Trees of Pakistan.pdf

8/10/2019 Trees of Pakistan.pdf

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TREES OF PAKISTAN

Mahmnood Iqbal Sheikh

1993


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TREES OF PAKISTAN

Mahmood lqbal Shelkh

1993


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD v

PREFACE vi

INTRODUCTION 1

ENVIRONMENTALSETTING 1

CLIMATE 1Precipitation 1 Temperature 3 Humidity 3Winds 3

SOILS 3

FOREST TYPES 5Coniferous Sub-alpine Forests 5 Coniferous Dry Temperate Forests 7 Coniferous Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests 7 Coniferous Sub-tropical Pine Forests 8Scrub Dry Sub-tropical Broad-leaved Forests 8 Scrub Dry Tropical Thorn Forests 8 Irrigated Plantations 9 Riverain Forests 9 Mangrove Forests 9Linear Plantations 10 Farm Forests 10

FOREST AREA 10

FOREST PROTECTION 11Insects 11Diseases 12 Wild Animals 12 Fires 12 Climatic Causes 12

TREES OF PAKISTAN 13 Abies pindrow 14 Acacia albida 15Acacia aneura 16 Acacia catechu 1,7Acacia cyclops 18Acacia famesiana 19Acacia modesta 20 Acacia nilotica 21


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Acacia saligna 22Acacia senegal 23Acacia seyal 24Acacia tortilis 25

cer caesium 26cer oblongum 27

Aegle marmelos 28esculus ind/ca 29

Ailanthus altissima30Ailanthus excelsa 31

Albizzia lebbek 32Albizzia procera 33Alnus nitida 34Alstonia scholaris 35Avicennia marina 36Azadirachta indica 37Bauhinia purpurea 38Bauhinia variegata 39Betula uti/is 40Bishofia javanica 41Bombax cieha

42Broussonetia papyrifera 43Butea frondosa 44Buxus wallichiana 45Callistemon viminalis 46Cassia fistula 47Casuarina equisetifolia 48Cedrela serrata 49Cedrela toona 50Cedrus deodara 51Celtis ediocarpa 52Ceratonia siliqua 53

Celops tagal 54Conocarpus lancifolius 55Cordia myxa 56Crataeva religiosa 57Cupressus arizonica 58Dalbergia sissoo 59Delonix regia 60Derris indica 61Ehretia serrata 62Elaeagnus hortensis 63 Erythrina suberosa 64Eucalyptus camaldulensis 65

Eucalyptus citriodora 66Eucalyptus microtheca 67Eucalyptus tereticornis 68Ficus religiosa 69Fraxinus hooked 70Fraxinus xanthoxyloides 71Gleditsia triacanthos 72


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Gmelina arborea 73Grevillea robusta 74Grewia opliva 75Heterophragma adenophyllum 76Jacaranda ovalifolia 77Juglans regia 78Juniperus excelsa 79Leucaena leucocephala 80Man gifera indica

81Melia azedarach 82Millingtonia horterisis 83Moringa pterygosperma 84Morus alba 85Olea ferruginea 86Parkinsonia aculea'a 87Peltophortim pterocarpum 88Phoenix dactylifera 89Phyllanthus emblica 90Picea smithiana 91Pinus brutia 92Pinus gerardiana

93Pinuo halepensis 94Pinus roxburghii 95Pinus wallichiana 96Pistacia integerritna 97Pistacia khinjuk 98Pithecolobium dulce 99Platanus orientalis 100Populus caspica 101Populus ciliata 102Populus deltoides 103Populus euphratica 104Populus eurarnericana

105Populus nigra 106Prosopis cineraria 107Prosopis juliflora 108Prunus cornuta 109Pyrus pashia 110Quercus balootQuercus dilatata 112Quercus glauca 113Quercus incana 114Quercus semicarpifolia 115Rhizophora mucronata 116Robinia pseudoacacia

117Salix acmophylla 118Salix babilonica 119Salix tetrasperma 120Salvadora oleoides 121Sapindus mukorossi 122Sapium sebiferum 123

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Schinus molle 124Sesbania sesban 125Syzygium cumini 126Tamarindus indica 127Tamarix aphylla 128Tecomella undulata 129Terminalia arjuna 130Terminalia belerica 131.

Ulmus w/allichiana 132Zzyphus mauritiana 133

REFERENCES 134

APPENDICES 135I G l o s s a r y o f Terms 136II List of Trees by Native and Exotic Species 137III List of Trees by Common and Scientific Names 139

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INTRODUCTION

The trees of Pakistan are as diverse as its landscape. Thesandy beaches, the blue lagoons, the mangroves along the ArabianSea, the sandy deserts, the desolate plateaus, the Indus basin, thehigh mountain ranges and the picturesque valleys each have theirown vegetational complexes which have developed over time.

ENVIRONMENTALSETTING

Pakistan is an oblong s t re tch of land bordered on the south bythe Arabian Sea to the north by the Himalayan mountains, to theeast by the plains of India and to the west by the mountains anddeserts of Afghanistan and Iran (Figure 1). It is locateddiagonally between 240 and 370 north latitude and 610 and 750 eastlongitude, with a total area of 87.98 million ha. Within this areais the large, fertile Indus plain that is fed by snow and glaciersof the northern mountain systems. These mountain systems are madeup of the Karakoram range, the greater Himalayas and the Hindu-Kushrange. This area has 100 peaks of over 5,400m, including "1K2" (8,563m) the second highest mountain in the world. The westernmountain ranges, the Sufed Koh and the Sulaiman are not as spectacular and slope into the southwestern Balochistan Plateau.Characteristically, the mountain slopes are steep, formingextremely important but fragile watershed areas. The Indus basinconsists of two features, the alluvial plain and the sand dunedeserts.

The countryis drained by six rivers, the Kabul, the Indus,the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, and the Sutlej. These rivers

join the Indus as it flows south to the Arabian Sea; they providethe water for the agriculture production and hydroelectric powerthat sustains the economy. The Indus plain, given life by thiswater, forms the granary of Pakistan. Agriculture is a major landuse and a mainstay of the economy, contributing about 30% of GNPand employing 55% of the labor force.

CLIMATE

The climate is also as varied as Pakistan's landscape. It is characterized by scarce and erratic rainfall, low relativehumidity, extreme temperatures and strong hot and cold winds.

Precipitation

Precipitation ranges from 50mm in western parts of theBalochistan highlands to about 1500mm in the Himalayan region. Thecountry can be considered as arid or semi-arid with more than 75%of it receiving less than 250mm of the annual precipitation. A

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Fig 1 - Map of Pakistan showing main rivers, hills andmountain ranges.

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humid zone occurs in the Punjab and a wet zone is found on thesouthern slopes of the northern highlands. Figure 2 gives meanannual rainfall zones for Pakistan.

Precipitation is characterized by a summer monsoon thatdominates the eastern and southern areas and a winter rainy seasonthat prevails in the south-western, western and north-westernregions. Monsoon (July-September) is considered the mostimportant season of precipition because of the quantity of moistureit produces, approximately 70 to 80% of the annual total. Thewinter wet season, lasting from December to February, is the resultof western atmospheric disturbances which are also the sources of snowfall in the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram. The westernhalf of the Balochistan Plateau receives more than 40% of itsannual precipitation during this season.

Temperature

Temperature will range from below 0C to as high as 52.2 0 C(recorded in Jacobabad, Sindh). June is the hottest month, with

the summer in the plains lasting from May to August. Daily maximumtemperatures can exceed 40 0 C, being as high as 45 0 C in Upper Sindh.

Although temperatures are high in the plains and go as low as -12'C in the mountainous regions, most of the plains are not frostfree. The mean minimum January temperature in much of the IndusPlain is 40C. However, when cold north-westerly winds blow in December and January, a widespread frost is common for a few weeks,the only strictly frost-free area is the narrow coastal strip alongthe Arabic Sea.

Humidity

A 64 km inland coastal belt has very high relative humidity,especially during August. The relative humidity in most parts of the country is moderate, although sometimes falling below 10% in the plains. High humidities can occur in the plains, but seldomlast longer than a month.

Winds

Hot, desiccating winds are common from April to Septemberconsequently, decreasing the already meager moisture supply. Windspeeds up to 80 to 96 km per hour have been recorded. In thedeserts, dust storms are a regular feature during summer.

SOILS

The Indus basin comprises a vast area of alluvial soils,formed mostly by the deposits of the Indus river and itstributaries. A smaller portion of the basin has loessal soil.These soils are deep and fertile, and rocks are not usuallyencountered. The alluvial material is dominantly a calcareous silt

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loam, brown in color, of mixed mineralogy. The organic mattercontent of these soils, is c.enerally between 0.5 to 0.8% to a depthof 75 to 100cm. Organic matter drops to about 0.3% at lower depths.The calcium carbonate content is between 6 and 10%, and has leachedinto the deeper layers, forming a zone of lime nodules (Kankar) at about 90-120cm depth. The p1 usually ranges from 8 to 9.

Water logging, salinity and sodicity areserious problems thathave been aggravated with improper irrigation water management

techniques. Reclamation of some of these soils is possible, howevermuch of these areas will not support normal farming. All possiblecombinations of water logging, salinity and sodicity can be foundboth in irrigated and un-irrigated areas.

The deser ts of Siahan, Thar, Cholistan and Thal extend over anarea of 12 mil l ion ha. The Thar and Cholistan are par t of the greatIndian desert and occupy the area east of the southern half of theIndus plain. The Thal desert l i es between the Jhelum and Indusr ivers , and the Siahan desert touches Iran and Afghanistan. Most ofthe Cholistan and Thar deserts comprise dun,, land consisting of ridges of sand, drifted and piled by wind. The ridges are about 6 to 10m high and run parallel to one another, separated by gapsapproximately as broad as the ridges. The general orientation of these dunes is determined by the prevalent wind. They are devoid ofvegetation.

The sandy area of the Thal deser t also has an array oflongitudinal sandy ridges, alternating with narrow valleys. Theridges are stabilized by vegetation. The inter-ridge valleys havesandy loam soils which support vegetation.

FOREST TYPES

The distribution of forest vegetation in Pakistan is primarilygoverned by climatic and edaphic factors and is reflected in thediversity of forests types. While large areas are under naturalconiferous and broad-leaved forests, some of the forests areentirely man-made. the forest in therom alpine northernHimalayas, to the mangrove fores ts in the Indus del ta swamps thereis a variety of different forest types (Figure 3).

Coniferous Sub-alpine Forests

This is the upper-most t ree formation in the Himalayas loca tedat an elevation of 3,350 to 3,800m. It occurs in Azad Kashmir, Dir,Swat, Chitral, Northern Area and Hazara. Abies pindrow and Pinuswallichiana stand singly or in groups with a under storey of broadleaved trees in which Betula is typically prominent with Pyrus andSalix. The ground cover is completed by Viburnum and Salix. Theconifers are stunted, attaining heights of up to 8m. The broadleaved, trees reach heights of about 7m.

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DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPES

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Trees of Pakistan.pdf