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Chapter 2Chapter 2

The French in North AmericaThe French in North America

► Territory called New Territory called New FranceFrance

► New France focused New France focused on the area along on the area along the St. Lawrence the St. Lawrence River where there River where there was an abundance of was an abundance of beavers and Indians beavers and Indians wanting to trade.wanting to trade.

► Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain founds the first founds the first permanent French permanent French settlement in Canada settlement in Canada called Quebec.called Quebec.

► New France was a very New France was a very large territory, but had large territory, but had few inhabitants.few inhabitants.

► Main activity of the Main activity of the colony was fur trade.colony was fur trade.

English settlement in the English settlement in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

► The English chose to settle in the lower The English chose to settle in the lower Chesapeake Bay region.Chesapeake Bay region.

► In 1606, English merchants petitioned King In 1606, English merchants petitioned King James I for a charter including both the James I for a charter including both the Virginia Company and the Plymouth Virginia Company and the Plymouth Company.Company.

► These These joint-stock companies joint-stock companies sold shares sold shares to investors to raise money for colonization.to investors to raise money for colonization.

► This new area was This new area was about 50 miles up about 50 miles up the James River the James River (which the English (which the English named after their named after their king).king).

► 104 colonists, all 104 colonists, all men built a fortified men built a fortified settlement called settlement called Jamestown.Jamestown.

► In 1616, the company instituted the In 1616, the company instituted the headright headright systemsystem, giving 50 acres to anyone who paid , giving 50 acres to anyone who paid his own way to Virginia and an additional 50 for his own way to Virginia and an additional 50 for each person (or head) he brought with him.each person (or head) he brought with him.

► Eventually, the company began transporting Eventually, the company began transporting women to Virginia to become wives for planters women to Virginia to become wives for planters and convince them to stay in the colony.and convince them to stay in the colony.

► This same year is when African slaves began This same year is when African slaves began arriving in Virginia.arriving in Virginia.

► The first legislative body in English America The first legislative body in English America called the called the House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses was also was also created.created.

► Established self-government in other English Established self-government in other English colonies.colonies.

► Landowners elected representatives to the Landowners elected representatives to the House of Burgesses, which subject to approval House of Burgesses, which subject to approval of the company, made laws in Virginia.of the company, made laws in Virginia.

Importance of TobaccoImportance of Tobacco

► After a long search for a After a long search for a marketable product, settlers marketable product, settlers began to grow tobacco after began to grow tobacco after 1610.1610.

► Between 1627 and 1669, Between 1627 and 1669, annual tobacco exports annual tobacco exports went from 250,000 lbs. to went from 250,000 lbs. to over 15 million lbs.over 15 million lbs.

► Tobacco shaped Virginia’s Tobacco shaped Virginia’s society, from settlement to society, from settlement to recruitment of colonists.recruitment of colonists.

► Tobacco kept workers Tobacco kept workers busy for 9 months of busy for 9 months of the year.the year.

► Seeds were sowed in Seeds were sowed in early spring, early spring, transplanted a few transplanted a few weeks later, summers weeks later, summers were spent pinching off were spent pinching off the tops of the plants the tops of the plants and removing worms. and removing worms. After the harvest After the harvest leaves were “leaves were “curedcured” in ” in ventilated sheds, then ventilated sheds, then packed in large barrels.packed in large barrels.

► Looking to make a Looking to make a larger profit, colonists larger profit, colonists imported thousands of imported thousands of indentured servantsindentured servants, , or contract workers, or contract workers, who agreed to a fixed who agreed to a fixed term of labor. Usually, term of labor. Usually, 4-7 years, in exchange 4-7 years, in exchange for free passage to for free passage to Virginia.Virginia.

Maryland: A Refuge for Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics Catholics

►Encouraged by Virginia’s success, King Encouraged by Virginia’s success, King Charles I granted 10 million acres of Charles I granted 10 million acres of land north of Chesapeake Bay to land north of Chesapeake Bay to nobleman Cecilius Calvert.nobleman Cecilius Calvert.

►Maryland was a Maryland was a proprietary colonyproprietary colony, , meaning it was in sole possession of meaning it was in sole possession of Calvert and his heirs.Calvert and his heirs.

► Calvert, a Catholic, Calvert, a Catholic, wanted Maryland to be a wanted Maryland to be a refuge for other refuge for other Catholics, since English Catholics, since English Catholics were the Catholics were the minority.minority.

► Catholics paid double the Catholics paid double the taxes, could not worship taxes, could not worship in public, hold political in public, hold political office, or send their office, or send their children to universitieschildren to universities

► In 1649, Calvert approved the In 1649, Calvert approved the Act for Act for Religious ToleranceReligious Tolerance, the first law in , the first law in America to call for freedom of worship America to call for freedom of worship for all Christians, but the Protestant for all Christians, but the Protestant majority continued to resist Catholic majority continued to resist Catholic political influence, eventually passing political influence, eventually passing a law that prohibited Catholics from a law that prohibited Catholics from voting.voting.

The Founding of “New The Founding of “New England”England”

► Between the years 1620 and 1640, six Between the years 1620 and 1640, six colonies were formed and settled by colonies were formed and settled by thousands of people troubled by religious, thousands of people troubled by religious, political and economic issues in England.political and economic issues in England.

► The first New England colony was The first New England colony was PlymouthPlymouth..

► PuritansPuritans were people who believed that were people who believed that Queen Elizabeth has not done enough to Queen Elizabeth has not done enough to reform the Church of England.reform the Church of England.

► Puritans followed the Puritans followed the teaching of John Calvin teaching of John Calvin and his idea of and his idea of predestination.predestination.

► They rejected the They rejected the Book Book of Common Prayerof Common Prayer, , which regulated which regulated Anglican worship, Anglican worship, stating that ministers stating that ministers should pray from the should pray from the heart and preach from heart and preach from the bible.the bible.

► SeparatistsSeparatists were Puritans that left to form were Puritans that left to form their own congregations, because the believed their own congregations, because the believed the Church of England would never change.the Church of England would never change.

► Pilgrims were “spiritual wanders”.Pilgrims were “spiritual wanders”.

► Theses separatists and non separatists (about Theses separatists and non separatists (about 102 men, women and children) left England on 102 men, women and children) left England on the Mayflower in 1620.the Mayflower in 1620.

► The trip took about 65 days.The trip took about 65 days.

► These Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, where These Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, where the Wampanoag village use to be before the Wampanoag village use to be before disease wiped out most of the population.disease wiped out most of the population.

► The Pilgrims started building as soon as they The Pilgrims started building as soon as they landed in Plymouth, but it wasn’t long until a landed in Plymouth, but it wasn’t long until a plague (possibly smallpox) swept through plague (possibly smallpox) swept through the colony, killing all but 50 settlers.the colony, killing all but 50 settlers.

► Two English speaking natives, Squanto and Two English speaking natives, Squanto and Samoset, emerged from the woods and Samoset, emerged from the woods and approached the Pilgrims on behalf of approached the Pilgrims on behalf of Massasoit, the Wampanoag leader.Massasoit, the Wampanoag leader.

► Even the surviving Pilgrims might have perished Even the surviving Pilgrims might have perished if Squanto had not helped them adapt to their if Squanto had not helped them adapt to their surroundings.surroundings.

► The Indians taught the pilgrims how to plant The Indians taught the pilgrims how to plant corn and the pilgrims gave them manufactured corn and the pilgrims gave them manufactured goods in return.goods in return.

► The Pilgrims joined the Wampanoag in a three day The Pilgrims joined the Wampanoag in a three day festival to celebrate the harvest and give thanks to festival to celebrate the harvest and give thanks to God for their good fortune, which became know as God for their good fortune, which became know as Thanksgiving.Thanksgiving.

► The Pilgrims also exchanged corn with other tribes The Pilgrims also exchanged corn with other tribes for fur, which they shipped back to England to help for fur, which they shipped back to England to help pay off their debts to investors. pay off their debts to investors.

Massachusetts Bay Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony and Its OffshootsIts Offshoots

► The Puritans believed that the Anglican church The Puritans believed that the Anglican church could still be reformed.could still be reformed.

► After receiving a charter for a joint stock company, After receiving a charter for a joint stock company, the Massachusetts Bay Company set up a colony the Massachusetts Bay Company set up a colony north of Plymouth. Respected Puritan lawyer, north of Plymouth. Respected Puritan lawyer, John John WinthropWinthrop was chosen as their leader. was chosen as their leader.

► With a fleet of eleven ships, 900 men, women and With a fleet of eleven ships, 900 men, women and children traveled to the new colony.children traveled to the new colony.

► Before Winthrop’s ship landed in Massachusetts he Before Winthrop’s ship landed in Massachusetts he preached a lay sermon “A Model of Christian Charity.”preached a lay sermon “A Model of Christian Charity.”

► As conditions in England worsened, many people As conditions in England worsened, many people began to leave the country in what was later known began to leave the country in what was later known as the Great Migration.as the Great Migration.

► By 1643, it was estimated that 20,000 settlers had By 1643, it was estimated that 20,000 settlers had arrived in New England.arrived in New England.

► Winthrop described their mission in New England as Winthrop described their mission in New England as a covenant, binding them to meet their religious a covenant, binding them to meet their religious obligations in return for God’s favor.obligations in return for God’s favor.

► Puritan efforts to suppress other religious beliefs Puritan efforts to suppress other religious beliefs inevitably led to conflict with those who disagreed inevitably led to conflict with those who disagreed with them. Eventually, just as Anglican intolerance with them. Eventually, just as Anglican intolerance of the Puritans led to the founding of of the Puritans led to the founding of Massachusetts, Puritan intolerance led to the Massachusetts, Puritan intolerance led to the founding of other colonies in New England.founding of other colonies in New England.

Rhode IslandRhode Island► Roger Williams, a young minister and teaching arrived in Boston Roger Williams, a young minister and teaching arrived in Boston

in 1631.in 1631.

► Williams condemned the Puritan church and also believed that Williams condemned the Puritan church and also believed that the land rightfully belonged to the Native Americans and not to the land rightfully belonged to the Native Americans and not to the King on England.the King on England.

► Winthrop grew more and more concerned that William's and his Winthrop grew more and more concerned that William's and his beliefs. Williams was eventually asked to leave the colony, beliefs. Williams was eventually asked to leave the colony, which gave him the opportunity to create his own.which gave him the opportunity to create his own.

► In Providence, Rhode Island, the government had In Providence, Rhode Island, the government had no authority in religious matters. Different religious no authority in religious matters. Different religious beliefs were tolerated rather than suppressed.beliefs were tolerated rather than suppressed.

► In the midst of the Roger William uproar, a young In the midst of the Roger William uproar, a young woman by the name of Anne Hutchinson arrived in woman by the name of Anne Hutchinson arrived in Boston.Boston.

► Hutchinson was intelligent, charismatic, and widely Hutchinson was intelligent, charismatic, and widely admired.admired.

► A devout Puritan, Hutchinson began to hold prayer A devout Puritan, Hutchinson began to hold prayer meetings in her home.meetings in her home.

► Her groups discussed sermons and compare ministers.Her groups discussed sermons and compare ministers.

► As her followings grew, she began to claim to know As her followings grew, she began to claim to know which ministers had salvation from God and which did which ministers had salvation from God and which did not.not.

► Puritan leaders were threatened by Hutchinson and Puritan leaders were threatened by Hutchinson and accused her of being a heretic.accused her of being a heretic.

► In 1636, the Reverend Thomas Hooker asked the In 1636, the Reverend Thomas Hooker asked the General Court of Massachusetts for permission to General Court of Massachusetts for permission to move his entire congregation to the Connecticut move his entire congregation to the Connecticut River Valley; they migrated due to lack of land near River Valley; they migrated due to lack of land near their town to raise cattletheir town to raise cattle

► Hooker believed that everyone should be allowed to Hooker believed that everyone should be allowed to vote, not just church members. vote, not just church members.

► Once settlers started entering the Connecticut Once settlers started entering the Connecticut River Valley, tensions grew with the Indians River Valley, tensions grew with the Indians and the and the PequotPequot WarWar erupted in 1637. erupted in 1637.

► The Dutch traders who were already in theses The Dutch traders who were already in theses areas were dealing only with the Pequot areas were dealing only with the Pequot Indians as partners.Indians as partners.

► The Pequot's had recently lost a large amount The Pequot's had recently lost a large amount of people due to smallpox and resented losing of people due to smallpox and resented losing their trading rights and began fighting with their trading rights and began fighting with the Dutch.the Dutch.

► For almost 40 years after the Pequot War, the New For almost 40 years after the Pequot War, the New England settlers and Native Americans had good England settlers and Native Americans had good relations; fur trade, in particular, facilitated peace.relations; fur trade, in particular, facilitated peace.

► It enabled Native Americans to acquire tools, guns, It enabled Native Americans to acquire tools, guns, metal and other European products in exchange for furs.metal and other European products in exchange for furs.

► At the same time, colonial governments began to At the same time, colonial governments began to demand that Native Americans follow English laws and demand that Native Americans follow English laws and customs. Such demands angered Native Americans, who customs. Such demands angered Native Americans, who felt that the English were trying to destroy their way of felt that the English were trying to destroy their way of life.life.

► Tensions peaked in 1675 when Plymouth Colony Tensions peaked in 1675 when Plymouth Colony arrested, tried, and executed three Wampanoag for arrested, tried, and executed three Wampanoag for a murder.a murder.

► Angry and frustrated, Wampanoag warriors Angry and frustrated, Wampanoag warriors attacked the town of Swansea.attacked the town of Swansea.

► This started what came to be known as King Phillips This started what came to be known as King Phillips War, after the Wampanoag leader Metacomet, War, after the Wampanoag leader Metacomet, whom the settlers called King Phillip.whom the settlers called King Phillip.

►Metacomet was killed in 1676, but Metacomet was killed in 1676, but fighting continued in Maine and New fighting continued in Maine and New Hampshire.Hampshire.

►New England now belonged to the New England now belonged to the English settlers.English settlers.

Families, Farms, and Families, Farms, and Communities in Early New Communities in Early New

EnglandEngland► The average family in New England had seven or The average family in New England had seven or

eight children.eight children.

► Most New Englanders were spared from diseases that Most New Englanders were spared from diseases that killed Virginia’s settlers and the Indian populations.killed Virginia’s settlers and the Indian populations.

► Unlike the Chesapeake colonists, who spread on Unlike the Chesapeake colonists, who spread on tobacco lands, New Englanders lived in close towns.tobacco lands, New Englanders lived in close towns.

► Towns made up fifty to a hundred families. Towns Towns made up fifty to a hundred families. Towns provided context for religion, politics and economic provided context for religion, politics and economic activity.activity.

► Children began working just after their fifth Children began working just after their fifth birthday. Older siblings cared for younger birthday. Older siblings cared for younger ones, fetched tools, and minded cattle.ones, fetched tools, and minded cattle.

► Around the age of 10, girls learn household Around the age of 10, girls learn household skills from their mothers and boys learn skills from their mothers and boys learn farming skills from their fathers.farming skills from their fathers.

►No family could produce all the goods they No family could produce all the goods they needed, so New Englanders had to trade needed, so New Englanders had to trade with their neighbors.with their neighbors.

►Without a stable crop like tobacco, Without a stable crop like tobacco, New Englanders prospered by New Englanders prospered by exploiting a variety of resources, exploiting a variety of resources, which developed a very diversified which developed a very diversified economy less vulnerable to depression economy less vulnerable to depression like Virginia.like Virginia.

Competition in the CaribbeanCompetition in the Caribbean

► The Spanish claimed all of the Caribbean The Spanish claimed all of the Caribbean islands by right of Columbus’s discovery, but islands by right of Columbus’s discovery, but during the early seventeenth century, during the early seventeenth century, French, Dutch, and English adventurers French, Dutch, and English adventurers defied them.defied them.

► France retained Guadeloupe, Martinique, France retained Guadeloupe, Martinique, Haiti, and several smaller islands.Haiti, and several smaller islands.

► The Dutch retained Aruba, Curacao, St. The Dutch retained Aruba, Curacao, St. Martin and St. Eustasius.Martin and St. Eustasius.

►England retained Antigua, Barbados, England retained Antigua, Barbados, Montserrat, Nevis, and St. Christopher.Montserrat, Nevis, and St. Christopher.

►Spain held on to Jamaica.Spain held on to Jamaica.

►The first English colonists who came to The first English colonists who came to the West Indies in the 1630’s raised the West Indies in the 1630’s raised tobacco and imported indentured tobacco and imported indentured servants to work their fields.servants to work their fields.

► However, in the 1640’s sugar cane became the However, in the 1640’s sugar cane became the preferred cash crop.preferred cash crop.

► Sugar crops led to a scramble for much needed Sugar crops led to a scramble for much needed labor.labor.

► Planters continued to import white indentured Planters continued to import white indentured servants, but soon African slaves became the labor servants, but soon African slaves became the labor of choice.of choice.

► Africans were use to agricultural work in a hot Africans were use to agricultural work in a hot tropical climate.tropical climate.

► Laws declared slavery to be a Laws declared slavery to be a lifelong condition that passed lifelong condition that passed from slave parents to slave from slave parents to slave children.children.

► Slaves had no legal rights and Slaves had no legal rights and were under total control of were under total control of their masters.their masters.

► Slaves could be whipped, Slaves could be whipped, branded, beaten, or maimed branded, beaten, or maimed for stealing food or harboring a for stealing food or harboring a runaway.runaway.

► Crimes such as murder or Crimes such as murder or arson was immediate execution arson was immediate execution without a trial.without a trial.

►Slaves who rebelled were burned to death.Slaves who rebelled were burned to death.

►Slave families tried to preserve their Slave families tried to preserve their African culture and traditions.African culture and traditions.

►Children were given African named, Children were given African named, celebrations included African music, and celebrations included African music, and burial ceremonies were often kept intact. burial ceremonies were often kept intact.

The Proprietary ColoniesThe Proprietary Colonies

► Four new colonies were Four new colonies were created due to land grants created due to land grants given by King Charles II – given by King Charles II – Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.Jersey, and New York.

► One of the proprietors, One of the proprietors, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Anthony Ashley Cooper, working closely with his working closely with his secretary, John Locke, secretary, John Locke, devised the devised the Fundamental Fundamental Constitutions of CarolinaConstitutions of Carolina, a , a plan to ensure the stability o plan to ensure the stability o the colony by balancing the colony by balancing property ownership and property ownership and political rights.political rights.

► The colonists at first raised livestock to be sold to The colonists at first raised livestock to be sold to the West Indies, but the introduction of rice in the West Indies, but the introduction of rice in Carolina gave the settlers’ a more stable Carolina gave the settlers’ a more stable economy.economy.

► South Carolina rice planters became the South Carolina rice planters became the wealthiest colonists on the mainland.wealthiest colonists on the mainland.

► As Carolina became overrun by slaves, slave As Carolina became overrun by slaves, slave codes were introduced to stop potential slave codes were introduced to stop potential slave rebellions.rebellions.

► William Penn received a William Penn received a large area of land north large area of land north of Maryland as payment of Maryland as payment for a royal debt owed to for a royal debt owed to Penn’s father.Penn’s father.

► Penn wanted his colony Penn wanted his colony to be a model for justice to be a model for justice and peace, as well as a and peace, as well as a refuge for members of refuge for members of the the Society of FriendsSociety of Friends or or Quakers, Quakers, a persecuted a persecuted religious sect which he religious sect which he belonged to.belonged to.

►Quakers abandoned the Church of England as Quakers abandoned the Church of England as hopelessly corrupt.hopelessly corrupt.

► They rejected predestination, they They rejected predestination, they maintained that every soul had a spark of maintained that every soul had a spark of grace and that salvation was possible for all grace and that salvation was possible for all who heeded the “Inner Light.”who heeded the “Inner Light.”

► They rejected a trained clergy and elaborate They rejected a trained clergy and elaborate church rituals.church rituals.

►They help meetings in silence until They help meetings in silence until someone, inspired by the “Inner Light”, someone, inspired by the “Inner Light”, rose to speak.rose to speak.

►Quakers granted women spiritual Quakers granted women spiritual equality with men, allowing them to equality with men, allowing them to preach, hold separate prayer meetings, preach, hold separate prayer meetings, and authority over “women’s matters.”and authority over “women’s matters.”

►After begin harassed by English After begin harassed by English authorities, William Penn conceived his authorities, William Penn conceived his plan for a New World “holy experiment,” a plan for a New World “holy experiment,” a harmonious society governed by brotherly harmonious society governed by brotherly love.love.

► In the In the Frame of GovernmentFrame of Government, his , his constitution for Pennsylvania, Penn constitution for Pennsylvania, Penn remained true to his Quaker principles with remained true to his Quaker principles with a provision allowing for religious freedom.a provision allowing for religious freedom.

►Penn’s opponents, some who were Penn’s opponents, some who were fellow Quakers—objected his fellow Quakers—objected his proprietary privileges, including his proprietary privileges, including his control over foreign trade and his control over foreign trade and his collection fees for landholders.collection fees for landholders.

The Dutch overseas EmpireThe Dutch overseas Empire► The Dutch Republic served as The Dutch Republic served as

a major center of world trade.a major center of world trade.

► The Dutch next set their The Dutch next set their sights on the Americas, sights on the Americas, created the West Indies created the West Indies Trading Company in 1621.Trading Company in 1621.

► Its claim to the Connecticut, Its claim to the Connecticut, Hudson, and the Delaware Hudson, and the Delaware Valleys stemmed from the Valleys stemmed from the 1609 voyage of Henry 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch, who sailing for the Dutch, who discovered the river that discovered the river that bears his name.bears his name.

►The first permanent Dutch settlers on The first permanent Dutch settlers on mainland North America arrived in mainland North America arrived in 1624 to set up a fur-trading post at Fort 1624 to set up a fur-trading post at Fort Orange (now Albany, NY).Orange (now Albany, NY).

►Among the colony’s Dutch, German, Among the colony’s Dutch, German, French, English, Swedish, Portuguese, French, English, Swedish, Portuguese, and African settlers were Calvinists, and African settlers were Calvinists, Lutherans, Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Lutherans, Quakers, Catholics, Jews, and Muslims.and Muslims.

►The proprietary colonies of New York The proprietary colonies of New York and New Jersey were carved out of the and New Jersey were carved out of the Dutch colony of New Netherland.Dutch colony of New Netherland.

►The Duke of York became proprietor o The Duke of York became proprietor o this new English possession, which this new English possession, which was renamed New York. New Jersey was renamed New York. New Jersey quickly followed. quickly followed.