Climate  change  and  Biodiversity:  interfacing  mi6ga6on  and  adapta6on  

Eike  Luedeling    

Tree  Diversity  Day  2012  CBD  COP-­‐11  

Hyderabad,  India  

Landscapes  are  made  up  of  different  elements  

Forest  Urban  

Agriculture  

Landscapes  are  made  up  of  different  elements  

High  biodiversity  Very  low  

biodiversity  

Crop  biodiversity  

Boundaries  between  landscape  elements  are  oAen  fuzzy  

In  many  landscapes,  dis6nc6ons  are  not  clear-­‐cut  

Biodiversity  is  considerable  in  all  parts  of  the  landscape  

AdaptaFon  will  be  essenFal…  

Climate  change  affects  all  landscape  elements  

…for  landscapes  

…for  people  

Microclimate  effects  

Trees  can  contribute  to  climate  change  adapta6on  

Trees,  forests  and  agroforestry  contribute  to  hydrological  cycling  

Rainbow  Water  

à  Influence  on  regional  rainfall  paLerns    

Rainbow  Water    

Closes  the  hydrological  cycle,  adds  the  concept  of  terrestrial  

evapotranspiraFon  as  ‘recyling’  

Enhanced  soil  ferFlity  Improved  water  household  

Risk  reducFon  Income  diversificaFon  

Trees  can  contribute  to  climate  change  adapta6on  

Opportunity  for  increased  off-­‐farm  income  

CollevaQ  et  al.,  2011.  Tree  GeneFcs  &  Genomes  7,  1237-­‐1247  

Climate  change  impacts  on  Caryocar  brasiliense  Present  climate   Habitat  

suitability  

High  

Low  

Projected  2050s  climate  

Many  trees  need  assistance  with  adaptaFon  

Trees  are  vulnerable  to  climate  change  

In  REDD,  iniFally  sharp  divide  between  forests  and  non-­‐forests  

Difficulty  in  defining  forests  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

Tree  canopy  covering  >75%  of  the  surface  area  

UNEP,  2009.  Vital  forest  graphics.  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

Tree  canopy  covering  >50%  of  the  surface  area  

UNEP,  2009.  Vital  forest  graphics.  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

Tree  canopy  covering  >20%  of  the  surface  area  

UNEP,  2009.  Vital  forest  graphics.  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

UNEP,  2009.  Vital  forest  graphics.  

Tree  canopy  covering  >10%  of  the  surface  area  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

Carbon  can  be  stored  anywhere  in  the  landscape  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

Carbon  can  be  stored  anywhere  in  the  landscape  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

Forest  

Agroforestry  farm  

SomeFmes  non-­‐forests  store  more  carbon  than  forests  

Leakage:  reduced  emissions  at  one  place  may  be  offset  by  added  emissions  elsewhere  

Gradual  realizaFon  of  the  need  for  a  whole-­‐landscape  approach:  

RED  to  REDD  to  REDD+  to  AFOLU  

Interna6onal  climate  change  nego6a6ons  

REALU?  (Reducing  Emissions  from  All  Land  Uses)  

Biodiversity  happens  everywhere  in  the  landscape  

Currently,  there  is  a  clear  division  between  landscape  elements  in  CBD  programmes  

Climate  change  requires  biodiversity  conserva6on  to  take  a  landscape  approach  

Currently  suitable  habitat  for  a  given  

species  

Suitable  habitat  in  2050  

Climate  change  requires  biodiversity  conserva6on  to  take  a  landscape  approach  

Currently  suitable  habitat  for  a  given  

species  

Suitable  habitat  in  2050  

Climate  change  requires  biodiversity  conserva6on  to  take  a  landscape  approach  

Diverse  landscapes  including  trees  facilitate  migraFon  and  adaptaFon  

Co-­‐benefits  for  climate  change  adaptaFon  and  miFgaFon  

Tree  biodiversity  can  be  preserved  outside  forests  

Biodiversity  is  best  protected  with  a  whole-­‐landscape  approach,  including  trees  outside  forests  

e.luedeling@cgiar.org    

Tree  Diversity  Day  2012  CBD  COP-­‐11  

Hyderabad,  India  

Thank  you  for  your  aLen6on!