Transplantation and

Borderlands Chapter 2

Week 2

Why Come to New World (UK Edition)

Wealth: Get rich and return to UK (First)

Wealth: Get rich and own land (Later)

Religion: Freedom to Practice their Religion

The Wealth group lacked permanence

No attempt to work with natives

Isolate selves from native influence

Stay English (all groups)

The Pays d’en Haut

“Middle Ground”

Esp. French Territory

Defined: An area in which disparate

people and cultures co-exist

The Early Chesapeake

Jamestown (1607)

“the first permanent English Colony”

London Company/ Virginia Comp.

104 land in New World

Men only!

Do you think they intended to stay

forever?

Inland (protect from natives)

Swampy land

Malaria!

Not focused on food production

Not focused on community

Gold, Resources

British deemed natives “Savages”

Why?

English

-Oceangoing vessels

-Muskets

-Iron Tools

-Ag: one crop for export

Natives

- Dugout Canoes (Shallow Water)

-Agricultural Tech

-Traditions to survive in N/A

Ag: variety of crops

-Beans, Maize, Pumpkins, Vegetables

-Grow together, enrich soil

The Powhatan Confederacy

Algonquian

Sioux

Iroquois

Tsenacommacah

Orig: help settlers

Later: Relationship sours

Almost Disaster 1

January 1608

Ships arrive

38 survived

Disease, Famine

Knowledge from Natives

John Smith

Saves colony

Runs like Military Unit

Work or starve!

Under John Smith…

Negotiate with Natives

Also steal food/ kidnap if necessary

Reorganization

Expansion

New Charter (1609)

Stock in company to planters willing to migrate at own $$

Indentured Servants

Spring: 600 leave for Jamestown

Almost Disaster 2: “The Starving Time”

Winter 1609-1610

Natives stop aid

Settlers trapped in town

Cannibalization of dead

May: Sir Francis Drake arrives

60 survivors

Leave for England

Turn around when…

New Gov: Lord De La Warr

Tobacco

John Rolfe (1612)

First Profitable Crop

Tobacco Economy

Required lots of hard labor

Enslaving natives didn’t work

“Headright System”

Fifty acres of land

Already in colony get 2 headrights

New settler gets 1 headright

Each settler, encourages families

Bigger family=more land

Brought in Ironworkers and craftsmen

Permanence?

1619- 100 women brought in to become wives

1619-Male colonists, full rights of Englishmen

Share in self gov.

July 30, 1619- House of Burgesses

End of August 1619- First Africans arrive

20 on Dutch ship

Status unclear

Servants or Slaves?

Indentured Servants: Mostly English

Issues with Natives

Sir Thomas Dale (Gov.)

Suppressive war against Powhatans

Opechancanough attacks! (March 1622)

347 killed

Threat continues for 20 years

Jamestown Wrap-up

Virginia Company out of business 1624

Crown controls colony

In 17 years 8500 died (80%!!!)

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon

Western Farmer

Angry, can’t move west

Want’s piece of fur trade

Settlers: militia aid needed!

Gov. refuses

Bacon offers to set up own

Gov. refuses

Bacon ignores Berkely, sets up

own arm

Bacon and men Rebels!

Bacon’s Rebellion Cont.

1. Bacon heads towards Jamestown

a. Gets a temporary pardon

b. Berkely repudiates agreement

2. Bacon heads towards Jamestown

again!

a. Drives Berkely away, burns most

of the city.

b. Bacon Dies of Dysentery

c. Berkely regains control

3. 1677- Natives sign treaty ceding

more land, Bacon’s rebellion ends.

Bacon’s Rebellion: Results

1. Struggle to define native and white

spheres of influencea. Virginia remains a “middle ground”

2. Landed elites realize danger of landless

men1. Quell social unrest

3. Turn to Slavery a. Slaves=never released

b. Indentured servants=released after a time,

become landless

4. FEAR OF INSTABILITY.

The Growth of New England

The Pilgrims

1608: English Puritan Separatists from town of Scrooby emigrate illegaly to Layden,

Holland

1. Forced to work unskilled and poorly paid jobs

2. Children began to adapt to Dutch Society and drift away from their church

REMEMBER WHAT WE SAID ABOUT SEPARATISTS? DID THEY WANT TO NOT BE

ENGLISH?

Move across the Atlantic.

Create a new community

Spread “the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world.”

1620: Obtain permission from Virginia Company to settle in Virginia.

The Mayflower Voyage (1620)

37 “saints”

67 “strangers

Arrive in November, North of Cape Cod

Too late to sail south

Plymouth

“Mayflower Compact”

Representative Government

All Church going, adult, males

Land: December 21, 1620

The First Winter and…

½ colonists die, malnutrition/disease

Local Natives aid

Fur

Corn cultivation

Tisquantum

“Rage”

“Hello, I’m the Wrath of God”

1633: Small Pox kills most natives

Soil bad for farming

Fishermen, Fur Traders

1630: 300 pop.

Not as much $$$ as Virginia

Content to be left alone

The Massachusetts Bay Company

Charles I persecutes Puritans

- Create a refuge in NE for Puritans

- John Winthrop1. 1630, 17 ships, 1000 people2. Largest migration of its kind3. Kept the Charter, the colony was responsible to itself.4. Founds Boston

Serious, Pious. Lead useful lives of thrift and hard work.

Founding a Holy Commonwealth: A “City upon a Hill”

Theocracy: a society in which the church is almost indistinguishable from the state.

No religious freedom. Only Puritans were allowed to worship “freely”

Dissent and New Colonies

Connecticut (1639)

Fertile land

Thomas Hooker

Hartford

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Indep. Colony

Rep. Gov

More men right to vote, hold office

New Haven (1639)

Bible based gov.

Stricter than Mass. Bay

Part of Hartford 1662

Rhode Island (1644)

Roger Williams

Wanted to sever ties with C. of

England.

Buy land from natives

Gov. tried to deport to UK

Winter 1635/36 lived with

Narragansett

Bought land from them

Providence

Charter, Mass. Style gov.

All faiths could worship freely

Other Challenges

Anne Hutchinson

Clergy not “elect”

No Spiritual authority

“Antinomian Heresy”

Challenged perception of Women’s roles

Conv. Heresy and sedition (1637)

Banished, moved to Providence

John Wheelwright (1639)

Follower of AH

Goes to New Hampshire (est. 1629)

Separate colony in 1679

Settlers and Natives

First: Generally friendly

How to grow crops

Bought land

Prev. cleared by natives.

Partners in trade

Attempts to educate in religion and culture.

Some converted, some partially assimilate.

Tensions develop quickly

Land!

Tribes a threat to godly community.

From helpful neighbors to “heathens” and

“barbarians”

Metacom’s War (1675-76)

“King Philip’s War”

1637: Pequot War

Natives wiped out

1675: Metacomet, respond to hanging of 3

natives

Wompanoag tribe

Terror campaign

1676: Settlers gain upper hand

Metacomet killed

Alliance collapses

Natives better tech: Flintlock rifles

Colonists: More guns, more people

The Restoration Colonies:

England 1640s-1650s

English civil war

Charles I beheaded

Oliver Cromwell

Charles II- The Restoration (1660)

4 new colonies

Supports religious toleration

Tension between protestants and Catholics

The Carolinas 1663, 1665

Charter receivers given almost kingly power

Headright system

Religious freedom to all Christian faiths.

Representative assembly.

Attract settlers from existing colonies

save expense of expeditions to England.

Failed, at first

The Fundamental Constitution for

Carolina, 1669

Anthony Cooper helped by John Locke

Divided colony into counties of equal size

Social hierarchy

Seigneurs (proprieters)

Land graves, caciques (local aristocracy)

Leet-men (ordinary settlers)

Poor whites

African Slaves

Landowners have a voice in proportion to landholdings.

The Carolinas, continued

Ties with Barbados

Slave plantations

Divisions

Small farmers v. wealthy planters

Wealthy Barbadians v. small landowners

1719: Colonists seize control of colony

1729: King divides

North Carolina

South Carolina

“Even old New York was once New

Amsterdam…”

1664: Duke of York given land between

Connecticut and Delaware Rivers

Dutch claim too

UK Navy/Richard Nicolls force Dutch gov.

to surrender

Dutch retake 1673, lose 1674

Great Diversity

British, Dutch, Scandinavians, Germans,

French, African slaves, Native tribes

Power: Landowners, “patroonships,”

wealthy fur traders

1685: pop. 30,000

New Jersey

James gives land to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret

Little profit

1674, Berkeley sells his interest.

East Jersey v. West Jersey

1702: one colony.

Ethnic and religious diversity

Weak colonial government

No important class of large land owners.

The Quakers and their Colonies

The Society of Friends: mid 1600s. George Fox: “Tremble at the name of the Lord” Rejected the concept of predestination

Rejected the concept of original sin

All people have divinity within themselves

All can attain salvation

No formal church government

No paid clergy

Relative gender equality. Women can speak in church

used terms “thee and thou” when referring to everyone.

Pacifists

William Penn

Colony for Quakers

Charles II owes father debt

Gets territory between NY and Maryland

All can become Christian, regardless of past

What will this mean for slavery going forward?

Pennsylvania

Honest and informative

Most popular/cosmopolitan colony

Carefully planned

Fertile soil, mild climate

Good relations with natives due to religious beliefs

Paid natives for their land

Good relationship didn’t last

1701: Penn returns to England

first, the “Charter of Liberties”

Single chamber representative assembly.

Limits the proprietor’s authority

Permits the “lower counties” to create own representative assembly.

1703 they become Delaware

Borderlands and Middle Grounds

Thought for the section: We must remember that even though today it seems

like English domination of North America was a forgone conclusion, things

were by no means certain for decades. There were many contests for control

of the area. Because the colonies served as a middle ground, they benefitted

from the influence of outside cultures.

The Caribbean

1492-1600: Spain

Colonies on large islands

Dutch, English (Bermuda), French on small

1621: Dutch/Spanish war

S. Navy distracted, Caribbean unprotected

By 1650 UK: Antigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica, Barbados

Sugarcane

Easy to grow

Market in Europe

Distill to rum

Labor intensive: Led to Slaves

Slaves outnumber whites 4:1 (Barbados)

The Southwest

New Mexico Most prosperous

1800: Pop. Approx. 10,000

France is biggest threat.

Louisiana Territory (1682)

Spain: Texas and Arizona

California

Euro. Fur traders

Spain sets up Presidios

San Diego, Monterey, 1769

San Francisco, 1776

Los Angeles, 1781

Santa Barbara, 1786

Remember…

1. Sparsely populated

2. Agricultural

3. Created to defend the more populated part

of the empire (Mexico) from threats from the

north.

4. Did not displace the native populations a. Convert to Catholicism

b. Recruit or force to work agriculture

c. Make them trading partners.

The Southeast

1560s: Spain colonizes Florida and into Georgia

Jamestown closes of Spanish hopes of moving further North.

Spain builds forts to defend.

Conflict between Spanish and English.

1668: English Pirates sack St. Augustine

English encourage natives to rise up against missions

Spain offers freedom to African slaves

owned by Englishmen

if they convert to Catholicism.

100 do

Florida will continue to be a thorn in the sides of American Slave owners and colonists long after the establishment of the United States, but that’s a story for another time.

Georgia (1733)

Military Barrier

Refuge for impoverished

Send debtors

General James Oglethorpe

Africans (free/slave) banned

Side with Spanish

Cause conflict

Strict trade regs.

Catholics excluded (Why?)

Mid 1700s: O, loses control. Develops

similar to S.Carolina

Middle Grounds: Concept Review

Conflicts!

Euro v. Euro

Euro v. Natives

North: Natives displaced

West: Neither side wins

Make concessions

Natives saw settlers as threat and benefit

Fear power: guns, forts

Want: mediation

Euro: Nations

Natives: Kinships, tribes

Europeans less likely to adapt as numbers increased

The Development of Empire

Navigation Acts

Dutch excluded (1650)

1660: colonies closed to trade

English ships only

Exports must go through England

1663: Goods from Europe must pass

through England first

Taxation

1673: Tax on trade between colonies

Creates black market

The Dominion of New England: Attempt

to increase British Authority

1675: Lords of Trade

Recommendations about reform

1679: increase control over Massachusetts.

New Hampshire a separate colony

1684: Revokes Massachusetts charter

It is ignoring the Navigation acts

1688: Glorious Revolution

William and Mary abolish the D of N/E

1691: Massachusetts combined with Plymouth as a single royal colony.

Colonial assembly

crown appoints governor.

Male property owners can vote

By Late 1600s: Colonial Assemblies had been

restored, but the crown had more control

over the colonies than ever before.

Image Sources

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/80/83680-004-01399CF6.jpghttp://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/images/D-4-Colonists-Landing-at-Jamestown-for-web.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/L4.jpg/500px-L4.jpghttp://colonialamerica.thinkport.org/interactives/colonial-america-slideshow/images/ca_slide2.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plymouthcolonymap.png/275px-Plymouthcolonymap.pnghttp://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/colonies/virginia-settlers.jpghttp://mlblogsourgame.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/1609-james-fort21.jpg http://www.gmo-safety.eu/data/media/457/1200x900f.jpg http://jguyeh201.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/5/10552020/2977437.jpg?464http://pocahontas.morenus.org/images/Captain-John-Smith-colored.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DiZEyzLpyPo/Uc48DmqWepI/AAAAAAABg9g/bRJ-ejBhy4I/s609/DancingSkeletons.jpghttp://thewallmachine.com/files/1355246871.jpghttps://www.nwhm.org/media/category/exhibits/jamestownwomen/page16image1_large.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Smith_Pamunkey.jpghttp://www.laddfamily.com/Files/Stephen%20Hopkins/Pictures/Starving.jpg http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/30/3033/6IMBF00Z/posters/bacon-s-rebels-burning-jamestown-virginia-1676.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bRTn9nXTxN4/TpdSFWJX_RI/AAAAAAAAFl0/727Dwa8glmg/s1600/Puritans5-T.jpeghttp://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist110/CityOnHill.png https://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/bd3ba949f8.jpghttp://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/06/map-king-philips-war.jpghttps://www.nationalgalleries.org/media/42/collection/2012AA42119.jpg http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/king/king429.jpghttp://sites.bergen.org/ourstory/Resources/Colonial_Life/farmer.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_and_on.gif https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Gacolony.pnghttp://www.mrvanduyne.com/revcauses/navacts.jpg