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Transparency 15 -1Transparency 15 -1© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Chapter 15Chapter 15
Choice of Business Entity:Other Considerations
Choice of Business Entity:Other Considerations
©2006 South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio©2006 South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio©2006 South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio©2006 South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, Ohio
Kevin MurphyKevin MurphyMark HigginsMark Higgins
Kevin MurphyKevin MurphyMark HigginsMark Higgins
Transparency 15 -2Transparency 15 -2© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
IntroductionIntroduction
Employee compensation Pension plans Stock options Fringe benefits
Tax liabilityTax creditsAlternative minimum
taxInternational Considerations
There are two major areas in which tax issues play a major role in deciding the business form of an organization
Transparency 15 -3Transparency 15 -3© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Deferred Compensation Plans
Deferred Compensation Plans
General tax consequences are:Employers take a current deduction for the
amounts contributedEmployees may defer recognition of income
Deferred compensation plans are designed to encourage employers to donate toward employees’ retirement funding.
Transparency 15 -4Transparency 15 -4© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Employee Pension PlansEmployee Pension Plans
Contributory versus noncontributory Qualified versus nonqualified
Contributions made to nonqualified may not be deferred or deducted
To be qualified, a plan must Cover workers 21 or older Be in writing Be made to a trust Be made exclusively for the benefit of employees Not discriminate in favor of highly paid employees Limit the amount of allowed contributions and/or benefits
Transparency 15 -5Transparency 15 -5© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Employee Pension PlansEmployee Pension Plans
Defined contribution versus defined benefitDefined contribution plans (money purchase
plan or profit-sharing plan) have limits on the amount of contributions made limited to the lesser of $42,000 or 25% of taxable
compensation
Defined benefit plans have limits on the amount of retirement benefits paid Cannot exceed the smaller of $170,000 or 100% of
average of the highest 3 years’ compensation
Transparency 15 -6Transparency 15 -6© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Other Pension Plans Keogh
Other Pension Plans Keogh
Designed for self-employed taxpayers not covered by an employer’s plan
For self-employed or owner-partnerDefined contribution plans
Employees: lesser of $42,000 or 25% of compensation Owners: lesser of $42,000 or 20% of net SE income up
to $210,000
Defined benefit plans Maximum payment limited to $170,000 or 100% of
average compensation for the highest 3 consecutive years
Transparency 15 -7Transparency 15 -7© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Individual Retirement Accounts
Individual Retirement Accounts
Open to all taxpayers Two kinds
Conventional (Traditional)Roth
Total contributions to all IRAs may not exceed $4,000 per person per yearTaxpayers age 50 or older may contribute
up to $4,500
Transparency 15 -8Transparency 15 -8© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Traditional IRATraditional IRA
Contributions limited to lesser of $4,000 ($4,500 if age 50 or older) or amount of earned income Married filing joint may contribute up to $8,000
($9,000 if 50 or older) totalFully deductible if not covered by an employer’s
plan If covered, maximum deduction equals:
(Maximum contribution) X [1 - {(AGI - phase-out) / $10,000}]
Transparency 15 -9Transparency 15 -9© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Deductible IRAPhase-out Beginnings
Deductible IRAPhase-out Beginnings
Tax Year Married Single
2005 $70,000 $50,000 2006 $75,000 $50,000 2007 $80,000 $50,000
Transparency 15 -10Transparency 15 -10© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Roth IRARoth IRA
Contributions are not deductible Earnings distributions are tax-free if
IRA has existed for 5 years, andTaxpayer is >59 1/2 years oldNo age limit to begin distributions
Contributions are phased-outMarried, between $150,000 to $160,000Single, between $95,000 to $110,000
Transparency 15 -11Transparency 15 -11© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Converting IRAs to Roth IRAsConverting IRAs to Roth IRAs
May convert traditional IRAs to Roth IRAsIf AGI < $100,000
Must pay tax due on amount distributed, but no penalty for early distribution
If AGI > $100,000, must pay 10% penalty
Transparency 15 -12Transparency 15 -12© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
IRA WithdrawalsIRA Withdrawals
TraditionalMust begin distributions by age 70 1/2Distributions are taxable
Both IRAs - penalty free withdrawals forDeath or disabilityMedicalQualified higher education expensesFirst time home purchases
Transparency 15 -13Transparency 15 -13© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Open to any entity Must cover all employees who
Are at least 21 years oldHave worked during the year and for 3 of the last 5
years
Have received at least $450 in compensation Maximum contributions
For owners: lesser of $42,000 or 20% of net SE income up to $210,000
For employees: lesser of $42,000 of 25% of compensation
Other Pension PlansSimplified Employee Pension
(SEP)
Other Pension PlansSimplified Employee Pension
(SEP)
Transparency 15 -14Transparency 15 -14© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees(SIMPLE)
Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees(SIMPLE)
Designed to encourage small employers to establish retirement plansDo not have another qualified planFewer than 100 employeesNot subject to discrimination rules regarding highly
compensated employees
All employees earning > $5,000 in the two previous years are eligible to contribute
Maximum contribution is $10,000
Transparency 15 -15Transparency 15 -15© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
DistributionsDistributions
From a qualified pension plan, Keogh, SEP, IRA, or SIMPLEMay begin the year taxpayer reaches age 59 and
1/2, but must begin the year taxpayer reaches age 70 and 1/2 (except for Roth IRAs)
Must be an annuity May elect lump-sum for Keogh
Required minimum distribution based on taxpayer’s life expectancy
Taxable amount depends on whether taxpayer has basis: capital recovery concept
Transparency 15 -16Transparency 15 -16© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
PenaltiesPenalties
Three major penalty provisions exist to ensure proper compliance with the rules and requirements of pension plansContributions made in excess of limits are subject
to 10% penalty (6% for IRAs)Early withdrawals are subject to penalty of 10%
May be waived if distribution is due to death, disability, or certain medical, education or home purchase expenses
A 50% penalty is imposed for failure to begin receiving required minimum distribution by age 70 and 1/2 from plans other than Roth IRAs
Transparency 15 -17Transparency 15 -17© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Stock OptionsStock Options
All stock options have three important datesGrant date: the date an employee gets the optionExercise date: the date the employee trades the
option for stockSale date: the date the employee sells the stock
A stock option is the right to buy a share of stock at a fixed price within a specified period of time or on a specified date.
Transparency 15 -18Transparency 15 -18© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Stock OptionsStock Options
There are two kinds of stock optionsNonqualified stock options
Tax treatment depends on whether the option has a readily ascertainable fair market value
Incentive stock options No tax consequences until the sale date
Transparency 15 -19Transparency 15 -19© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Nonqualified Stock Options With Ascertainable FMV
Nonqualified Stock Options With Ascertainable FMV
At the grant dateEmployee has ordinary income = FMV of optionCorporation has deduction = income recognized
At the exercise dateEmployee basis in the stock = exercise amount paid +
income recognizedHolding period begins
At the sale dateEmployee has capital gain = sales price less
basis
Transparency 15 -20Transparency 15 -20© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Nonqualified Stock Options With No Ascertainable FMVNonqualified Stock Options With No Ascertainable FMV
At the grant date No tax consequences
At the exercise date Employee has
Ordinary income = FMV of stock - exercise price paid, andBasis in stock = exercise price paid + incomeHolding period begins
Employer has deduction = income recognized
At the sale date Employee has capital gain = sales price less basis
Transparency 15 -21Transparency 15 -21© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Nonqualified Stock Options Substantially Restricted
Nonqualified Stock Options Substantially Restricted
At the grant date No consequences
At the exercise date When restrictions lapse, employee has
Ordinary income = FMV - exercise priceBasis in the stock = exercise amount paid + incomeHolding period begins
Employer has deduction = income
At the sale date Employee has capital gain = sales price less basis
Consequences of grant and exercise date may be reversed with Sec. 83(b) election
Transparency 15 -22Transparency 15 -22© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Incentive Stock Options (ISO)
Incentive Stock Options (ISO)
Requirements for ISO treatmentMust be part of a qualified stock planOption must be exercised within ten years
of date of grantOption price must be > FMV of the stock at
date of grantOption cannot be transferableFMV of the ISOs granted in a year cannot
exceed $100,000
Transparency 15 -23Transparency 15 -23© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Incentive Stock OptionsIncentive Stock Options
Tax consequencesNo consequences on the grant or exercise
datesAt the exercise date
Employee has basis in stock = amount paid
At the sale date Employee has capital gain = sales price less basis
Employer never has deduction
Transparency 15 -24Transparency 15 -24© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Reasonableness of Compensation
Reasonableness of Compensation
To be deductible, compensation must beReasonable in amountPaid for actual employee services
Unreasonable compensation of shareholder-employees may be reclassified as dividends
Transparency 15 -25Transparency 15 -25© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Income Tax CreditsIncome Tax Credits
A tax credit is a direct reduction in the tax liability of a taxpayer.
Most are nonrefundable They exist to provide specific tax relief Business credits are available to all
entities
Transparency 15 -26Transparency 15 -26© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Business Tax CreditsBusiness Tax Credits
Research and Experimental CreditEncourages research in new technologyCredit = 20% of incremental expenditures
less base amount
Rehabilitation Tax CreditIncentive for restoring and saving older
buildingsMust hold buildings for 5 yearsCredit is 10% or 20% of cost depending on
type of building
Transparency 15 -27Transparency 15 -27© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Child Care Cost CreditEncourages companies to provide child care for
employeesCredit = 25%(Qualified child care expenses) +
10%(Qualified child care resources) Qualified child care expenses = amounts used to
acquire, construct, or expand property + costs of training care givers
Limited to $150,000 per year
General Business CreditOverall limit on group of business credits
Business Tax CreditsBusiness Tax Credits
Transparency 15 -28Transparency 15 -28© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Reporting Tax CreditsReporting Tax Credits
Reduces tax liability dollar for dollar Reported:
at the corporate levelby owners of flow-through entitieson the individual return of a sole-proprietor
Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)
Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)
Taxpayer must pay at least the minimum amount of tax
Figured separately from regular income tax Requires keeping a separate set of records Not required for small corporations with
average gross receipts of less than $5,000,000
Transparency 15-29Transparency 15-29
The alternative minimum tax is designed to impose a minimum amount of tax that a
taxpayer must pay.
Transparency 15 -30Transparency 15 -30© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Basic AMT ComputationBasic AMT Computation
Regular taxable income+/- Adjustments + Preferences
Tentative alternative minimum taxable income - Allowable exemption amount
Alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI)times Tax rate (20% Corporate; 26% or 28% individual) Tentative minimum tax before credits
Transparency 15 -31Transparency 15 -31© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
AMT AdjustmentsAMT Adjustments
Purpose is to account for effect of special alternative rates or calculations
Most reverse due to timing differencesExamples:
Required use of completed contract method No gain deferral for installment sales Recalculation of NOL; limited NOL deduction Depreciation under ADS versus MACRS
Not all apply to all entities Corporations must compute Adjusted Current Earnings (ACE) Individuals must limit itemized deductions, delete personal
exemption, report income from ISOs
Transparency 15 -32Transparency 15 -32© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
AMT PreferencesAMT Preferences
Apply to all taxpayers Always added in the computation of AMTI
Are permanent differences and do not reverse
Add back:Percentage depletion in excess of basisLimitation of intangible drilling costsTax-exempt interest from private activity bondsExcess depreciation over straight-line for property
acquired before 1987 42% of gain exclusion on small business stockReserves for bad debts of financial institutions
AMT ExemptionsAMT Exemptions
Designed to eliminate taxpayers with relatively moderate income and small amounts of adjustments and/or preferences
Phased-out at rate of 25 cents for every dollar of AMTI over base
Entity Initial exemption Base
Corporation $40,000 $150,000
Single & HoH 35,750 112,500
Married, joint 49,000 150,000
Married, separate 24,500 75,000
Transparency 15-33Transparency 15-33
Transparency 15 -34Transparency 15 -34© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
AMT Minimum Tax CreditAMT Minimum Tax Credit
Calculated each year in which AMT applies
Designed to avoid double jeopardy caused by timing differencesDeducted from regular taxAmount is the difference between actual
AMT and what AMT would be without the reversal adjustments
Transparency 15 -35Transparency 15 -35© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
International TaxInternational Tax
U.S. citizens, resident aliens, and domestic corporations pay U.S. tax on worldwide income
Non-resident aliens and non-domestic corporations pay U.S. tax only on income earned in the U.S.
Transparency 15 -36Transparency 15 -36© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Tax TreatiesTax Treaties
U.S. government makes tax treaties with most foreign governmentsDetermine how citizens and non-citizens
are taxed.Try to prevent double taxation.
Transparency 15 -37Transparency 15 -37© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Organizational Structures for Foreign Operations
Organizational Structures for Foreign Operations
Foreign subsidiaryU.S. parent owns > 50%
Parent usually not taxed until income brought into the U.S.
Subpart F income is taxed as earned like conduit entity
interest, dividends, rent, royalties
Transparency 15 -38Transparency 15 -38© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Foreign Tax CreditForeign Tax Credit
Taxpayer may take credit for foreign tax paidOr, may elect to exclude up to $80,000 of
foreign earned income
Credit is limited to amount of U.S. tax that would have been paid on foreign incomeExcess may be carried back 1 years,
forward 10
Transparency 15 -39Transparency 15 -39© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Other International IssuesOther International Issues
If appreciated property is transferred to foreign entities, must report income = gain “as if sold”.
Transfer pricing methods are used to set the price allowed.
Transparency 15 -40Transparency 15 -40© 2006 South-Western© 2006 South-Western
Taxation of Non-resident Aliens
and Foreign Corporations
Taxation of Non-resident Aliens
and Foreign Corporations Income is U.S. trade or business
income if two tests are met. Asset use test: Income is derived from
assets used in active conduct of business in the U.S.
Business activities test: U.S. business is a material part of income
Non-business income is taxed at a flat 30% rate.