Transport in Living things

Chapter 25.6 Transport system in

man

What have we learnt so far…What have we learnt so far…

Transport system in

Plants

Structures?

Xylem

Functions?

Transport water from

roots to leaves

Loss of water

vapour from the

aerial parts of the plant

Consists of

Transport manufactured

food from leaves to other

parts of the plant

Translocation

TranspirationPhloem

RootsAbsorbs water

and mineral salts from the soil

Osmosis?Diffusion?

Active Transport?

Where this process is called

Lesson objectivesLesson objectives

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:- state the functions of blood• red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen

transport• plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble

food substances, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins

• white blood cells – phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection

Why is there a need for a circulatory system?

• Simple diffusion cannot bring oxygen and food materials to cells deep within the body, and cannot remove waste products with sufficient speed

• Therefore, a transport system is needed.

VS

3 main parts:

Blood vessels • tubes for blood to flow along

Blood• dissolves and carries

materials

Heart• works as pump

The mammalian circulatory system:The mammalian circulatory system: Cardio- vascular system Cardio- vascular system

Components of BloodComponents of Blood

source: nobelprize.org

Plasma

Blood cells

PlateletsWhite blood cells

Red blood cellsBlood

Four main components in blood Four main components in blood

Blood cells

What is Plasma?What is Plasma?

PlasmaPlasma

• a pale yellowish liquid, containing 90% water• Substances such as proteins, food substances,

excretory products (urea) are dissolved in it

PlasmaPlasma

Functions:- To transport digested food substances from

the small intestines to other parts of the body- To transport carbon dioxide and waste

products formed in cells to the excretory organs for removal

- To transport other substances such as enzymes and hormones

Video clipVideo clip

Removal of waste products from blood

Components of BloodComponents of Blood

source: nobelprize.org

Plasma

Blood cells

PlateletsWhite blood cells

Red blood cellsBlood

Blood cellsBlood cells

Red and white blood cells from Red and white blood cells from human bloodhuman blood

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

• circular biconcave shape

• no nucleus

• diameter less than 0.01mm

• elastic (can squeeze through capillary)

• contain a red pigment called haemoglobin

Red Blood CellsRed Blood CellsFunction of the red blood cells• transports Oxygen from lungs to rest of body

How is the structure of the red blood cell related to its function?

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

Structure Function

Circular, Biconcave Increase surface area of the cell: take in and release oxygen at a faster rate

Contains haemoglobin Takes up oxygen from the lungs, releases it at the cells

Elastic and can turn bell- shaped

Enables it to squeeze through blood vessels smaller than itself in diameter

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

Video of red blood cells going through vessels

How the Red blood cells transport How the Red blood cells transport OO22

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells • colourless (no haemoglobin)

• larger than red blood cells

• ratio of red blood cells: white blood cells = about 700:1

• irregular in shape

• has nucleus

• can move and change shape (able to squeeze through walls of capillaries)

Video of WBC

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells

Function:

• Protection of body: fighting infections or diseases

• By either producing antibodies or digesting foreign particles such as bacteria White Blood

cell

White blood cellsWhite blood cells

2 main kinds

lymphocytes phagocytes• produce antibodies that may protect the body from disease- causing organisms

• Ingest, take in and digest foreign particles such as bacteria

PhagocytesPhagocytes

• Phagocytes first engulf the bacteria by flowing over them and enclosing them

• It then ingests the bacteria

• Ingested bacteria will be digested by the phagocyte

• In the process of ‘fighting’ with the bacteria at the site of the wound, some phagocytes are killed

• These dead phagocytes with the dead bacteria, form pus.

Video of white blood cell engulfing bacteria

LymphocytesLymphocytes

• Production of antibodies

-When disease- causing organisms or bacteria enter the bloodstream, lymphocytes produce certain chemical substances called antibodies.

White blood cell YEAST CELL

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis is the process of engulfing and ingesting foreign particles, such as bacteria, by the white blood cells

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells

How is a soldier similar to a white blood cell?

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells • Protection of body: fighting infections or diseases

• By either producing antibodies or digesting foreign particles such as bacteria

• Make up body’s immune system: causing an immune response to foreign particles

• help keep body free from disease

Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection

• Organ or tissue transplant: replace a damaged or diseased tissue or organ with a healthy one from the same person or a donor

• WHY MUST THE DONOR HAVE A GENETIC SIMILARITY WITH THE RECIPIENT?

• WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF ORGAN IS NOT GENETICALLY SIMILAR?

Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection

•When transplanted, the organ must not be rejected by the recipient’s immune system

• An organ from another person’s body can trigger an immune response: the body treats it as a foreign object and lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy it

Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection

• If the tissue to be transplanted comes from the same person, tissue rejection will not occur.

• To prevent tissue rejection,

a)A tissue match is necessary: genetically alike (from family members)

b) use immunosuppressant drugs which inhibit responses of recipient’s immune system

Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection

In 2002, Ms De Cruz became the first person in Singapore to receive an organ transplant from an unrelated living donor.

"Taking medication every day has become ordinary...The only thing I'm fearful about is becoming immune to the anti-rejection drugs I'm on and the possibility of renal failure."

Organ transplant or tissue rejectionOrgan transplant or tissue rejection

• The use of immunosuppressant drugs can cause the recipient to have lower resistance to many kinds of infections

• The recipient has to continue to take these drugs for the rest of his/her life

Video of Woman’s story about organ

transplant

Clotting of bloodClotting of blood• Clotting seals wound, preventing excessive loss of

blood• Clotting prevents bacteria from entering the blood.

Video of chain of events in

clotting

Clotting of bloodClotting of blood

• Fibrin threads entangle blood cells and the whole mass forms a clot

Flash animation of clotting

Clotting of bloodClotting of blood

Functions of bloodFunctions of blood

1.Transport function

2.Protective function

Function of bloodFunction of blood1. Transport function• Digested food substances• Excretory products (from tissues to

excretory organs) e.g. nitrogenous waste products → kidneys

carbon dioxide (bicarbonate ions) → lungs

• Hormones• Heat• O2 (from lungs to rest of body)

plasma

Red Blood Cell

2. Protective function• Guards against infection• Blood clotting

White Blood Cellplatelets

Function of bloodFunction of blood

Protective functionProtective function

1. Phagocytosis – process of engulfing & ingesting foreign particles e.g. bacteria by WBC

2. Antibody production (anti-toxins + agglutination)

3. Clotting/ coagulation of blood

lymphocytes

phagocytes

SummarySummary

Transport system in Man

Heart Blood

Blood vessels

CapillariesArteries

VeinsRed

blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

PlasmaFunction: to pump blood to all parts

of the body

SummarySummaryBlood

Red blood cells

White blood cells Platelets Plasma

Function: For protection

against infections

and diseases

Function: as a transport

medium for food

substances, excretory products

Function: Transport

oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body

Function: Blood

clotting to prevent excess

blood loss

SummarySummaryWhite blood cells

LymphocytesPhagocytes

Ingest and digest foreign particles like bacteria

Produce antibodies that protect body from disease- causing organisms

TypesProperties

• Has nucleus• Colourless• Irregular shaped• Larger and less than red blood cells

Additional slidesAdditional slides

1. Haemophilia- A hereditary disease/ blood condition where the normal

blood clotting mechanism is greatly impaired- slight injuries can cause the person to bleed to death or

die of internal bleeding2. Leukemia- Cancer of the blood and bone marrow

Additional slidesAdditional slides

2. Leukemia- Broad term covering a spectrum of diseases- Cancer of the blood and bone marrow - characterized by an abnormal proliferation

of blood cells (usually white blood cells)

Additional slidesAdditional slides

• Acute leukemia: characterized by the rapid increase of immature blood cells.

• This crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells.

• Rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body.

Additional slidesAdditional slides

• Chronic leukemia: distinguished by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells.

• Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood.