Treatment Approaches~

For Psychological Disorders

There is NO ONE approach that will work for all people ALL the time

Multiple approaches yield best resultsResearch is conducted to evaluate

BEST treatmentMeta-analysis~ synthesis of “best

practices”

INSIGHT THERAPIESPsychoanalysisPsychodynamic therapy Interpersonal psychotherapyHumanistic client-centeredGestalt psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis Resolve conflicts “Go back” to find

roots of problems Identify issues Change misunder- standings/emotions Bring conflict into conscious mind

Treatment includes:Several sessions/week for 2-3 yrsUsing “Free Association”Dream analysis: Manifest Content-recalled dream Latent Content-underlying meaning Hypnosis/ Freudian slips: clues to unconscious

Breakthroughs in therapy: Resistance: blocking of

anxiety-producing emotions by trivializing conversation or missing appointment

is a sign of important issue

Transference: treating analyst as

important person allowing analysand to “replay” prior experiences and gain insight into current feelings & behaviors

continued Catharsis: release of

emotional tension after remembering a significant emotional event may relieve anxiety

Off-shoots of Psychoanalysis

Shorter in duration Less frequent Therapist more active “Past” defined differently

PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

Humanistic Therapy In late 1950s, psychologists concerned with

advancing a more holistic vision of psychology convened two meetings in Detroit, Michigan. These psychologists, including Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Clark Moustakas were interested in founding a professional association dedicated to a psychology that focused on uniquely human issues. such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning – in short, the understanding of "the personal nature of the human experience".

such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning.In short, the understanding of "the personal nature of the human experience".

Carl Rogers IdealReal Self Unconditional positive

regard Active listening Nondirective Client-centered Accepting environment

Fritz Perls & Gestalt Tx. Directed therapy Therapist

challenges client Client decides Client CAN grow IF they can: perceive, stay aware and act

on own feelings

BEHAVIORAL THERAPIESClassical Conditioning therapiesOperant Conditioning therapiesSocial Classical Conditioning

therapiesSkills Training

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION Relaxation training Create Anxiety Hierarchy (leastmost) Relax with least stressful progressing to most stressful Usually takes 10 sessions

FLOODING Exposure technique to eliminate

phobiasConditioned stimulus (feared stimulus)

is repeatedly presented with no repercussions (unconditioned stimulus)

Extinction eventually occurs

AVERSION CONDITIONING behaviors are associated with

unpleasant response or pain and thus become less pleasant

periodic pairing of behavior with unpleasant stimuli results in new behavior extinction

OPERANT CONDITIONINGBEHAVIOR MODIFICATION~ Goal established, new behavior begun

and small rewards given as goals met TOKEN ECONOMIES~ Positive behaviors rewarded with

secondary reinforcers which can be turned in for primary reinforcers.

SOCIAL SKILLS TRAININGBased on operant conditioning and

Albert Bandura’s social learning theory.Goal: improve interpersonal skills viaModeling, Behavior Rehearsal, ShapingTherapist provides positive reinforce-

ment and corrective feedback

BEHAVIOR TX PSYCHOANALYTIC

Good for general anxiety disorders, PTSD, OCD, ETOH and Drug addiction, autism, sexual dysfunctions, bed wetting

Discount behaviorists—

“Quick Fix” Anxiety comes back

in different form because only symptom is being cured

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORALBelief is that abnormal behavior is due

to faulty thought patterns which can be changed through insight therapy and cognitive restructuring, turning disordered and faulty thinking into more realistic thinking SO client will improve.

RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY~REBT

Central to REBT's teachings is the ancient psychological insight of Epictetus, who said, “What disturbs men's minds is not events but their judgments on events.” 

Client is asked to ASSESSHis/Her ACTIONS

His/Her BEHAVIORS

His/Her CONSEQUENCES CONFRONT THE TYRANNY OF THE

“SHOULDS”

CONFRONT THE TYRANNY OF THE “SHOULDS”

BIOMEDICAL TREATMENTSTranquilizers/Anxiolytics Benzodiazepine (Valium) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Alprazolam (Xanax) Buspirone (BuSpar)

Antidepressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI’s) Tricyclics SSRI’s Anti-seizure Lithium

Stimulants Psychoactive drugs (Ritalin, Dexadrine)

Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics Thorazine, Haldol, Clozaril Side effects are serious; problems with

walking, drooling, involuntary muscle spasms due to dopamine receptors being blocked at all sites.

PDR Images~

UL-Adderal, UR-Ritalin, LL-Paxil, LR-Prozac

UL-Haldol, UR-Thorazine, LL- Valium

The End…..Any Questions?