thailand: Mahidol UniversityMahidol University supported by OEPPsupported by OEPP

• DNPDNP Master PlanMaster Plan forfor climate change mitigation: climate change mitigation: KUFF supported by KUFF supported by Department of National Department of National Park, Wildlife and PlantPark, Wildlife and Plant ( (DNP)DNP)

3131stst October 2006 08.50-17.00 October 2006 08.50-17.00

Princess Sirindhorn International Center for Research,Princess Sirindhorn International Center for Research, Development and Tecnnology Transfer.Development and Tecnnology Transfer.

Kasetsart University at Bangken, BangkokKasetsart University at Bangken, Bangkok

NetworkNetwork

Rubber plantation at Chachengsao

Dry dipterocarp forest(2007)

Hill evergreen forests at Kog-Ma

Dry evergreen forests at Sakaerat

Mixed deciduous forests at Maeklong

Rice (rain-fed)at Sukothai

Rice (irrigated)at Pitsanulok

Teak plantation at Lampang

Casava Plantationat Nakorn Ratchasima

Dry dipterocarp forest(2007)

Sugarcane plantation at Nakonpatom

Fig 1. Observation sites in ThaiFlux network

A climate model suggests that chopping down the Earth's trees would help

fight global warmingGlobal warming :A new tree line Apr 12th 2007 From The Economist print edition

……… Dr Bala of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues has found, rather counter-intuitively(ความร��ส�กที่�เก�ดขึ้��นีอย�างตรงก�นีขึ้�าม), that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down. Conversely, adding trees everywhere

might warm it up.

http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8998216

…… When Dr Bala ordered global clearcutting, the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model calculated that the atmosphere's carbon-dioxide levels would roughly double by 2100. This is a much greater increase than happens in a business-as-usual simulation, but it would, paradoxically, make for a colder planet. That is because brighter high latitudes would reflect more sunlight in winter, cooling the local environment by as much as 6°C. ………….

IssuesIssues
















Energy Balance at the ground surface with forest cover

Solar Radiation, R

Reflected Radiation = fR

Soil Heat Flux, G

Sensible Heat Flux(Heating the air), C

Evapo-transpiration, Ef

Storage at the ground surface, Vs+ ( C + G) = R - fR - Ef

[PPT] Catchment Erosion and Evolution GEOG 2520 Mike Kirkby Lecture #4 ...

Snow Snow

•Higher reflectivity = brighter, shinier surface (snow, ice) •Lower reflectivity = darker, rougher surface (soil, sand) = albedo

http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/people/m.kirkby/Presentations/cee4.ppt








““coastal erosion”coastal erosion” and and “global warming” “global warming”

Assoc.Prof. Dr. Thanawat

Jarupongsakul , leader of the

research project on solution for coastal erosion problems at Chulalongkorn Unive

rsity,

• Normal coastal erosion becomes a critical Normal coastal erosion becomes a critical problem due to several factorsproblem due to several factors . . Among them are Among them are global warming that leads to fluctuating climate global warming that leads to fluctuating climate and an alarmingly high sea level, construction of and an alarmingly high sea level, construction of dams that lead to the disappearance of 75 dams that lead to the disappearance of 75 percent of land accumulated from the sediments percent of land accumulated from the sediments flowing to the river mouth,flowing to the river mouth, land subsidence due land subsidence due to industrial development areas around the Gulf to industrial development areas around the Gulf of Thailand, as well as the deterioration of of Thailand, as well as the deterioration of mangrove forest caused by shrimp farming and mangrove forest caused by shrimp farming and woodcuttingwoodcutting..

•DrDr . . Thanawat also stated that if the Thanawat also stated that if the unsolved problems were allowed to unsolved problems were allowed to continue, coastal erosion would become continue, coastal erosion would become aggravated at the rate of aggravated at the rate of 65meters 65meters per per yearyear . . Then, within a few decades, the Then, within a few decades, the community around community around would certainly be affectedwould certainly be affected..

go.worldbank.org/TANCXJOIZ0

IssuesIssues

http://go.worldbank.org/TANCXJOIZ0






Thai temple fights off encroaching tide as world sea levels rise"

• March 31, 2008KHUN SAMUT CHINI - The deserted Khun Samut temple, the only building left in a Thai village, has been eroded by waves as time goes by . The encroaching tide has sent all the villagers fleeing inland.

• Over 30 years, the sea around Khun Samut Chin village has engulfed more than one kilometre (0.6 miles ) of land, World Bank figures show, mostly because fishermen have cut down mangrove forests -- the Earths natural sea barrier.

http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000038286"

• Tourism development, sand mining and damming rivers upstream have also taken their toll in an area naturally prone to coastal erosion. • The community have realised their errors and are trying to replant the mangroves, but the situation may soon be out of their hands as global warming sends sea levels rising and powerful storms lashing the coast. • The process has been occurring over some time and accelerating with land use changes and local human activity, says Jitendra Shah, the World Banks environmental coordinator in Thailand.

IssuesIssues

http://www.manager.co.th/Home/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000038286

















Figure 11. Spot image taken in 1993 showing coastal erosion at Bang Khun Thian (JICA, 2001).


IssuesIssues






















Figure 12a. A set of aerial photographs of shoreline changes from 1954 to 1976 (Fig.a) and from 1976 to 1995(Fig.b) from Petchaburi river mouth at Ban Laem to Laem Phukbia (ONREPP, 2003).

Figure 12a Figure 12b


IssuesIssues






















Krairapanond, A., 2003 . Thailand’s Response to Climate Change. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment ,Thailand. The 13th th Asia-Pacific Seminar on Climate

Change , 2-5 September 2003 ,Miyazaki, Japan.

Thailand’s CDM Thailand’s CDM Potential Potential ::Concluding Concluding

RemarksRemarks

Krairapanond, A., 2003 . Thailand’s Response to Climate Change. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment ,Thailand. The 13th th Asia-Pacific Seminar on Climate

Change , 2-5 September 2003 ,Miyazaki, Japan.

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Trends and Issues in Thailand’s Climate Ch ange