Treatment of Mental Disorders By Mr. C. Key Questions for this Unit What’s the difference between...
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Treatment of Mental Disorders By Mr. C
Treatment of Mental Disorders By Mr. C. Key Questions for this Unit What’s the difference between a Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychologist and a Counselor?
Key Questions for this Unit Whats the difference between a
Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychologist and a Counselor? How do
Psychoanalysts treat mental disorders? How do Behaviorists treat?
How do Humanists treat? What is Cognitive therapy?
Slide 3
What is a psychiatrist? Psychiatrists are MDs (medical doctors)
with a specialty in treating mental disorders, usually with a
biomedical therapy (medicine) and some talk therapy. You would see
a shrink if you have schizophrenia, severe depression, suicidal
thoughts, and other severe mental problems that need
medication.
Slide 4
What is a clinical psychologist? A clinical psychologist has a
PhD in psychology (no medical school). They treat fairly serious
mental illnesses with talk therapies. They might treat personality
disorders, anxiety disorders, addictions using insight or talk
therapy.
Slide 5
What is a counselor? A counselor uses talk therapy to treat
non-mental disorders like improving communication between family
members, grief counseling, marital counseling, life strategies.
Counselors have a Masters Degree with specialty training.
Slide 6
2. In contrast to a clinical psychologist, a psychiatrist is
more likely to a) engage in an eclectic b) use a biomedical/somatic
treatment c) recognize the importance of group therapy with
patients having the same disorder d) treat clients in community
mental health centers exclusively
Slide 7
Perspectives on Treatment Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic
Cognitive Biophysical
Slide 8
What are Psychoanalytic methods? Dream Analysis Manifest
content (actual content) AND Latent content (hidden) Transference
strong emotional outburst/connection with therapist Hypnosis Free
association talk about whatever and Dr. analyzes it All 5 rely on
exposing unconscious thoughts and interpreting them.
Slide 9
Slide 10
VII. Psychoanalysis (psychodynamic): Unconscious thoughts &
emotions are brought into awareness to be dealt with. Psychological
problems the result of unconscious processes. Bringing unpleasant
unconscious thoughts into to consciousness, produces
catharsis.
Slide 11
A. What are Psychoanalytic methods of therapy (4 of them on
same card if possible): 1. Free Association patient reports
anything that comes to his/her mind. The psychoanalyst takes
whatever you say and treats it like a window into your unconscious
mind.
Slide 12
B. Dream analysis: Dreams have two types of content: Manifest
content- actual events in dream. Latent content hidden message in
dream. (latent = hidden) Freud thought that each dream represents a
form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is
always there.
Slide 13
C. Transference Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) are
expressed toward the therapist. These feelings are actually
unconsciously felt toward others; the patient is projecting these
feelings onto the therapist. This provides clues about the clients
feelings about these other people.
Slide 14
Hypnosis Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique.
Some people are more susceptible to hypnosis than others cant by
hypnotized against your will. Whatever you think, patients report
benefits from hypnosis. video
Slide 15
5. The goal of psychoanalytical therapy is a) to change
maladaptive behavior to more socially acceptable behavior b) to
change negative thinking into more positive attributions c) to
attain self-actualization d) to bring unconscious conflicts to
conscious awareness and gain insight
Slide 16
In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist
that symbolically represents other important relationships is
called a.resistance. b.transference. c. identification. d.
empathy
Slide 17
A psychoanalyst who believes in the theories of Freud would see
mental disorders as caused by a. birth trauma. b. repressed
sexuality and aggression. c. bizarre dreams. d. immature personal
relationships.
Slide 18
Psychoanalysis summary What causes mental disorders?
unconscious (whatever) Treatment? Probing the unconscious mind
(psychoanalysis)
Slide 19
Behavioral Therapy
Slide 20
Behavioral causes of disorders? Behaviorists believe that
mental problems are caused by classical conditioning (for example,
phobias), operant conditioning (addictions, depression), and
observational learning (we watch our parents and friends suffer so
we copy them). Treatment: they change maladaptive behavior.
Slide 21
What are classical conditioning techniques? Systematic
desensitization (gradual exposure) to your phobia or germs (for OCD
and phobias) Flooding overexposure to what bugs you Aversive
conditioning associate bad things with your maladaptive behavior
(shock testicles) videovideo
Slide 22
Slide 23
Operant conditioning treatment Token economy (operant
conditioning) Therapists will reward desirable behaviors with a
reward system. This is usually applied to groups like hospital
mental wards or classrooms or workplaces.
Slide 24
Systematic desensitization is a technique based on a) classical
conditioning b) instrumental conditioning c) operant conditioning
d) aversive conditioning
Slide 25
The owner of a chicken ranch ends a pet dog's habit of stealing
and eating eggs by allowing the dog to "find" and eat several eggs
laced with Tabasco sauce. The ranch owner's approach is similar to
a.covert sensitization. b.aversion therapy. c. implosive therapy.
d. desensitization techniques.
Slide 26
Behaviorism summary What causes mental disorders? - We are
conditioned to be sick (classical, operant, observational learning)
Treatment? We change the behavior through conditioning.
Slide 27
Humanistic Perspective of Psychology
Slide 28
Humanism What is the root word of Humanism? After years of
psychoanalysts saying we are a bunch of id-driven animals and years
of behaviorists studying rats in a cage, the Humanists came along
in the 60s.
Slide 29
What is Humanism? Major perspective of psychology. Focuses on
maximizing human potential, free will. Important people: Carl
Rogers, Abraham Maslow.
Slide 30
Humanistic therapy? Who is Carl Rogers? Carl Rogers was the
founder of person-centered therapy, reflective listening,
unconditional positive regard, empathy. The patient/client has all
the answers and the means to treat themselves. In person- centered
therapy, the therapist acts as a sounding board for the patient,
sometimes rephrasing what the patient says (reflective listening).
Empathy is important!
Slide 31
Reflective listening Patient to Rogerian therapist: Im really
depressed. Therapist: I see. Yes. You are depressed. Patient:
Nothing is going well. Therapist: Nothing well. Patient: I feel
like killing myself. T: Youre thinking of killing yourself. P: Yes,
Im going to do it NOW. T: You want to do it now. P: [Jumps out
window.] T: Woosh. Splat
Slide 32
Person-Centered Therapy (Client-centered or Rogerian) Show the
client unconditional positive regard: accepting and valuing self
(and people) regardless of their behavior Allow the client to take
responsibility for his life Mirror the clients emotions and
thoughts so that he/she can decide their path in life Be congruent
(honest, genuine, vulnerable) Show empathy
Slide 33
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Slide 34
People cannot maximize their potential unless their more basic
needs are met. If a familys home just got destroyed by a tornado,
can they focus on their communication skills? If you are hungry,
can you worry about your self esteem?
Slide 35
Humanistic Therapy Humanists are really touchy-feely, but
without them we are just rats in a cage. Rogers and Maslow put the
human element back into psychology and therapy. Their philosophy:
We are all humans striving to maximize our potential. A therapists
job is to remove obstacles to self-actualization.
Slide 36
Humanism treatment summary What causes mental disorders?
Barriers to self actualization. How to treat mental disorders?
Person-centered therapy, reflective listening, unconditional
positive regard.
Slide 37
Vic is encouraged to take charge of the therapy session and his
therapist uses an active listening approach to mirror back the
feelings he hears from him. Which therapy is most likely being
described? a) client-centered therapy b) cognitive therapy c)
psychodynamic therapy d) existential therapy
Slide 38
When a therapist attempts to see the world through the client's
eyes and to feel some part of what he or she is feeling, the
therapist is using a. authenticity. b. empathy. c. reflection. d.
ego-centering.
Slide 39
A therapist that engages in reflective listening, non-directive
therapy, and has unconditional positive regard for the client is
probably a. cognitive b. behavioral c. humanistic. d.
psychodynamic
Slide 40
What is cognitive therapy? Cognitive therapy focuses on
changing how the client/patient thinks. The therapist focuses on
changing/fixing the maladaptive thoughts of the patient It can be
confrontational Cognitive therapy also educates the client, teaches
him/her proper behaviors/thoughts
Slide 41
Cognitive perspective We are depressed because we are
irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want
everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our
way. We stay angry about stuff that happened a looong time ago. WE
MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.
Slide 42
Who are famous cognitive therapists? Aaron Beck reality therapy
Albert Ellis rational emotive therapy
Slide 43
Aaron Beck? Cognitive therapy Distorted thinking has a negative
effect on our behavior no matter what type of disorder (Aaron Beck,
1997).
Slide 44
Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy vigorously
challenges peoples illogical, self-defeating attitudes and
assumptions; a confrontational therapy
Slide 45
Rational Emotive Therapy: Ellis A-B-C theory of dysfunctional
behavior A Activating event B Belief C emotional Consequence based
on that belief.
Slide 46
Example of Rational Thinking A= fail a midterm examination
B=Its unfortunate that I failed-I did not study hard enough and I
must make sure that I study harder for the final C=no consequences
(no emotional disturbance)
Slide 47
Example Irrational Thinking: leads to Emotional Disturbance A=
Fail exam B= Im stupid, Ill never be able to pass this course and I
will fail this course C=depression
Slide 48
Rational Emotive Therapy Identify patients irrational beliefs
Add D and E to A-B-C theory Teach the patient to Dispute the
beliefs and substitute logical and rational beliefs Evaluate the
effects of disputing their irrational beliefs
Slide 49
CBT: Effective for Which Disorders? Empirically supported
treatment for Depression Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive
compulsive disorder Panic disorder
Slide 50
Cognitive summary What causes mental disorders? Irrational
thoughts and beliefs How to treat disorders? Change the thoughts
and beliefs
Slide 51
In rational-emotive therapy, a.clients are encouraged to take
responsibility for their own choices. b.clients learn to challenge
irrational beliefs. c.the therapist seeks to have the client
discover rational insights on his or her own. d.irrational elements
of the unconscious are made to conform to reality.
Slide 52
One difference between psychoanalytic and cognitive models of
treatment is that cognitive therapists A.Say little during sessions
B.Emphasize the primacy of behavior C.Focus on the present D.View
repressed thoughts about ones childhood as the root of most
problems E.Do not face their clients
Slide 53
Who would suggest that cognitive distortions or errors in logic
that are blown out of proportion could lead to psychological
disorders? A. Sigmund Freud B. Ivan Pavlov C. Carl Rogers D. Aaron
Beck E. Tommy Chong
Slide 54
Eclectic therapy? uses tools from cognitive, behavioral and
humanistic perspectives
Slide 55
Group Therapy
Slide 56
Benefits of Group Therapy? Is cheap, effective. (only 1
professional is needed) It allows people to gain insight into their
own behaviors and thoughts People dont feel like they are the only
one with their problem; they can witness the therapist treat others
with similar problems. You can cure yourself while curing
others.
Slide 57
All of the following are potential benefits of group therapy
EXCEPT a) it is often more economical than 1:1 treatment b) it does
not require the services of a mental health professional c) clients
with similar problems can provide helpful insight and feedback to
peers d) group members can see how their problems might impact
others
Slide 58
What is the biomedical approach to treatment? Drugs, surgery,
ECT
Slide 59
Types of drugs? Antipsychotics (schizophrenia) can lead to
tardive dyskinesia Antidepressants (Prozac, Zoloft, Wellibutruin)
Antianxiety can lead to drowsiness (Xanax, Paxil)
Slide 60
Slide 61
Somatic therapy (Drug Therapy ) Antipsychotic drugs alleviate
the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia;
Examples:Thorazine, many work by blocking dopamine receptor sites
Can lead to tardive dyskinesia, (tremors)
Slide 62
Drug Therapy Psychopharmacology The prescribed use of drugs to
help treat symptoms of mental illness ostensibly to ensure that
individuals are more receptive to talk therapies
Slide 63
Drug Therapy Antidepressants and mood stabilizers Include
Prozac, monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, lithium carbonate is a
mood stabilizer (effective against bipolar disorder) Treat
depression and bipolar disorder Usually affect serotonin and/or
norepinephrine
Slide 64
SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin between 2 neurons
Slide 65
Drug Therapy Antianxiety drugs work by depressing central
nervous system activity Most common side effect - drowsiness highly
addictive, can be fatal when mixed with alcohol sudden cessation
after long-term use can result in severe withdrawal symptoms,
including seizures, increased anxiety, and in rare cases, death
Xanax, Paxil
Slide 66
Drug Therapy in ADHD Stimulants suppress activity level in
persons with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) There
is controversy from concern that the causes and boundaries of ADHD
are vague and the potential exists for overdiagnosis
Slide 67
Slide 68
_______ is any technique involving surgical alteration of the
brain. a.Ablation lesioning b.Psychosurgery c. Deep ECT d. Psychic
surgery
Slide 69
4. The MOST commonly cited side effect associated with
anti-anxiety drugs is a) insomnia b) blurred vision c) drowsiness
d) tachycardia
Slide 70
9. Prozac and other modern antidepressant medications work to
a) block dopamine receptors b) decrease the level of acetylcholine
c) break down the MAO enzymes d) block the reuptake of
seratonin
Slide 71
11. Valium is a) an antidepressant drug b) an MAO inhibitor c)
an antipsychotic drug d) an antianxiety drug
Slide 72
Psychosurgery Psychosurgery The general term for surgical
intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders The
infamous prefrontal lobotomy is no longer performed Severing the
corpus callosum, however, can reduce life-threatening seizures
Slide 73
Brain-Stimulation Therapies Electroconvulsive therapy ECT is
used for the treatment of severe depression Transcranial magnetic
stimulation, a possible alternative to ECT, can also be used for
the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar
disorder
Slide 74
Transcranial magnetic stimulation Video
Slide 75
1930s-1950s Frontal lobotomy Became Prefrontal lobotomy Muniz
won Nobel prize for procedure Procedure eventually banned
Destruction of personality Replaced in 1954 by first anti-
psychotic: Thorazine
Slide 76
Treating disorders with drugs or surgery is known as
a.cognitive therapy b.humanistic therapy c. biomedical therapy d.
psychoanalysis
Slide 77
Carl Rogers is responsible for a.client-centered therapy.
b.psychoanalysis. c. directive therapy. d. existential
therapy.
Slide 78
The aim of cognitive-behavioral therapy is to _____ A.Discover
unconscious motives for behavior B.Change the way people behave
C.Change the way people think and behave D.Change peoples negative
thinking patterns
Slide 79
Ann is suffering from depression and no psychological or drug
therapies are working to alleviate her symptoms. The biomedical
technique of ____ may be used as a last resort. A.Flooding
B.Systematic desensitization C.Electroconvulsive therapy
D.psychosurgery
Slide 80
Modern antidepressants, such as Prozac, work to block the
reuptake of which neurotransmitter? A.Dopamine B.Serotonin
C.Acetylcholine D.GABA
Slide 81
John is a 12-year-old who is having trouble dealing with his
familys relocation to a new city. He most likely first sees a
______ A.Psychiatrist B.Counselor C.Clinical psychologist
D.Registered nurse E.Psychoanalyst
Slide 82
In aversion therapy a person __________ to associate a strong
aversion with an undesirable habit. a.knows b.learns c.wants
d.hopes