Transnational Migration from the Global Perspective

The 7th International Conference of the World Confederation of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Overseas Studies (WCILCOS) in Conjunction with the Centennial Jubilee of Cornell University Library’s Charles W. Wason Collection on East Asia

September 26-28, 2018Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York

September 26-28, 2018Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

The 7th International Conference of the World Confederation of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Overseas Studies (WCILCOS) in Conjunction with the Centennial Jubilee of Cornell University Library’s Charles W. Wason Collection on East Asia

Transnational Migration from the Global Perspective

Co-organizers:Cornell University Library and Ohio University Libraries Cornell co-sponsors:East Asia ProgramMario Einaudi Center for International StudiesOffice of the Vice Provost for International AffairsSociety for the Humanities

Welcome to Cornell University! Whether you are returning to our beautiful campus or seeing it for the first time, I hope you will have an exceptionally enjoyable and valuable experience in Ithaca, a small city in the Finger Lakes region of the United States.

Welcome also to Cornell University Library! I encourage you to consider the Library as your home base while you are here—all of our resources are available to you on site, including access to our physical and digi-tal collections as well as the many services we provide to Cornellians and the broader scholarly community.

Cornell University Library is especially pleased to be hosting the 7th International Conference of the World Confederation of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Over-seas Studies (WCILCOS). Our university is committed to applying the highest academic

standards to issues from a global perspective. We are proud of this tradition, and delight-ed that delegates will have the opportunity to join with us in celebrating the centennial of Cornell University Library’s great Charles W. Wason Collection on East Asia. Thanks to a bequest from Cornell alumnus Charles W. Wason in 1918, the East Asia Collection has grown in stature and breadth and today ranks as one of the leading collections in the world.

Welcoming so many distinguished speakers and attendees is truly an honor and a priv-ilege. Furthermore, as a transnational mi-grant myself, born in the United Kingdom, I was naturally delighted to see the conference theme for this year.

Gerald R. BeasleyCarl A. Kroch University LibrarianCornell University

Dear Attendees of the 7th International Conference of the World Confederation of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Over-seas Studies:

My name is Svante Myrick and I am the Mayor of the City of Ithaca. I am delighted to extend a warm welcome to Ithaca and to this year’s “Transnational Migration from the Global Perspective” conference. This confer-ence is held in partnership with the World Confederation of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Overseas Studies (WCILCOS) and co-sponsored by Cornell University Li-brary and Ohio University Libraries.

It is my understanding that the scope of this year’s conference has been expanded to a wide range of topics concerning transnation-al migration, which have increasingly invited great attention from scholars and librarians alike around the world. Scholars and librari-ans are two inseparable partners in academic pursuit, and this conference will be able to provide you with an excellent opportunity to understand and analyze each other’s chal-lenges, exchange ideas and experiences, and share common concerns.

Ithaca is a community that celebrates its diversity and is proud to have a large Asian American population in our small city. This

is in large part due to Cornell University that brings in students from all over the world. I hope you enjoy your stay in Ithaca and that you find the conference is productive and in-spiring.

Again, welcome to Ithaca and I hope you enjoy attending this great conference hosted by Cornell, one the finest Ivy League school in the United States, with the most beautiful campus in the world.

Sincerely, Svante L. MyrickMayor, City of Ithaca

Colleagues,

It is my great pleasure to welcome all par-ticipants to the 7th World Confederation of Institutes and Libraries for Overseas Chinese Studies Conference. Ohio Univer-sity Libraries is honored to co-sponsor this event with Cornell University. The timing is especially auspicious as Cornell Univer-sity Library’s renowned Charles W. Wason Collection on East Asia is celebrating their 100th anniversary.

Since the inaugural conference held at Ohio University in 2000, scholars and librarians have come to together to share scholarship in Overseas Chinese Studies, including is-sues related to the development, access and preservation of important library resources. This year’s conference will expand this focus and include investigations on issues related to migration worldwide.

The conference is a magnificent opportuni-ty for scholars to present and share research on transnational migration and the discov-ery of mutual interests and goals. I extend my sincere thanks to all attendees for their important contributions and my hope for a successful and enjoyable conference.

Sincerely,Scott SeamanDean of Libraries, Ohio University

Maria Cristina Garcia, 2018 conferencekeynote speaker.

Maria Cristina Garcia is currently the How-ard A. Newman Professor of American Studies in the Department of History at the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University. She is a 2016 Andrew Carnegie Fellow and studies refugees, immigrants, and exiles. Her most recent book is The Refugee Challenge in Post-Cold War America (Oxford University Press, 2017), a study of the actors and interests that have shaped US refugee policy in the Post-Cold War and post 9/11 era.

She is also the author of Seeking Refuge: Cen-tral American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada (University of California Press), a study of the individuals, groups, and organizations that responded to the Central American refugee crisis of the 1980s and 1990s, and helped shape refugee policies throughout North America. Collectively these domestic and transnational advocacy networks collected testimonies, document-ed the abuses of states, re-framed national debates about immigration, pressured for changes in policy, and ultimately provided a voice for the displaced and the excluded.

Her first book, Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, exam-ined the migration of Cubans to the United States after the Castro revolution. The book examines how these Cold war migrants-be-came a powerful economic and political presence in the United States, influencing foreign policy and electoral outcomes, re-shaping the cultural landscape of the South, and ultimately reinterpreting what it means to assimilate.

A co-edited anthology (with Maddalena Marinari and Madeline Hsu), A Nation of Immigrants Reconsidered: U.S. Society in an Age of Restriction, 1924-1965 is in produc-tion at the University of Illinois Press and will be published in the fall of 2018.

May to December 2018Kroch Library (outside the Asia reading room) Mural: A century of culture, connections, and discovery Highlights from the Wason Collection: China, Japan, and Korea Building a digital library Bringing the world to the Library and the Library to the world

Kroch Library (Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Level 2B) August 17 through September 30 Rare treasures of the Wason Collection: China, Japan, and Korea

Uris Library (Gallery Level) The development of the Japan and Korea Collections (including MaedaAi,WillardDickermanStraight,andWilliamElliotGriffis)

Olin Library (outside the periodicals room) Charles W. Wason and Cornell

Olin Library (basement level near Maps room) Old maps of China, Japan, and Korea

asia.library.cornell.edu

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一世紀に及ぶ文化交流

百年文化交谊

CENTENNIAL EXHIBIT

Monday, September 24 at 7:15 p.m. Korean—A Road Called Life This animation depicts three Korean stories: When the Buckwheat Flowers Bloom, Spring Spring, and A Lucky Day, told by the filmmakers of Green Days.

Tuesday, September 25 at 7:15 p.m.Chinese—Have a Nice DayA city in southern China and a bag containing stolen money draws several people from diverse backgrounds into a bloody conflict.

Wednesday, September 26 at 7:15 p.m. Thursday, September 27 at 10:00 p.m.Japanese—Night is Short, Walk on GirlA young girl embarks on an insanely long night of partying where she interacts with an increasingly eccentric cast of characters.

Animated East Asia FREE SERIES

HERBERT F. JOHNSON MUSEUM OF ART museum.cornell.edu

The fifth floor presents art from Asia, across time and borders, from the ancient to the contemporary.Hours are: Tuesday – Sunday, 10:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.

CULTURAL TOUR (optional)

Wednesday, September 262:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m. Pre-registration and check-in (optional): Kroch Library, Room 170Charles W. Wason Centennial Exhibition Viewing: Kroch, Olin, and Uris

4:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m. Welcome reception for early arrivals (optional): Level 2B, Kroch Library

CONFERENCE SCHEDULE

Friday, September 28Statler Hotel8:00 a.m.–8:30 a.m. Registration and continental breakfast:

8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Panel Session 4

10:00 a.m. - 10:20 a.m. Coffee break

10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m. Panel Session 5

11:50 a.m.–12:20 p.m. Plenary Session (3)Closing Remarks

12:20 p.m.–1:00 p.m.Lunch

1:00 p.m.–5:00 p.m.Johnson Museum of Art tour and exhibit viewing (optional)

1:00 p.m.–6:30 p.m.Trip to Corning Museum of Glass and Lucas Vineyards (optional)

Thursday, September 27Statler Hotel8:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m. Registration and continental breakfast

9:00 a.m.–9:40 a.m. Plenary Session (1)Welcome Remarks:Cornell University Provost, Michael KotlikoffCornell University Librarian, Gerald Beasley

9:40 a.m.–10:40 a.m. Plenary Session (2)

Keynote speech:Maria Cristina Garcia, the Howard A. Newman Professor of American Studies, Cornell University

10:40 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Group photo and coffee break

11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Panel Session 1

12:30 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. Lunch

1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Panel Session 2

3:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m. Coffee break

3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Panel Session 3

4:50 p.m.–6:15 p.m. Campus tour (optional)

6:30 p.m.–8:30 p.m. Dinner (by invitation)

cinema.cornell.edu

ASIAN MOVIE WEEK

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Wednesday, September 26

2:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m. Pre-registration and check-in (optional): Kroch Library, Room 170Charles W. Wason Centennial Exhibition Viewing: Kroch, Olin, and Uris

4:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m. Welcome reception for early arrivals (optional): Level 2B, Kroch Library

Thursday, September 27

8:00 a.m.–9:00 a.m. Registration and continental breakfast: Statler Hotel

9:00 a.m.–9:40 a.m. Plenary Session (1): Statler Hotel

Welcome Remarks:Cornell University Provost, Michael KotlikoffCornell University Librarian, Gerald Beasley

9:40 a.m.–10:40 a.m. Plenary Session (2): Statler Hotel

Keynote speech:Professor Maria Cristina Garcia, the Howard A. Newman Professor of Amer-ican Studies, Cornell University

10:40 a.m. – 11:00 a.m. Group photo and coffee break

11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Panel Session 1:

Panel 1 11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Moderator: Bronwen BledsoeCornell University bb246@cornell.eduTheoretical and Methodological Studies for Migration (1)

Splash Water under the Rain—The Ethnic Chinese Identity and Integration through the Transformation of Tian Hou Rituals in Ca Mau (Vietnam)Nguyen Ngoc ThoUniversity of Social Sciences and HumanitiesVietnam National Universityngoctho@hcmussh.edu.vn

Thien Hau (天后)1 is a popular religious figure rooted in Fujian, China. In the late 17th century, Chinese immigrants propa-gated Thien Hau in Southern Vietnam and further developed the cult there. During the process of cultural exchange and social in-tegration, Thien Hau became a symbol that represented the identity of ethnic Chinese living in Vietnam. Before the arrival of Chi-nese immigrants from South China provinc-es, she was bestowed the titles “Lady 夫人”, “Heavenly Concubine 天妃” and “Heaven-ly Empress 天后” and super scribed by the late imperial dynasties of China. According to James Watson (1985), this co-opting of Thien Hau to Confucian normative values allowed the Chinese state to control and standardize the liturgical communities.

However, in Ca Mau city and other places of Southern Vietnam, the symbol of Thien Hau became partially changed due to the process of localization. The Chinese elites attempted to conflate Thien Hau with fam-ily rites to gain cross-ethnic integration and internal consolidation. Thien Hau, like fam-

ily ancestors, is worshipped in someone’s home while large-scale rituals are hold at a Thien Hau temple under the domain of do-mestic cults (e.g., the cult of Kitchen God or ancestor worship). As kinship-based and family-based values affect the constitution of liturgical practices, the cult of Thien Hau is conversely consolidated as a profound mark-er of Chinese identity. The more liturgical rituals are shared, the more “Chineseness”2 the ethnic Chinese community gain from Thien Hau cult. They take advantage of an illusionary conflation to consolidate their soft power and maintain their minority elite status in local society. This paper applies specific theories in modern anthropology, such as Michael Szonyi’s (1997) study on illusionary standardization of gods in late imperial China, and Melissa Brown’s (2007) concept on the distinction between in-depth faith/ideas and ritual practices, and Adam Seligman’s and Robert Weller’s (2012) the-ory of cultural interaction of notation, ritual and shared experience, to generalize the na-ture and significance of liturgical transfor-mation in the cult of Thien Hau among the ethnic Chinese in Ca Mau city.

Notes:1. Also called Mazu (媽祖) in Taiwan

(see Chang Hsiun 2010, and Lin Meirong, 2006)

2. The term refers to the relative-ly unique Chinese characteristics in culture, widely discussed by Stephen Feuchtwang (1992); Wang Mingke (1999), Laura Hostetler (2001); Don-ald S. Sutton (2007, p.15) etc.

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The Sense of Belonging under Transnational MigrationXing GaoCornell Universityxg243@cornell.edu

The International Migration Report 2017, a biennial publication of the United Nations, revealed that an estimated number of 258 million people are living in a country other than their country of birth now. With a 49% increase in population compared to 2000 and an ever-expanding scope of coverage, migration is profoundly changing the life of a large number of people both geologi-cally and culturally. The different social and cultural experiences encountered by people who had or are having migration have, un-der a lot of circumstances, led to a confu-sion of belonging as more and more people may find root in more than one country or society. The influence of migration on peo-ple’s understanding of identity plays a vital role in perceiving people, culture and society nowadays which may have a guiding effect on future social policy making and culture formation. By analyzing the impact of mi-gration on people’s sense of belonging, this paper hopes to reveal how transnation-al migration has diversified and amplified the definition of “identity” and how soci-ety might respond to it in the future. And to go a step further, this paper examines the shaping elements behind people’s formation of identity. Among the key elements fram-ing sense of belonging, media plays a vital role especially with the development of the Internet and online media platform. With the depiction of individual migration stories and report on general transnational migra-tion, media influences the image and peo-ple’s reception of migration. Take the media portrayal of Chinese migrants in the U.S. as an example, the shift in focus point from the immigrants’ hardship in their migrating life to tremendous life opportunities brought by migration, people’s understanding of migra-tion can be fundamentally changed. This

paper aims at exploring how migration com-plicates people’s sense of belonging and how media further influences and frames people’s understanding of identity.

The Fox Borrowing the Tiger’s Might: Towards a Framework of New Chinese State-Diaspora RelationshipYan LiuSyracuse Universityyliu43@syr.edu

The relationship between migrants and the migrant-sending states has long been a focus of immigration research because the sending states’ diaspora policies can influence the life experience of migrants, their relation-ship with the host societies and the home country. Migrant sending countries adopt a variety of diaspora-engaging policies rang-ing from policies encouraging labor export, policies attracting remittance/investment and other forms of economic contributions, to policies discouraging/limiting emigration in order to curb brain drain. Some develop-ing countries are known to encourage labor export to promote national development, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and In-dia. More countries try to engage migrants who are already abroad. Countries can en-courage members of the diaspora to invest in the home country and especially the hometown, to help transfer technology from developed countries, to participate in home country politics, etc. In sum, both migrants and the sending countries are incentivized to form a mutually beneficial relationship with each other.

Compared to countries that rely on remit-tances sent by migrants working abroad, China did not actively encourage private emigration on a national scale, though some provincial government agencies have or-ganized emigration directly. As China be-comes the manufacturing powerhouse and the top trading partner of many countries

in the world, sending migrants abroad to earn remittance is no longer an attractive policy option for different levels of Chinese government. However, entrepreneurial and labor migrants from China continued and further expanded to countries and areas that received little Chinese migration in the past, such as Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.

This paper intends to explore the relation-ship between Chinese government and “new Chinese migrants” who left China since the 1980s. Using fieldwork data from four East-ern Caribbean countries, the author argues that private, new Chinese migration is not always in line with the Chinese diplomatic strategy that includes promoting the “going abroad” of Chinese state-owned-enterprises and Chinese infrastructure projects, main-taining “one China” policy, and deepening bilateral ties in general. The business prac-tices of Chinese private entrepreneurs often lead to anti-China sentiments among local citizens, which harms the Chinese state. On the contrary, the growing involvement of the Chinese state benefits private Chinese migrants through official consulate protec-tion by Chinese embassies and unofficial “favoritism” by local governments because of China’s official involvement. As a Chinese idiom “the fox borrowing the tiger’s might” shows, the relationship between private Chi-nese migrants and the Chinese state is large-ly commensal, meaning that it benefits the private migrants more than it benefits the Chinese state.

Panel 2 11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Moderator: Guoqing LiOhio State Universityli272@osu.eduArchival Studies for Migration (1)

建国初期华侨复员与中外交涉略述 — 基于中国外交部官方档案的分析中国华侨大学国际关系学院/华侨华人研究院路阳Lu YangRenmin University of Chinaluyang87122381@163.com 二战期间，日军进犯东南亚等地，约有五万余名华侨自侨居地回到中国。抗战胜利后，为顺应华侨返回东南亚原侨居地的诉求，国民政府与联合国善后救济总署、国际难民组织远东局等机构，逐步开展华侨复员工作，通过与各侨居地政府的交涉，大部分华侨顺利返回东南亚各地。因国共内战及东南亚部分侨居地当局对华侨的限制，至新中国成立前，仍有1万余名华侨等待复员。目前学术界对华侨复员的研究仅限于民国时期，论文主要依据中国外交部馆藏档案，结合其他文献资料对新中国成立以后华侨复员、移民遣送及中外交涉等问题加以研究。论文重点关注待返华侨的基本情况、中国政府华侨复员的政策立场和具体实践、以及新中国与国际难民组织驻华机构等的交涉等问题，对于中国政府解决华侨复员问题及建国之初中国与联合国等国际组织关系加以深入考察。在新中国成立之初，国际形势和环境的深刻变化，加之中国国内政治和外交政策也发生深刻调整，中国外交部及地方外事部门处理与联合国相关机构如国际难民组织及附属机构的过程也可以视为这一时期中外交涉的一项重要实践。随着朝鲜战争的爆发，包括国际难民组织在内的联合国在华机构，都陆续撤出中国而逐渐消失，中国对外关系进入了新的历史时期。本文系作者所主持

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的中国国家哲学社会科学基金项目“全球化背景下国际回流移民治理研究”（17CGJ006）的阶段性成果。

华侨华人文献信息建设国际合作模式探析 — 以世界华侨华人文献馆为例暨南大学 史小军Xhi XiaojunJinan Universitytxjshi@jnu.edu.cn

由于华侨华人文献信息数量庞大、种类繁多、语种复杂，且文献的生成与分布具有跨国性、流动性等特点，因此，开展相关文献信息建设的国际合作工作显得十分必要与迫切。华侨华人文献信息国际合作的最终目的是为了实现文献信息的共同利用，最大限度地挖掘文献信息所蕴藏的价值。为保证合作工作的持续、稳定、有效地开展，有必要建立一套双方认可、操作性强、具有约束力的文献信息建设国际合作模式。开展国际合作的主体可以是文献机构、研究机构、华人社团，也可以是特定的专家学者、华侨华人等。

一、 馆藏文献信息交换模式馆藏文献目录信息交换、馆藏文献复本、本馆出版物的定期或不定期交换，如世华馆与新纪元大学学院陈六使图书馆、新加坡国立大学中文图书馆等东南亚文献机构之间的合作。

二、 联合采购模式双方通过采购渠道互为代购所缺文献，负责文献运输。如世华馆与俄大邵氏中心之前的代购合作模式。三、 互为文献收集联络点的合作模式双方可签订合作协议，互为所在国或地区的文献收集联络点，负责文献捐赠、托管、运输等工作。世华馆利用暨大校友资源，与全球16家暨南校友会签订合作协议，建立文献收集联络点。

四、 项目活动的合作模式

以具体专题项目研究为纽带，实现文献机构间文献交流合作的形式。该模式优点是针对性强，即围绕某类专门设定的文献开展征集、利用和研究的合作。例如，世华馆与新加坡华裔馆商议共同开发民国东南亚华文教材数字化及相关研究等项目，世华馆计划设立驻馆学者研修间，结合特定文献研究或开发项目邀请专家学者来馆研修。项目合作还可拓展至中外人文交流活动方面，如世华馆正在与马来西亚董总联洽谈联合举办“马来西亚华校图书档案管理培训班”。

五、 文献整理出版合作模式联合各国各地机构以及科研人员，就某项文献整理或相关研究合作进行编撰出版。如分国或分时期出版各类华侨文献的文献目录、全文影印、研究论著或某主题文献汇编等。

六、 学术交流合作模式双方或多方联合举办学术会议、学术刊物，定期开展学术交流，结合文化或科研活动，邀请专家学者进行学术讲座。如世华馆开展“华侨华人文化周”活动，邀请华文文学作家来馆进行学术讲座与交流。

关键词：华侨华人，文献建设，国际合作

《东方杂志》（1904-1948）华侨史料挖掘与研究暨南大学 王华Wang HuaJinan University358720122@qq.com

《东方杂志》是商务印书馆的一个重要出版物，也是20世纪上半叶中国发行最早、持续时间最长、影响最大而又完全民办的综合性杂志。《东方杂志》于1904年创办、1948年终刊，前后共发行44卷、819期（号），先后经历8位主编，发表作品2万余篇。在经历清季、北洋、民国的过程中，《东方杂志》记

录了20世纪上半叶世世纪上半叶世界的发展历程，积极参与中西文化交流、大量述评现代人文社会科学知识，是中国研究国际问题的重镇，其中蕴藏有载有丰富的华侨史料。文章首先述评了李安山等专家学者对《东方杂志》华侨史料挖掘与研究现状，探讨了该项研究的重要意义。通过对819期杂志的挖掘与梳理，对其中所包含的1000多篇涉侨史料进行分类统计，按照通常华侨华人研究的主题分类，主要分为外交、华工、华商、留学生、华校、华团等几大类进行论述，结合历史背景，对其中较为重要的涉侨政策、法规、华侨人口、华校等统计数据等进行重点挖掘与研究。同时，利用文献计量理论，对《东方杂志》的涉侨栏目以及内容比重的变化、涉及国家和地区等进行分析，找出其中的发展趋势与原因，得出建立华侨历史文献数字人文研究数据库等研究结论。此外，杂志中还包含有大量照片、游记、文学作品等也值得关注。关键词：东方杂志，华侨华人，文献资料

Panel 3 11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Moderator: Dan McKeeCornell Universitydjm53@cornell.eduMigration in North America and Japan

Dr. Mabel Lee: An Unusual Chinese American Church Leader for Women’s Rights Chengzhi Wangcw2165@columbia.eduBayer JW Leebjl5@columbia.eduColumbia University

Mabel Lee (1896-1966) is an under-re-searched but extraordinary female Chinese American leader. She was the first Chinese woman who obtained doctoral degree from Columbia University; she was a close fe-

male friend of Chinese intellectual leader Hu Shih since her college time; she led the First Chinese Baptist Church of New York for 40 years; and she was a strong advocate of women’s suffrage and equal rights all her life. A daughter of the pastor of the Baptist Chinese Mission in New York’s Chinatown, Mabel Lee obtained her B.A. from Barnard College in 1916 and Ph.D. in economics from Columbia in 1921. She was actively involved in the Chinese Students’ Club of Columbia University and the Women’s Po-litical Equality League in New York. She wrote and spoke publicly for women’s suf-frage and equal rights. After her father’s un-expected death in 1925, she was appointed to replace his father to lead the First Chinese Baptist Church of New York. She followed her father’s evangelicalism, but she believed in the progressivism of the social gospel and community organization. She maintained a library and provided training classes for Chinatown’s residents to improve both En-glish and Chinese literacy and knowledge, and build skills in carpentry, radio, typewrit-ing and other areas; and she organized dif-ferent factions and groups to work together for the improvement and rehabilitation of Chinatowns across the U.S. Whenever her motherland country China experienced sig-nificant historical events such as the 2nd China-Japan War and the Civil War in the late 1940s, she made her voice heard and lent her support for justice and peace. Using hard-to-find English and Chinese language archival resources, this paper intends to in-troduce, document and analyze Mabel Lee’s unusual life and highlight the great Chinese American legacies she represented.

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A Great Convergence: The Mass Killing of Chinese in the 1923 Kanto MassacreJiaying ShenUniversity of Torontojiaying.shen@mail.utoronto.ca

This paper examines the mass killing of Chi-nese in the 1923 Kanto massacre. Based on previous scholarship, newspapers, memoirs of survivors and government documents, this paper argues that the Kanto massacre, whose victims were mostly Koreans, hard-ly targeted only one ethnicity. At least 690 Chinese people were killed, injured or miss-ing in this massacre, during which an orga-nized mass killing in Tokyo’s Ojima claimed the lives of over 300 Chinese victims. More-over, similar to the cases of Korean victims, the majority of attackers and victims in the Ojima incident were both laborers, which suggested that “getting mistaken for Kore-ans” was hardly a satisfactory explanation for the suffering of most Chinese victims in the Kanto massacre.

Two factors laid the foundation for the tragedy. First, the discrimination against Chinese (and Koreans as well) was an indis-pensable part of Japan’s modernization proj-ect in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Second, the end of World War I brought an economic bust to Japan, forcing the country to shift from labor shortage to labor surplus. However, it was a series of policies adopted by the Japanese govern-ment that finally incited a massacre. Facing the increasing number of Chinese laborers within its territory, the Taisho government tried to solve the problem by lifting entry ban and conducting forced deportation. However, these policies not only failed to reduce the number of Chinese immigrants, but also intensified the antagonism between Chinese and Japanese laborers. Also, after the Great Kanto earthquake, the Taisho government soon declared martial law in Tokyo and Kanagawa, which aggravated vi-olence against “suspected criminals” such as

Korean and Chinese laborers. In this con-text, the Taisho government should be re-sponsible for the Kanto massacre. However, when dealing with the aftermath of the inci-dent, the Japanese authority’s primary target was to distance itself from the responsibility as far as possible.

The massacre was meaningful for China as well. It contributed to China’s shift towards “diaspora’s homeland” and helped develop patriotism among Chinese people. It is also notable that the incident strengthened the link between national sovereignty and indi-vidual rights, which made some Chinese feel indifferent about the rights of the colonized, such as the Korean victims in the Kanto massacre.

In short, after examining the mass killing of Chinese in the Kanto massacre, this paper concludes that the whole incident should not be reduced to only a case of Japanese discrimination against Koreans. Instead, this organized massacre of Koreans and Chi-nese witnessed a great convergence of three historical trajectories: the discrimination against non-Japanese Asians in the process of Japan’s modernization, the antagonism between Japanese and foreign laborers, and the development of nationalism in modern China.

Immigrant Selectivity and Its Social Consequences: Understanding Ethnic advantages and Disadvantages in the Chinese American CommunityMin Zhou University of California, Los Angelesmzhou@soc.ucla.edu

In migration studies, immigrant selectivity is often measured by the educational selectiv-ity, i.e., by the average level of educational attainment (in years) of immigrants of a na-tional origin group vis-à-vis that of non-im-migrants in their country of origin. Most immigrant groups in the United States have

been positively selected with regard of levels of educational attainment, but the degree of positive selectivity varied, with Chinese at the high end and Mexicans at the low end. Existing research reveals that immigrant selectivity has created diverse pathways of socioeconomic incorporation among immi-grants and their offspring, driving the gen-eral American perception about the overall educational profile of a particular national origin group, and positively influenced per-ceived parental aspirations and the educa-tional expectations of second-generation youths beyond individual family socioeco-nomic status. However, educational selectiv-ity is too board without much variation. To increase the concept’s analytical power, we refine it further to capture hyper-selectivity, high selectivity, and hypo-selectivity to mea-sure group-level human capital. While most of the immigrant groups are highly selected, some are hyper-selected or hypo-selected. Hyper- or hypo-selectivity is defined by per-centage of college graduates, rather than by average years of education, which includes two relative components: the overall per-centage of college education of an immigrant group vis-à-vis that of their non-immigrant counterparts in the home country and the overall percentage of college education of the immigrant group vis-à-vis that of natives in the host country. Hyper-selectivity refers to higher percentages of college educated immigrants vis-à-vis non-immigrants in the homeland and natives in the host land, and hypo-selectivity, the opposite. By linking a national origin group’s pre-migration char-acteristics to post-migration circumstances, hyper- or hypo-selectivity captures not only what resources (tangible or intangible) that immigrants and their families have in their command upon arrival in their new country, but also how these pre-migration resources or handicaps reproduce themselves at the group-level to enable or hinder individual group members in their quest to upward social mobility. Based on a qualitative study of adult children of Chinese immigrants in

metropolitan Los Angeles, we examine the intended and unintended consequences of hyper-selectivity. We show that the children of Chinese immigrants begin their quest to get ahead from more favorable starting points, are guided by a more constricting success frame, and have greater access to ethnic capital than those of other immigrant groups. In turn, hyper-selectivity gives rise to stereotype promise—the boost in perfor-mance that comes with being favorably per-ceived and treated as smart, high-achieving, hard-working, and deserving students—that benefits members of the group so stereo-typed. Our study also suggests that, while the so-called positive stereotype enhances the academic performance of Chinese American and other Asian American youths, the same stereotype reproduces new stereotypes that hinder them as they pursue leadership posi-tions in the workplace.

Panel 4 11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Moderator: Yue DuCornell Universityyue.du@cornell.eduStudy Overseas

从中国赴日美术留学看东亚、西方及中日三组观念的拮抗与交织—武藏野美术大学所藏傅抱石书简及金源省吾日记解析武藏野美术大学 廖赤阳 Liao ChiyangMusashino Art Universityliaochiy2002@yahoo.co.jp

近代以来的中国赴日留学有两大高潮，其一发生于甲午战争之后，其二发生于当代中国改革开放之后。两次的留学高潮，对于中国近现代史及日本华侨华人史的形成与发展均产生了重大影响，也引起学界的广泛注意。不过，现有的中国留学日本史研究，主要是针对政治家、军事家及文学家展开，对于美术家则鲜有触及。

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傅抱石于1930年代赴日留学，师从金源省吾学习东亚美术史，并广泛涉猎雕塑、日本画与西洋画。留学前，傅抱石是传统中国画的坚定卫道者，留学后，他特别留意了明治以来日本美术界在面临西洋画的冲击下所做的变革努力，转而猛烈批判中国画的守旧，大胆提倡中国画的变革。而其师金源省吾，在中日战争之前，认为东洋画（日本所谓东洋的概念，指以中国为主的东亚）是包括了中国、朝鲜和日本画在内，而以中国为其根源，同时具有各地域特色，彼此不存在纵向的优劣。不过，随着日本侵华战争的展开，金源的东洋画的范围随着大东亚共荣圈的扩张和膨胀，而其内涵则坍塌到日本文化之中，以日本为纵向的价值观顶点，并且试图用“具有相互关联性的相互对立之同在”的概念，来为日本侵略战争寻找到“以日本之具体的小来统合亚洲的综合之大”的文化解释。而弟子的傅抱石归国后决然投入支援抗战的文化运动，他写下了《从中国美术的精神看看战必胜》的文章，认为中国美术看来是闲散、虚无、消极、退让，没有现实性的，其实具有人格修养、最能吸收外族而又最能抵抗，以及雄浑、茂朴沉潜、凛然不可侵犯的积极性。日本的侵华战争，就是把这幅最伟大最紧张最积极的中国画看走了眼。在抗战中的重庆山水熏陶下，傅抱石创作了云台山水、石涛、湘夫人、竹林七贤、屈原等一系列作品，既不同于奔马、田横五百士等直接唤起民众抗战意志的作品，也不同于黑白线刻版画这些为大众所喜闻乐见的艺术形式，而是充满着高古的气息，从颓废闲散、孤高厌世的意境中透出绝不屈服，特立独行，不肯俯仰于人的深远意境。傅抱石回国后翻译了其师的《东洋之心》一文，其中金源提到东亚画的精神是“天、老。无、明、中、隐、淡、知、骨、敬、恒”等中国思想哲学理念，与他留学后对于中国画固守传统的批判不同，抗战中他的画作正体现了其师的这一学说，对中国文人画中的颓

废。退让、消极、出世的要素赋予积极、前进和现实的意蕴，在与其师相反的立场上，继承和发展了其师“具有相互关联性的相互对立之同在”的学说。傅抱石书简与金源省吾日记收藏于其母校武藏野美术大学，其跨度从战前的留学时期延续到战后，从中不仅可以看到二者的思想脉络的变化，也反映出彼此间所建立的几如父子般的极为密切的师生关系。而且，这一关系在改革开放后的留学日本时期再度綻放，由其子女们所继承。迄今为止，广为人知的中日留学友谊佳话，是鲁迅的藤野先生一文。支撑这一故事的有两根柱子，即“弃医从文”与“中日友好”。不过，藤野先生不过是基于鲁迅在仙台留学期间的抑郁与孤独所想象出的理想中的师生像，可以说是一个仙台神话。与此相比，通过书简和日记这种私密性的记录，所反映的傅抱石和金源省吾的关系，比起文学作品不仅更为感人和真实，而且，现实中的傅抱石与金源的师生关系，也远比想象中的鲁迅和藤野关系更为密切与浓厚。与鲁迅和藤野先生的仙台神话相比，傅抱石和金源先生的故事，可以说是一个中日友好的武藏野实话。关键词：傅抱石、金源省吾、日本留学、东洋画、中日关系

留学生史料的发掘和运用—以康奈尔大学为例郑力人 Liren ZhengCornell Universitylz14@cornell.edu

留学生史料是海外华人研究的一个重要组成部分，近一个半世纪历经六次留学浪潮（幼童留美，甲午留日，勤工留法，庚款留美，公派留苏，以及迄今的全球留学），史料浩瀚，亟需收集，整理，保存，研究。康奈尔大学中国留学生首发白话文运动，传播回母国形成新文化运动；首创今日中国科协的前身---“中国科学社”和第一份中文科学刊物《科学》；其史料是海外留学生史重要宝藏之一。康奈尔大学就留学生

史料建立专档，实现数据化，建立资源共享网络图书馆，拍摄电视纪录片，开设课程，举办展览，筹备国际学术会议，是美国大学保存和研究海外留学生史料的一个范例。

使康大了解中国，使中国了解康大—以康乃尔大学中国学者访学会为例贾鹤鹏 Hepeng JiaCornell Universityhj352@cornell.edu

近年来，许多中国访问学者来到康乃尔大学，他们和康大校园内包括教职员工，研究生，本科生，博士后等组成了一个华人群体，是康大社区多元化和国际化的重要组成部分。康乃尔大学早在1904年就创办了中国学生俱乐部，2012年建立的中国学者访学会继承了这一传统，在促进中美文化交流大方面做了大量的工作，如组织学术论坛，交流中美之间的研究成果；编辑手册，为成员介绍美国的方方面面；在中美传统节假日期间，举办含有中美文化因素的联谊活动：帮助新成员解决工作、学习和生活上的各类问题，使他们尽快融入美国生活。

Panel 5 11:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. Moderator: Su ChenUniversity of California, Los Angelessuchen11@library.ucla.eduThe Early Chinese Society in the United States

试析排华时期美国侨社的社会控制—以堂会为考察中心On the Control of Modern Chinese Communities in the United States during the Exclusion of Chinese: A Tongs-centered Investigation暨南大学华侨华人研究院 潮龙起 Chao LongqiJinan Universitytchaolq@jnu.edu.cn

早期美国华侨为了适应新的生活环境，借鉴并创新国内的组织模式，在居住地创建地缘、血缘、堂会等不同类型的社团。各侨团通过内部的行为规范，及与其他侨团建立的组织联盟，构成了侨社基本的控制体系。排华时期，侨社因华侨宗派意识浓厚，烟、赌、娼等偏业竞争激烈，而冲突不已，这为堂会势力的崛起提供了一种有利条件，也加剧了侨社内部的冲突。由于美国当局不大重视侨社问题，而中国政府对其又鞭长莫及，跨国治理困难重重，侨社遂以中华会馆为核心，以华商和侨团为重要力量，模仿中国传统的保甲制度，将华侨组织动员起来，制订并颁布有关章程，严厉防范堂会分子肇事，极力维持侨社秩序。但直到“九一八”事变前，华侨“堂斗”仍延绵不绝，侨社对此控制效果不显。究其原因，这与当时侨社所处的内外环境关系很大。随着十九世纪末堂会势力的崛起，及其对宗亲会、地缘会馆等团体的反制，此前被中华会馆和其他权势机构排除在外的堂会首领同时也在其所属的地缘会馆、宗亲会内等担任职务，合法参与唐人街公共事务，成为侨社控制体系的重要组成部分。关键词： 美国；排华；侨社；堂会；社会控制

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In order to adapt to the new living envi-ronment, the Chinese in the United States created Huiguang, clans and tongs in the residence. Through the internal codes of conduct, and other details of the organic connections, these community organizations constituted a relatively stable and communi-ty order. In the Chinese Exclusion Period, lucrative opium dens, gambling houses and brothels provided a favorable condition for the rise of tongs, and exacerbated the con-flict within the Chinese community. Because both authorities of the United States and China did not attach great importance to the Chinese community, the Chinese communi-ties were self-organizing, and imitated Chi-nese traditional Baojia system, in order to prevent the accidents, mediate “Tong Wars”, and try to keep the Chinese community in order, often with the Chinese Consolidat-ed Benevolent Association as the core, with Chinese merchants and Chinese organiza-tions as an important force. The organiza-tions for the common surname and origin in Chinese communities were the basic powers of community autonomy, and played a cer-tain role for the Chinese community polic-ing, but it was not until the “9·18” incident, Tong Wars in the Chinese communities still endured. The effect of control was not sig-nificant. It had a lot to do with the social environment and the character of tongs at that time.

济南惨案与美洲华侨的反日运动The Ji’Nan Massacre and the Chinese Anti-Japanese Movement in the Americas 暨南大学国际关系学院 高金歌 Gao JingeJinan University947718566@qq.com

1928年的“济南惨案”是日本借“护侨”为名制造的一场惨绝人寰的屠杀案。该事件引起美洲华侨的强烈反应，激发华侨强烈的民族主义情绪。为抗日救国，美洲华侨组织成立对日外交后

援总会，开展抗日宣传、募捐、抵制日货、国民外交等活动。不仅为国民革命军提供有效的资金和武器，打击日本经济，同时还得到住在国的同情和支持。美洲华侨此次反日救国运动是海外华侨反日救国运动的重要组成部分，也是清末以来美洲华侨爱国反日运动的发展，更为“九一八”事变、特别是卢沟桥事变后美洲华侨大规模反日救国运动作了组织和思想上的准备。

The Ji’Nan massacre in 1928 was a brutal holocaust by Japan in the name of protecting Japanese. The incident provoked a strong re-action and aroused strong national sentiment among Chinese in the Americas. In order to realize the goal of resisting Japanese impe-rialism and defending national sovereignty, American Chinese founded jointly Diplo-matic Assistance Association against Japan to spread news, raise money and boycott Japanese goods. At the same time, American Chinese actively took part in the national diplomacy. The effective implement of these activities not only provided adequate money and weapons to the national revolutionary army and harmed the Japanese economy, it also received sympathy and attained support from America. The American Chinese an-ti-Japanese movement is an important com-ponent of Overseas Chinese anti-Japanese movements; and it also provides organized and ideological preparations for the arrival of the comprehensive anti-Japanese move-ment after the Mukden Incident, especially after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

美国排华早期华人女性入境调查初探—以旧金山口岸为例The Analysis on the Entry Investigation of Chinese Females at San Francisco in the Early Stage of American Chinese ExclusionZhu QiSun Yat-sen Universityzqsysu@hotmail.com

在美国排华早期华人移民经历的研究中，由于受限于有限的历史资料记载和使用统计数据存在偏差，人们普遍认为只有极少数华人女性前往美国，从而较少关注她们早期赴美的具体经历。实际上，仅在美国旧金山口岸就有不少华人女性在这期间和华工、华商一样接受海关严苛的入境调查。在面临这一困境中，她们不仅需要依靠其丈夫或父亲的身份地位、准备充分的身份证明文件和口供纸为其争取入境机会，还需要通过自身努力强记且体现其社会地位的得体的行为举止降低被视为“妓女”而拒绝入境的风险。探析她们这一时期的入境经历有助于我们对美国排华早期华人女性的移民经历有更深入的了解和认识。

In the study of the American Chinese immi-grant experience in the early state of Amer-ican Chinese exclusion, due to limited his-torical records and improper use of statistics, it is widely believed that only a small num-ber of Chinese females went to the United States. Due to this, we pay less attention to their early immigrant experiences in the United States. In fact, at the San Francisco port, some Chinese females were subject to the same rigorous immigration investigation as Chinese laborers and Chinese merchants. During this hard time, they were not just dependent on their husbands or father’s sta-tus but also prepared sufficient identification documents and confession papers in search for entry opportunities. They also were care-ful to behave appropriately to reduce the risk of being denied entry. Analyzing the entry investigation of Chinese females during the

early stage of Chinese exclusion in the Unit-ed States will help us to have a deeper un-derstanding of the immigration experience of Chinese women in this period. 12:30 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. Lunch: Statler Hotel

1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Panel Session 2: Statler Hotel

Panel 6 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Moderator: Chengzhi WangColumbia Universitycw2165@columbia.eduTheoretical and Methodological Studies for Migration (2)

Southeast Asia: The First Chinese Diaspora and the Disintegration of the Classical Realms, 12th-14th CenturiesJohn K. WhitmoreUniversity of Michigan johnkw@umich.edu

Victor Lieberman (2011) has outlined vari-ables involved in the disintegration of the classical (for him, charter) realms of South-east Asia: internal (environment, illness, socio-economic change, and political devo-lution) and external (climate, maritime com-merce, Mongols, and Tais). In particular, as a student of O.W. Wolters, I go farther into the question of Chinese trade, its relation to indigenous communities, and its local im-pact within Southeast Asia. Applying Derek Heng’s recent work (2009), I begin by dis-cussing the origins of the first Chinese di-aspora into this region, beginning from the late eleventh century and involving private shipping, commerce, and settlement.

This first diaspora continued through the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centu-ries, ending with the Ming dynasty Haijin

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(ban on such shipping and commerce). Tex-tual studies provide the general background, and archaeological excavations show points of local contact between these Chinese and indigenous communities, first along the eastern seaboard of mainland Southeast Asia (Đại Việt, Champa, Angkor), then around the Sea of Melayu (Andaya), particularly at Kota Cina, Tambralinga, and Ayudhaya. From all these points of contact there arose forces that subsequently affected and helped pull apart the classical regimes of Southeast Asia, Thăng Long, Champa, Angkor, Bagan, and Srivijaya. Among all the forces involved, how significant was the role of this diaspora in the resulting regime collapse? Circulatory China: Rethinking “Chineseness” as an Analytical ConceptMichael TsinUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hilltsin@unc.edu

This paper explores the relationships be-tween migration and the process of iden-tity formation, using examples from China over the last century. Instead of analyzing the making of identity as a process that is either anchored in place or culture or lodged within the apparatus of the modern na-tion-state, the paper argues that movements of people—both “internal” and “external” migration—are constitutive of identity for-mation in the modern era. The movements of people are central to the production of identities. Physical mobility does not cause the unmooring of one’s sense of belonging; it creates that sentiment. Colonialism and globalization in the last hundred and fifty years have set in motion an intense process of movement and displacement of people. Yet, rather than challenging or undermining any existing identity tied to specific land and culture, as many scholarly accounts would have us believe, this process of movement is actually the creative force that lies at the very core of the burgeoning growth in traffic in identities and identity politics. It provides

the human ingredients from which a new grammar of identities has been created and, even more importantly, institutionalized. In-terest in identity formation will not recede with the deepening of globalization. Instead, the often maligned “obsession” with identity will further intensify as people continue to move in increasingly larger volume and with heightened velocity. Identity formation over the last century is not just a “construction,” be it political or social, that we can simply erase or vanquish. It can perhaps be seen as a form of resilient detritus bequeathed by the colonial era. The contest and conflict over identities are here to stay, and the seeming-ly interminable and unresolvable issues re-garding identities will remain, for better or for worse, an integral part of the political and social processes of the modern and the post-modern worlds.

What are the Meanings of Names Bozhou JinCornell Universitybj264@cornell.edu

In the novel The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, the main character Gogle Ganguli, who was a second-generation immigrant, struggled about what his name should be, and hence about his identity. In real life, naming is a common issue among all migrants that trav-el to a foreign country, especially to a coun-try that speaks a different language. And the “migrants” are never just immigrants, but also other short-term or long-term travel-ers. The problem of naming is not a patent to second-generation immigrants: it is very common in international students as well.

Among all the migrants, a large proportion who struggle with naming are the Chinese students. With the convention of picking an English name, which many other cultures do not have, they face a variety of problems and misunderstandings with their names. It is common to hear a Chinese being asked, “how did you decide not to use your Chinese

name”, or to hear someone saying “but that is not really an English name” or “you don’t really look like a James”. What this reflects is exactly the clashing and fusing of two totally different cultures.

For many Chinese, the fundamental reason for having an English name is for simplic-ity: it is merely an alternative to the Chi-nese name they have, which is usually hard to pronounce for those who do not speak Chinese. However, just like what happened in The Namesake, in many cultures (includ-ing China itself ), names are usually a state of identity, a special word that contains the definition of who one is, or who one wants to be. This brings about the biggest question a western might have for a Chinese: why not stick to the original name?

The answer is complicated, as it involves how different cultural groups value their names, others’ names, as well as a second name from a culture that they do not necessarily un-derstand. It also involves how people from different cultures are willing to sacrifice for others, and how they tolerant mispronunci-ation in the names. It is impossible to solve the problem without going back to the his-tory of language, the social status of people, and the evolution of culture. The reason why Chinese do not stick to their given names change as time passes. There might be one reason ten years ago, but why people are still harboring English names today might be entirely different. As a result, stereotypes quietly come into being, which further hin-ders the understanding between cultures. In this sense, names are not just names any-more. Through names, there might be a secret bridge connecting cultures that were born on two different halves of the earth, waiting for people to discover it.

References Lahiri, Jhumpa. The Namesake. New York: Mariner Books, 2004. Print.

Panel 7 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Moderator: Hong Helen XuDuke Kunshan University helen.hongxu@duke.kunshan.edu.cnArchival Studies for Migration (2)

Chinese Genealogical Research: Where to Start and What to DoSheau-yueh J. Chao (賀筱岳)Baruch College, City University of New YorkSheau-yueh.chao@baruch.cuny.edu

Chinese genealogical records have been used for thousands of years to record the genea-logical history of a family, including a fam-ily’s origin, its collateral lines, names and ages of the family members, records of mar-riages, births and deaths, merits and deeds, and biographical information of the family members. It is the vital record and the social science of a family. In the fundamental sense, CHINESE GENEALOGY is the study of individuals and their relationship, where-in complete identification is established. In its broadest sense, however, it is a scientif-ic study which coordinates with and shares many fields of learning, such as history, bi-ography, geography, sociology, anthropology, science, medicine, law, and linguistics, to name a few. To establish the Chinese gene-alogical research, whether for yourself or for others, we will consider tracing the roots in stages or phases, because we want to know about our ancestors, the names, the dates, and the lineal line of descendants for gen-erations.

This paper provides an introduction to ge-nealogy and traces the genealogical research from your primary records at home, surname origin, family tree, to public and land re-cords, and national archives. The next step is to find out your family background through immigration and migration histories, follow ancestral roots in the home country and vis-it the ancestral village to meet part of your

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family members in China. Further steps in-clude ancestral trails across the land or the sea. Chinese Americans who develop an interest in genealogy become better citizens through the knowledge gained of ethnic his-tory, and they have a better understanding and appreciation of the Chinese American way of life after they have discovered the part their own ancestors played in building the American dream for the 21st century through transnational migration from the global perspective. The In-Betweenness of Sound and Script in “Kakyo”: A Social Semiotic Analyses of Prewar Japanese TextsGyo MiyabaraOsaka Universitytiho@cgin.osaka-u.ac.jp

Before the Sino-Japanese ended, a tremen-dous number of texts on “kakyo”—the Jap-anese reading for “hua qiao” (Chinese over-seas) had been created in Japan. These texts were, however, neglected among post-war Japanese scholars due to the strong influence of prewar Japanese colonialism and imperi-alism. In this post-war academic trend, the term “kakyo” was also regarded as an obso-lete expression of Imperial Japan’s ambition to East and Southeast Asia.

On the whole, this evaluation is reasonable. However, we may discover that the “kakyo”—either as a sound or a script—coincides with the ambiguous self-image of prewar Japan. Chinese migrants could be reckoned to be an in-between, which had either continuity or discontinuity with Mainland China. This in-betweenness is transformable, depending on how “kakyo” was defined in the Chi-na-Japanese relations, but the China-Japa-nese relations as a coordinate axis to define “kakyo” is also changeable.

One easily overlooked but significant factor in developing a coordinate axis is the do-

main of “script” or the Chinese literary texts in East Asia. Before modern nation-states emerged, Chinese, Japanese and other East Asians could exchange ideas no matter which vernacular he or she spoke. Howev-er, it was gradually eroded by newly-estab-lished national languages, which is defined by their own “sound” or phonetic. This con-flict between the Chinese literary text and the sound of vernacular languages made the term of “kakyo” (and the self-image of pre-war Japan) have a double meaning.

Focusing on the transition of the literary form, this paper will discuss the social se-miotics of “kakyo” in prewar Japan. This venture will illustrate how “kakyo” in liter-ary texts represent a hidden dimension of Chinese overseas especially in prewar East Asia. Far from the current styles of academ-ic writing, fruits of Chinese overseas studies in prewar Japan are difficult to use not only for Chinese and Western academicians, but also for Japanese researchers. However, these texts may uncover what modern writings on Chinese overseas unintentionally ignored. Collecting and Archiving Photos of Resettled Refugees in Utica, NYKathryn StamSUNY Polytechnic Institute stamk@sunyit.eduChris SunderlinThe Midtown Utica Community Centermidtownutica@gmail.com

Over the past four years, the authors have been gathering photographs chronicling the lives of refugees who have settled in Utica NY. This work has been gathered through the project Refugees Starting Over startingoverutica.com, which has hosted events, and provides a web presence featur-ing many images and videos. In early 2018, the authors brought this collection to the SUNY Repository and NY Heritage, so that the cultures of refugees in CNY and Utica

can be discoverable worldwide. The key is-sue being addressed is how to describe and curate the collection so that materials can lead to further understanding of the culture and customs. Also, with enhanced metadata, discovery will be improved. With further de-scription and curation, images representing the cultures of refugees resettling in Utica NY can be more accessible to the public in CNY who are not familiar with refugees in Utica.

The team gathered a representative sample (5,000-6,000) of images, selected student assistant with knowledge of refugee groups in Utica NY, developed criteria for curating images from Refugees Starting Over, devel-oped a guide for what types of images will be added, ensured diversity of images, de-veloped method and workflow for describ-ing images, and developed processes for up-loading images and metadata to SUNY Poly Digital Repository, and NY Heritage Col-lection. The images were spread throughout social media sites and personal hard drives, but not curated and described. The current collection and display of images allowed for refugees in Utica to see and interact with images of each other, but adding metadata and careful curation can make these images more accessible and useful to the CNY and NY community not familiar with the refu-gee community.

Panel 8 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Moderator: Jeff PetersenCornell Universityjwp42@cornell.eduChinese Migrants in Malaysia and Singapore

Tightening the Ties: Managerial Mechanisms of 18th and Early 19th Century West Bornean Chinese KongsisLezhi Wang University of Washington, Seattle1998constantine@gmail.com

Discursive movements of people and ideas had been an essential fuel to Southeast Asia’s exceptional multiplicity of cultures and pol-ities in the world. In western Kalimantan particularly, the significant ethnic Hakka immigration had stimulated not just cultural discourses, but also the formation of sever-al multi-ethnic polities during the apex of Hakka influence in the 18th century.1

Known as kongsis (公司), they developed sophisticated social structures and diplomat-ic relations, striving as the major hegemon of West Kalimantan until the Dutch from Batavia waged devastating wars on them in the late 19th century.

The kongsi as an innovative business insti-tution had been attracting academic atten-tion since the Dutch anthropologist Jan de Groot published Het Kongsiwezen van Bor-neo in 1885, but there is still no unanimous answer to what kind of economic bodies do they belong to.2 In the past decades, efforts by academics such as Yuan Bingling, Mary Heidhues, Kwee Hee Kian, and Xing Hang have all contributed to clearing the fog of the kongsi’s mystery.3 The current essay attempts to dissect the mining kongsis as pure entre-preneurial entities, and interpret the dimen-sions of their efficiency and modernity by applying existing paradigms. In addition to

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sources dedicated to the kongsis themselves, much of the discussions on theoretical lev-els involves comparison with early business forms in the Western world, such as guilds and early chartered companies. Finally, the contemporary Chinese trading headquarter in Batavia, or the Kong Koan, makes anoth-er object of comparison to the kongsis with their shared ethnic and cultural backgrounds but distinct functions. Having applied all three methods in inspecting the kongsis, it appears that by combining business manage-ment with their distinctive kinship and reli-gious ties, the kongsis’ exhibit extraordinary level of modernity and efficiency in its time.

Notes:1. Trocki, Carl, “Chinese Pioneering

in Eighteenth-Century South Asia,” Anthony Reid ed, The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies: Responses to Modernity in the Diverse States of Southeast Asia and Korea, 1760-1840 (St. Martin’s Press, 1997), pp. 83-102

2. Wang, Taipeng, The Origins of Chi-nese Kongsi, pp. 2-6

3. Hang, Xing 杭行. “Luo Fangbo yu Dongnanya huaren zizhiti de huang-jin shidai 罗芳伯与东南亚华人自治体的黄金时代 (Luo Fangbo and the Golden Age of Chinese Autonomy in Southeast Asia).” Xuewen 学文 (Lit-erary Pursuit) 11. (2017): 95-106.

Mahua Memories and Chinese Identities: Narrations of Malaysian Chinese as Transnational ‘Migrants’Zakir Hossain RajuIndependent University, Bangladesh (IUB)zhraju@iub.edu.bd

The Chinese arrived in Malaysia some hun-dred years back. As indentured workers they worked hard to develop what stands as mod-ern Malaysia today. When the British left and Malaysia became independent in 1957,

there were around 30% population who were Mahua or the Chinese-Malaysians. Howev-er, through and after the May 1969 race riot and the National Economic Policy (NEP) since the 1970s have made the Malaysian Chinese essentially ‘outsiders’ in their own land. Though they are part and parcel of the nation-building of Malaysia for last six de-cades, they are always seen as transnational migrants by the majority—the Malay-Mus-lims leading the nation-state during this period. On the other hand, for China and Mainland Chinese, the Mahua or Malaysian Chinese are not ‘authentic’ Chinese, at best they belong to the community of ‘overseas Chinese’.

In this way, the Mahua community is trapped in between crossroads of transnational mi-gration, in between their ‘homeland’ (Chi-na) and host country (Malaysia). It suffices to say that this in-between-ness and flexible citizenship made their lives complex, and their identities are always in making, if not in question. I look at the Mahua commu-nity and their identity formation through the lenses of written and visual narratives that are produced by the Mahua themselves. How they narrate their migrant-ness in their homeland is the main tenet of this pa-per. Chinese vis-à-vis Malaysian nationhood and notion of one’s own place as ‘Mahua’ in the world are concepts which these nar-ratives debate on. This paper will focus on the complexity of these notions in the rep-resentation of the Chinese Malaysians in the global perspective. I will position the Mahua community not only as victims of transna-tional migration, but also how they resisted the victimization and created new narratives of their belongingness in a foreign land. This paper also focuses on the processes of assim-ilation, acculturation and multiculturism in today’s Asia.

Dr. Wu Lien Teh as a Travelogue WriterLiping YangCengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.liping.yang@cengage.com

Dr. Wu Lien Teh is best known as a re-turned overseas Chinese medical doctor who played an instrumental role in contain-ing the plague that ravaged northeastern China and killed over 60,000 lives in 1910 and contributed considerably to the building of China’s public health and education sys-tem. Among his numerous books and arti-cles published, the absolute majority of them deals with medical topics. However, he was also the author of a number of articles ad-dressing non-medical topics. In this paper, I will attempt to analyze a group of four travel articles he published in the 1930s in Shang-hai-based English journals The China Critic and The China Quarterly, recording his vis-its to Xiamen, Xi’an, Hainan, and Tang Jia Wan village in Guangdong. I would argue that Wu is not only a well-trained and -pub-lished medical doctor and scientist but also a good travel writer deeply concerned about China’s status and future, a defining feature of many Chinese elite active in the late Qing and republican period.

Panel 9 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Moderator: Jing LiuUniversity of British Columbiajing.liu@ubc.caChinese in North America

Root in the New Continental, Bridge across the Pacific: New Generation of Chinese Immigrates in America AcademiaGuoqing LiOhio State Universityli.272@osu.edu

This presentation will introduce the Unit-ed Societies of China Studies (USCS), of which I am the current council chair (presi-dent). Eight scholarly organizations of Chi-na studies based in the United States have formed this alliance on March 31, 2006. In addition, five scholarly institutions have joined the alliance as affiliated institutions. The mission of USCS is to promote aca-demic information sharing, consultation, and coordinated projects of China studies among the member organizations in the United States as well as in the rest of the world, especially in the “Greater China” area. In the past 12 years, members of USCS have actively engaged in the scholarly com-munication between America and Chinese academia, played an important role in cul-tural exchange across the Pacific. The case of USCS is a good example of new generation of Chinese immigrates’ success in the New Continental.

光大傳承‐南加華人三十年史話Su ChenUniversity of California, Los Angelessuchen11@library.ucla.edu

The presentation will introduce a monu-mental effort made by the Chinese commu-nities in Southern California in compiling

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《 光 大 傳 承 ‐ 南 加 華 人 三 十 年 史話：1980年代‐2010年代》. The Chinese edition was published in 2014 and the En-glish edition, A Legacy Magnified: A Gen-eration of Chinese Americans in Southern California: 1980’s and 2010’s, was published in 2018. The editor-in-chief is May Chen and her team of committed volunteers. Over hundreds community individuals contrib-uted their time and talent to the work. The book documented and celebrated Chinese Americans’ contributions to the Southern California in 17 areas and beyond, from population, kinship association, education & research, art, literature, Chinese language education, sports, medicine, business, and religion etc. for the past three decades. The massive book, 1,217 pages, is an unprece-dented work which setup an excellent exam-ple for collective effort in documenting and recording Chinese American histories and contributions for the other parts of USA. As a member of the editorial board for the English edition, the presenter will share some take ways in involving with communi-ty-driven projects like this one.

A Feather Light Life—In Memory of the Chinese Victims of 2009 Binghamton ShootingJulie WangBinghamton University, SUNYjwang@binghamton.edu

When unpredictable mass shootings in the United States continued destroying people’s lives, the media faithfully and completely covered each tragedy. Heartfelt condolenc-es, generous services, humanitarian support, and vivid memories are all recorded as pieces of history. During the Binghamton Amer-ican Civic Association (ACA) mass shoot-ing in 2009, one of the largest in the past thirty years, the majority of victims were immigrants or international visitors. Among them, there were four Chinese nationals.

Bearing a heavy life burden, many first-gen-eration Chinese immigrants who moved into the US in the past thirty years have kept low profiles while studying, working, and integrating into the local community. The victims themselves and their families un-derstandably became more vulnerable when facing this terrible incident.

Nine years after the tragedy, the presenter, having been an interpreter for the families of the Chinese victims of the shooting, did archival research on records related to the victims and found that there was insufficient coverage of their stories. This presentation explores different reasons for this inadequate coverage.

Panel 10 1:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Moderator: Virginia ShihUniversity of California, Berkeleyvshih@library.berkeley.eduMigrants in Vietnam

Transnational Migration for the Study Goal: In Case Vietnam in 1954-1975 periodNguyen Thuy QuynhInstitute of History, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciencesnguyenthuyquynh289@gmail.com

After 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divid-ed into two zones with two different politi-cal regimes: socialism path in the North and capitalism path in the South. The Vietnam War was a manifestation of confrontation between the two systems of capitalism and socialism or two East-West blocks. Thus, during the 1954-1975 war, some coun-tries conducted aid in various forms to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of Vietnam. Besides the economic and military aid, some countries such as the United States, the Soviet Union, and China provided educational and training assistance

to Vietnam. Not only the socialist countries but also capitalist countries received thou-sands of Vietnamese students for education and training with many levels from general education to higher education. This contrib-utes to movement of transnational migration for the study goal of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. To clarify the issue, the paper uses interdisciplinary approaches with rich resources document such as archival mate-rials and some research works. The paper argues that the context of global situation in the Cold War outlook has impacted on the country’s foreign policy and movement of studying aboard of Vietnam has been heavily influenced by international relations at this time. The transnational migration for study goal have resulted in the resource humance that were developed aboard in this time also have had consequences for the economic, society, culture, education and international relations. With the results above, this paper will contribute to comprehensive and sys-tematic review about both Vietnamese his-tory and transnational migration for study goal in Vietnam in the Cold War.

From Minh Hương Village (明鄉社) to Thanh Bang (清帮): The Different National Ideologies or Self Identities in Early Nguyễn Vietnam Cao Thi VanCao Thi VanNanyang Technological UniversityH150022@e.ntu.edu.sg

Tremendous work has been done on the collect-ing and publishing of the Chinese huiguans in Vietnam through epigraphic materials, and this has brought the unexpected achievements on the study of the Chinese in Vietnam. Li Tana and Nguyễn Cẩm Thúy (1999) analyses the Chinese inscriptions to suggest that Minh Hương*, un-like the mestizos in the Philippines, or Chinese communities in Thailand and Cambodia, clearly stands as an intermediate group. This understand-ing sheds light on our study of the characters and self-identities of Minh Hương and Thanh Bang before the arrival of French in Vietnam, and their

relationship as well. The most recent work by Nhâm (2015) tries to figure out the whole pic-ture of Thanh Bang’s society and economy and its close connections with Minh Hương. For var-ious reasons, the recent studies pay much atten-tion to the center regions such as Ho Chi Minh (Gia Định) and Huế-Hội An (Annam) and re-gards Minh Hương and Thanh Bang as separate communities. This paper based on the Hán-Nôm materials collected in Vĩnh Long Province (Viet-nam) and the National Archives (Vietnam) sug-gests the border between the Minh Hương and Thanh Bang seemed less clear before the French colonialism. What does the increasing, however, insignificant number of registered Chinese under the Thiệu Trị’s reign (1841-1847) reflect? What implies through the data on the lead sưu dịch (烏鉛搜役) and the bạch kim tax (白金税) in Minh Hương (Vĩnh Long)?

*It has been a long history that Minh Hương is the term originally used to refer to the registered Chinese who came to Vietnam as Minh loyalists and then to the offspring of Sino-Vietnamese in-termarriage.

Cao Dai Believer of a Minh Huong Family: A Case Study in the Ancestral Ritual of a Family of the Chinese Descendants in Ho Chi Minh City, VietnamAtsuko TsuchiyaKobe Universityatukoono@lilac.ocn.ne.jp

This presentation shows the relationship be-tween Cao Dai and a Minh Huong (明郷) family through the practicing family rituals and historical materials. The Minh Huong V family faced events such as recalling the memory of ancestors in recent years. These events help to reassemble the fragments of the family history. This presentation discuss-es how changes in the memory of ancestors influence their practices and behaviors by fo-cusing on two events that occurred between V family and Cao Dai.

The members of Minh Huong are people

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who have become assimilated into the local society in Vietnam. Their ancestors are set-tlers from China since the 18th century. The first generation of V family is the Chinese who lived in Ho Chi Minh City after im-migrating to Vietnam from Fujian Province in the 18th century according to the genea-logical (“V Thi Gia Pha Tap”,V氏家譜集). After the third generation was raised to the peerage in Nguyen Dynasty by military ex-ploits in the Tay Son uprising (1778-1802), the branch of V family became a one of the prestigious families in the local society in Vietnam. Currently two families of V fam-ily live behind the Minh Huong communal house in Ho Chi Minh City.

Cao Dai is a local religion formed in south-ern Vietnam in 1926. Family members rec-ognize that there were believers of Cao Dai in the fifth and sixth generation of V family. However, the relationship between V family and Cao Dai has been discontinued in recent years, and none of the members of V family knew the details about religious activities of the ancestors in Cao Dai.

In 2015, there were contacts from Cao Dai temples in Ho Chi Minh City and Tay Ninh province to a granddaughter of Quan Ky (the fifth generation) and a grandnephew of Le (the sixth generation). Each contact from Cao Dai Temples both suggested that V family’s ancestors played significant role in the establishment and doctrine of Cao Dai. The vague ancestor’s memory of V fami-ly was recognized as “my grandfather” and “my grandaunt” was a person who still occu-pies an important position among Cao Dai. However, after the memory of the ancestors was reorganized, members of the V family did not change in the practice and behav-ior in the ritual. In fact, the relationship be-tween V family and Cao Dai unchanged and remains distant.

This presentation shows 1) the situation that members of the prestigious family had been

attracted by a local religion and played an important role of Cao Dai in southern Viet-nam before 1975, 2) the actuality that reas-sembling of the memory of ancestors and the family history does not necessarily affect member’s response and behavior in the mod-ern Vietnamese society, 3) the circumstances of an important family from the Vietnamese Nguyen and French colonial period to the present Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

3:00 p.m. - 3:20 p.m. Coffee break: Statler Hotel

3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Panel Session 3: Statler Hotel

Panel 11 3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Moderator: 潮龙起 Chao LongqiJinan University tchaolq@juu.edu.cnChinese Migrants in Malacca and BorneoReturned Chinese in Xiamen

马六甲 “丁赖新村”的语言文化变迁研究Study of the Linguistic and Cultural Changes of the “Ding Lai New Village” in Malacca 岭南师范学院 叶继海 Jihai YeLingnan Normal Universityejihai@yahoo.com

一百多年前，马来西亚马六甲州丁赖这个地方生活着一群来自湛江雷州半岛的中国人。他们将雷州方言和雷州半岛的一些风俗习惯带到这里。经过长年累月的发展，这个地方形成了一个海外雷州半岛语言文化的“孤岛”。目前这个“孤岛”的语言文化正面临着“成就困境”并存的双重发展趋向：一方面是主体语言文化得到保留，例如华语得到了应用和加强，这是语言文化方面的成

就；另一方面是作为群体重要特色的雷州方言正面临着消亡的危机，这是语言文化方面的困境。加强对丁赖新村雷州裔华人的语言文化研究对于研究雷州半岛文化及其传播具有重要的意义，也对研究海外其他地域的华人语言文化具有重要的参考价值。

英属婆罗洲华人移民的经济活动与分布（1840—1941）Chinese Migrants’ Economic Activities and Distribution in British Borneo (1840-1941)广州暨南大学历史系 陈伟明 Chen Wei MingJinan Universitytchenwm@jnu.edu.cn

本文主要探讨英属婆罗洲地区百年间（1840–1941）华人移民的经济发展及其经济地理形成与拓展。通过对以沙捞越, 沙巴地区华人农业以及工商业经济的考察，总结英属婆罗洲华人移民经济的发展状况，产业分布特点，并指出华人区域经济发展的不平衡性。英属北婆罗洲地区华人经济发展以及经济地理格局的形成, 对婆罗洲地区社会发展产生了重要影响, 奠定了婆罗州地区以后经济发展的基础与方向。

This essay focuses on the Chinese mi-grants’ economic development as well as geographical distribution and growth in British Borneo during 1840-1941. By ex-amining Chinese agriculture as well as in-dustrial and commercial economy, we may summarize the Chinese migrants’ econom-ic development and productive distribution in Sarawak and Sabah and point out the economic imbalance in the Chinese-in-habited areas. In British North Borneo, the Chinese economic development and its economic-geographical pattern had a tremendous impact on the Borneo region’s social development and laid the foundation and orientation of its subsequent economic development.

二十世纪前后南洋华侨归国定居鼓浪屿情况及原因浅析厦门社会科学院 詹朝霞 Zhan Zhaoxia Gulangyu International Research CenterXiamen Academy of Social Sciences735095727@qq.com

南洋华侨二十世纪前后陆续归国，定居鼓浪屿，往返于厦门与南洋各国之间。他们大多祖籍泉漳地区，是侨居国的侨领级人物。他们归来后，兴建房屋，修筑铁路，举办金融，捐助教育，创办电灯电话自来水等公共事业，为鼓浪屿与厦门的近代化建设做出了不可磨灭的贡献。究其原因，资本主义发展的全球化动力与晚清的自救努力是南洋华侨归国的历史背影与契机，而鼓浪屿的特别魅力与南洋华侨的家国之梦则是南洋华侨归国的直接外因与内在动力。南洋华侨的归来无疑成就了鼓浪屿风华绝代的时期，亦是厦门城市发展的重要时期。

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Panel 12 3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Moderator: Liren ZhengCornell Universitylz14@cornell.eduChinese Businessmen in RussiaScience Society of China at Cornell A Comparative Study of Chinese and Koreans in the US

俄罗斯远东华商现状调查 — 以布拉戈维申斯克市中国大市场为考察Research on the Current Situation of Far Eastern Chinese Merchants in Russia—Taking Big Chinese Market in Blagoveshchensk as an Example黑龙江大学历史文化旅游学院 白雪涛 Bai XuetaoHeilongjiang University905029015@qq.com

旅俄华商作为海外华侨华人社会中的一支群体，一直活动在广袤的俄罗斯。旅俄华商在远东地区的经营活动，不仅对促进中俄两国经济发展具有重要作用，更对于维护两国间的文化交流、安全稳定起着建设性作用。本文选取布拉戈维申斯克市中国大市场的华商作为调查对象，通过对该市场华商的社会调查,旨在全面认识和了解俄罗斯远东地区华商的生存境况及所面临的问题。调查的内容涵盖华商的来俄原因、店铺经营状况、在俄生活状况、与当地社会的关系等多个方面。作者试图将得到的数据进行分析，从而总结现今俄罗斯远东地区华商的经营现状、特点、境遇等。关键词：俄罗斯远东；华商；现状调查；布拉戈维申斯克市；中国大市场

As a group of overseas Chinese, the Chi-nese merchants in Russia have been active in this vast country. The business activities of these Chinese merchants in the Far East region not only play an important part in

promoting the economic development of both China and Russia, but also play a con-structive role in maintaining cultural ex-changes, security and stability between the two countries. The author selects the mer-chants from the Chinese market in the city of Blagoveshchensk as the research object to fully recognize and understand the sur-vival situation and problems existed of the Chinese merchants in the Far East region of Russia through the social investigation of the study population. The investigation includes the reasons why the Chinese mer-chants come to Russia, the business situa-tion of their shops, their living conditions in Russia and their relationship with the local society, etc. The author tries to ana-lyze the data obtained, so as to summarize the current business situation, characteris-tics and circumstances of the Chinese mer-chants in the Far East region of Russia.

留学生与中国近代科学的发展 —论中国科学社的社团文化及其成因International Students and the Development of Modern Chinese Studies—On the Culture of the Chinese Science Society and its Causes康乃尔大学孙凯锐 Kairui SunCornell Universityks2272@cornell.edu

中国科学社于1914年夏由九位中国留学生在美国康乃尔大学创办，旨在传播西方先进的科学知识，以促进国内科学的启蒙与研究。中国科学社发行了中国最早的科学期刊《科学》，之后又成立了中国科学社生物研究所、静生生物调查所等科研机构，为现代科学在中国的普及与发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。作为一个由留学生群体创立的科学社团，其科学的指导思想、专业的组织结构与民主的运作制度充分体现了其创建者们的先进思

想。本文从中国科学社最鲜明的三个社团文化入手，根据《科学》所刊文章，中国科学社章程、档案资料以及科学社创立者的回忆录等进行考察，认为中国科学社独特的社团文化表明，爱国主义情怀与西方科学、民主精神的结合是中国科学社能够发展成近代中国规模最大、影响最深的综合性民间科学社团的根本原因，而美国高等教育以及社会风气则是塑造中国科学社独特社团文化的重要因素。

当代美国华人和韩裔族群文化传承及认同问题的比较研究A Comparative Study on the Ethnic Culture Maintenance of Chinese Americans and Korean Americans in U.S.暨南大学 李爱慧 Li AihuiJinan Universityli_aihui@163.com

在美国的亚裔族群中，华人、韩裔的祖源地是中国、朝鲜半岛，同属于东亚儒家文化圈，在文化传统上较为接近。两大族群的移民经历尤其是1965年后的移民模式、增长速度、人员构成、流向分布等方面也有很多相似之处。由于有源源不断的新移民补充，华人和韩裔族群至今依然是第一代移民占据主体，使得美国大中城市的中国城和韩国城有不同程度的扩展，而且族群文化有复兴和繁荣的迹象。在当代美国较为宽松的多元文化主义环境下，华人和韩裔的族群文化特性得到尊重。华人和韩裔对祖籍国文化的传承上有很多共性，比如建立教授母语的学校、创办和发行母语媒体、传扬民族艺术、保持传统节庆风俗等。本文拟对美国华人和韩裔对母国文化的传承进行比较研究，进而探讨和揭示传统文化在构建族群认同中的作用。

Among the Asian ethnic groups in the United States, the Chinese Americans and Korean Americans are both from Eastern

Asian Confucian culture circle, therefore they have a close cultural tradition. The two ethnic group have a similar immigra-tion experience to the U.S, especially after the Immigration Act of 1965. The simi-larity include immigration pattern, growth rate, demographic characteristic, residen-tial distribution and so forth. Because of the continuing inflow of new immigrants, the main body of Chinese Americans and Korean American are still first generation immigrants, which have made the new Chinatowns and Koreatowns increased and expanded. As a result, the Chinese culture and Korean culture have flourished and will continue flourishing. The ethnic cultural identity of Chinese and Koreans are respected in contemporary multicultur-al America. They both have set up ethnic schools, found ethnic media, inherit and spread ethnic art, and keep traditional festival customs. This paper will make a comparative analysis of the ethnic cultur-al maintenance of Chinese Americans and Korean Americans, then discuss and reveal the function of tradition ethnic culture in constructing and retaining ethnic identity.

Panel 13 3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Moderator: Eric AcreeCornell Universityea18@cornell.eduMigration in Africa

Academic Mobility and its Implication on Regional Integration of Higher Education in AfricaOkonkwo Emmanuel Zhejiang Normal Universityochigozie79@gmail.com

In the international integration of higher education systems in Africa, student mo-bility has emerged as one of the most emi-nent and broadly discussed issues. Despite concerted efforts from members universi-ties and national governments, mobility

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and student exchange remain challenges to the integration of higher education systems in the region. As part of an over-arching goal to attain harmonization of higher ed-ucation that will evidently lead to higher education development, the emergence of the AU- Higher Education Harmo-nization Program can be more accurate-ly interpreted as the major effort geared towards attaining harmonization within the African context. Academic mobility has been identified as a crucial element in this quest. This research study explored not only the current efforts by the Afri-can Union Member countries through the newly established Agenda 2063 to enhance mobility and facilitate studies exchanges among member universities, the challenges these countries face to closer regional in-tegration but also explore the implication of academic mobility on higher education development in Africa. The controversial subject of how higher education develop-ment should be defined is viewed from the lens of academic mobility being an instru-ment of harmonization, more specifically the direct relationship between academic mobility and regional harmonization of higher education efforts by the African Union is established. The study used the qualitative approach with data sources that included document analysis, interviews, and focus groups. For document analy-sis, the researcher analyzed government and Supra-National Organizations (e.g AU) documents. For interviews and focus groups, the study employed criterion sam-pling; only key national leaders with crit-ical knowledge of student mobility were selected.

To date, 20 individuals will participate in the study. The researchers observed multiple steps for coding, including the identifica-tion of preliminary codes by all researchers, the selection of a single list of codes agreed upon by the research team. The researchers used a standardized interview protocol for

all sessions and audio-taped each interview and focus group. The audiotapes were tran-scribed and coded for emerging themes, and the coding of all transcripts by two researchers. Two research questions guided the study: (1) What is the current status of efforts to enhance student mobility with-in the African Union Member States, and (2) What challenges are the African Union Member States facing in the facilitation of student exchange among member univer-sities? The results of the data analysis in-dicated that (1) at the macro level, national governments are committed to facilitating student mobility, (2) institutions across the region are working to ensure their curric-ula are more compatible with each other, (3) road-trip programs have been launched for students to interact with students of other countries in the region, and (4) bi-lateral courses of comparative culture – to promote awareness of diversity – are be-ing introduced. The study also found the following challenges to student mobility across the African Union Member States: (1) students’ demonstrated insufficient knowledge of with respect to diverse dis-cipline, (2) there is a lack of mutual degree recognition, and (3) there are differing perspectives on how a regionally accepted quality framework may be achieved. These findings also reveal significant implications for the harmonization of higher education among the African Union Member States. First, to further promote student mobil-ity in the region, national governments and institutions should speed up efforts to achieve a common quality assurance system for African Union Member States. Second, English could be used as the language of instruction in university classes across the region. And third, additional joint de-gree and dual degree programs should be launched to increase the participation of students throughout the region.

Bolstering African Strategy for Sustainable Development and Its Diaspora’s Influence on African Development Renaissance Emmanuel EdehZhejiang Normal Universityedehemmanuel89@gmail.com

Human beings have long used migration as a means of survival and renewal and in their search for new beginnings; this indeed, paved the way for the term “dias-pora”, meaning “dispersed people”. Bil-lions in African diaspora savings could bolster growth in Africa. For example, if one in every 10 members of the diaspora could be persuaded to invest $1000 in his or her country of origin, Africa could raise $3 billion a year for development financ-ing. African diaspora can be a potent force for development in Africa through the promotion of trade, investment, research, innovation, knowledge and technology transfers. This paper delves into one of the approaches via which sustainable develop-ment can be achieved across African Union (AU) Member States. It identifies that the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) will play a significant role in attaining this goal. In addition, recogniz-ing that so much of Africa’s brainpower is found ‘off-shore’ the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) has made a start in bringing resources to bear on Af-rican Development. Nonetheless, the study observed that African Union (AU) Mem-ber States are good at policy formulation but grossly deficient in policy implemen-tation. NEPAD is a well-articulated plan of action for the attainment of sustainable development in the continent but the chal-lenge has been in the area of implemen-tation and sustainability of these noble goals. NEPAD being a call for the fresh cooperation of partnership between Africa and the world encourages the international community, especially the emerging econ-

omies such as China, to help overcome the development gap that has widened over the years of unequal relations; also, it will re-quire the backing, help, commitment and the influence of the African diaspora to see an African development renaissance.

Network Building and Community Formation among Chinese Migrants in GhanaJinpu WangSyracuse UniversityJwang211@syr.edu

Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in major cities in Ghana, this study aims to investi-gate the patterns of co-ethnic migrant net-work building and community formation among Chinese migrants in Ghana. By ex-amining the social ties between five major migrant groups and resource flows through these ties, I identify key variables in deter-mining the patterns of co-ethnic network building. The five major social groups are state-owned enterprise (SOE) employees, local representatives of large private Chi-nese corporations, private entrepreneurs, migrant labors, and migrants in informal sectors, i.e., gold miners and sex workers. While mainly formed through exchanges of social and business resources, network building among Chinese migrant groups are also mediated by variables including one’s region of origin, migratory trajectory, socioeconomic background, business sec-tor, and social capital.

The scope and variety of one’s co-ethnic social networks are largely determined by his capacity of absorbing and releasing so-cial and business resources within Chinese migrant communities. I find that private entrepreneurs tend to develop and main-tain extensive social networks with all oth-er groups as their economic activities are often facilitated by resources from co-eth-nic ties. With more direct involvement

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with local governments and contractors, SOE employees and local representatives of large private Chinese corporations are less integrated into local Chinese com-munities. Given limited social capital and resource exchange with other groups, Chi-nese migrant labors form relatively isolated and dispersed communities. Despite inten-sive business interactions with the broader Chinese community, Chinese gold miners and sex-workers each form a close-knit or-ganization.

Pre-migration socioeconomic backgrounds serve as important mechanisms leading to differentiation and segmentation within Chinese migrant communities, especial-ly in the sphere of private and social life. For example, employees of SOEs and large private Chinese corporations are generally professionals with college education, and usually live in major cities in China prior to migration. In contrast, a large proportion of private entrepreneurs and an absolute majority of migrant labors are from rural or urban peripheral areas who tend to be less educated. These groups express conspicu-ous differences in their habitus in private life and social interactions. I argue that the differentiations in social capital and per-sonal habitus that contribute to network building among Chinese migrant groups are shaped by social stratification and class formation occurring in contemporary Chi-nese society. However, social relations are mainly reconfigured through compressed co-ethnic networks surrounding business and social resources.

Panel 14 3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Moderator: Ali HouissaCornell Universityah16@cornell.eduMigration Cases Studies from around the Globe (Austria, Cuba, the Islamic World)

China’s Unofficial Ambassadors?—China’s Recent Diaspora Policy and Its ImplicationsCarsten SchaeferUniversity of Cologne, Germanycarsten.schaefer@univie.ac.at

Migration studies usually means the study of immigration. While integration, accul-turation or incorporation are important fields of study, the role of the sending state is by and large neglected when it comes to analyzing these processes. Yet, large send-ing states such as China increasingly aim to reach out to and control “their” diaspora, thus demonstrating their ability to utilize the global economic system, transnational migration regimes, and long-distance na-tionalism for their own means. By incorpo-rating Chinese living beyond the borders of the People’s Republic, Beijing seeks to affirm the Communist Party’s political legitimacy, to strengthen China’s interna-tional image and to foster economic mod-ernization.

This paper focuses on China’s recent poli-cies towards overseas Chinese by taking the example of Chinese migrants in Austria. It is based on findings of my completed dis-sertation project on incorporation practices and identity construction of Chinese mi-grants in Austria in the context of social media usage. The mixed-method approach of this study included a qualitative and quantitative content analysis of overseas Chinese online and print media in Austria, as well as of official documents on China’s

overseas Chinese politics. Furthermore, it included expert interviews with leading personal of overseas Chinese organizations in Austria and an online survey conduct-ed among overseas Chinese citizens in Austria.

In the first part, the paper looks at the official overseas Chinese discourse in the People’s Republic and the political appara-tus that deals with overseas Chinese. Ac-cording to Beijing, all overseas Chinese—regardless of their citizenship—belong to China. Thus, since the early 1980s a num-ber of political bodies have been created for the purpose to establish direct links to Chinese communities outside China. Es-pecially the last ten years seem to mark a shift towards a far more assertive strategy in dealing with overseas Chinese, which is mirrored both in an increasingly demand-ing rhetoric and an expanding bureaucra-tization—as a result of which 25 out of 50 Chinese organizations in Austria current-ly are linked to the Chinese nation state. Afterwards, the paper analyses the mech-anisms for incorporating overseas Chi-nese into the Chinese state structure and for claiming the identity of “the sons and daughters of the Middle Kingdom”. Final-ly, the paper discusses the implications of all this for host countries, for integration processes and for the conceptualization of the Chinese nation state: By “de-territori-alizing” its state institutions China essen-tially negates the very basis of the modern nation-state—its territorial restriction. The growing influence of China among its diaspora might become—in connection with China’s increasing anti-Western na-tionalism in the Xi Jinping era—not only a structural risk for host countries. The attempt to embrace emigrants may also lead to growing suspicion against migrants within the host society—as can be seen already in German language media. On the other hand, Chinese diaspora policy is not necessarily an obstacle to integration.

Furthermore, diaspora structures fulfill im-portant “bridge” functions which offer op-portunities also for the host country.

Chinese Cubans and Transnational Migrations during the Cold War EraKathleen LópezRutgers Universitykmlopez@lcs.rutgers.edu

By the middle of the twentieth century, transnational Chinese migrant commu-nities and their businesses and cultural institutions proliferated across the Ca-ribbean island of Cuba. The 1959 Cuban Revolution transformed the island’s land-scape with sweeping political, economic, and social reforms. Initially, the revolu-tion maintained a wide base of supporters among Cuban society. Among them were transnational Chinese merchant leaders, who enjoyed a brief “honeymoon” with the new Cuban government. The political transformation eventually paved the way for left-leaning Chinese immigrants and their Cuban-born children to assume pow-er within Chinese community institutions, especially after they had been imprisoned or forced underground during previous decades. Within a decade the revolution altered the fabric of transnational Chinese merchant communities and spurred both Cuban-born Chinese and new immigrants to join the Cuban exodus to the United States and elsewhere. Some had fled Chi-na after 1949, only to leave their adopted homeland of Cuba a decade later.

What were the implications of these sec-ondary migrations of Chinese Cubans for the maintenance of transnational ties and the evolution of political and cultur-al citizenship and identities? Based on preliminary research, this paper examines the experiences of Chinese Cuban exiles and their relationship to relatives in Cuba and south China and to Chinese dias-

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poric communities within the context of Cold War politics. Given the continued estrangement between the United States and Cuba today, it also examines later gen-erations of Chinese Cubans who seek to uncover their family histories. It utilizes sources such as government documents, newspapers, memoirs, and oral histories and focuses on methodological approaches and questions for recent transnational mi-gration histories.

Migration Crisis and Its Impact on Muslim Societies Jusuf SalihUniversity of Daytonjsalih1@udayton.edu

We are witnessing today that in many parts of the world as a result of ethnic, political or religious wars millions of people flee their native lands. The vast majority of these people are innocent civilians who had to leave their countries not only to seek a bet-ter future, but also to save their own souls. This is becoming a global problem that sometimes might threaten neighboring countries, particularly if they have a fragile economic and political systems. Speaking of the current war zones in Muslim soci-eties, there is no doubt that governments face significant problems in handling the influx of refugees seeking to reside either in the Muslim or non-Muslim countries. Particularly when we look at refugees from Muslim countries such Syria and Iraq, we see that economically powerful Muslim nations took very small number of the ref-ugees.

The problem of refugees is as old as the world itself. There are many important people in the history who were refugees themselves. For example, the Prophet Mu-hammad made his immigration to Medina in search of safety. And it was this partic-ular journey of the Prophet that placed the

grounds of the Islamic concept of migra-tion. Also, Jalalud-din Rumi’s family—one of the greatest poets not just among Mus-lims—escaped from atrocities of the Mon-gol invasion from their native Afghanistan and found peace in Turkey. His poetry now bridges cultures and civilizations. In ad-dition, many successful entrepreneurs and Noble prize winners are immigrants.

The Islamic concept of asylum has been influenced by pre-Islamic Arab traditions of hospitality and protection of the vis-itor. Islam reaffirmed old Arab traditions and customs relating to giving asylum and sanctuary to those seeking protection. The prophet Muhammad himself sent his fol-lowers in Abyssinia to seek refuge from a just Christian king.

In this paper, I will look at primary Islam-ic sources and what they say about immi-grants, see what some Muslim scholars say about the topic, and also look at the culture and tradition of Arabia in its treatment of giving protection to migrants who were in danger.

Panel 15 3:20 p.m. – 4:50 p.m. Moderator: Joshua YoungCornell University joshua.young@cornell.eduIssues of Migration and Conceptualizations of Japan

Overcoming Modernity: a Comparative PerspectivePedro ErberCornell Universitypre5@cornell.edu

Focusing on the Kyoto School’s cultural discourse of the interwar years around the notion of “overcoming modernity” and on Brazil’s anthropophagic movement of the 1920s, my presentation turns to the ar-chives of the early 20th century’s periph-eral modernity in search of new paths for a critical reflection on the question of belat-edness and elements to theorize the chro-nopolitics of the contemporary world.

Boundary Stones: Exophony and Transnational LiteraturePaul McQuadeCornell Universitypgm63@cornell.edu

What challenge does the phenomenon of exophony, the writing of literature in a lan-guage outside the mother tongue, pose for literary studies today? In relation to mod-els that increasing draw upon paradigms of world literature, transnational frameworks, and comparative methods both new and old, how are we to make space for a liter-ature that seems to turn inside out the age old axioms by which literary studies has oriented itself? This paper sketches out these axioms, the presuppositions at the heart of literary studies, and puts them in relation to the work of the Japanese-Ger-man writer Tawada Yōko, the poet Paul Celan, and the Amero-Indian Italian writ-

er Jhumpa Lahiri, to ask how we move lit-erature beyond the circumscription of its discipline and beyond the boundary stone of national literature.

A Loss of the Common Is a Loss Held in Common: Ri Kaisei’s, A Scene Without a Witness and Pan-Asian community after Pan-AsianismAndrew HardingCornell Universityawh74@cornell.edu

Following the collapse of the Japanese em-pire in 1945, the ethically bankrupt vision of Pan-Asianism was soon replaced by vociferous ethnic-nationalism in both the Japanese archipelago and the Korean pen-insula. Despite the contemporaneous dis-tinction between the “good” nationalism of reclaimed national sovereignty in the Ko-reas and the “bad” nationalism of lingering ethnic exceptionalism in postwar Japan, each discourse incorporated the memory of the colonial/imperial experience into their respective national narratives. For Ri Kaisei however, an author born and raised in Ja-pan at the height of its Pan-Asian experi-ment, the collapse of empire was a far more complicated and confusing affair. His nov-el, A Scene Without a Witness, explores the messy legacy of this aborted community, and considers what an extra-national com-munity in East Asia might look like when its futurity has been foreclosed by the past.

4:50 p.m.–6:15 p.m. Campus tour (optional)

6:30 p.m.–8:30 p.m. Dinner: Statler Hotel (by invitation)

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Friday, September 28

8:00 a.m.–8:30 a.m. Registration and continental breakfast: Statler Hotel

8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Panel Session 4: Statler Hotel

Panel 16 8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Moderator: Jeffrey FerrierOhio Universityferrier@ohio.eduMigration in the Archives

Migration in the Archives: Curating Global Diaspora, Mobility, and AsylumAnnika CulverAnn Marie DavisLaura Modokora

Recent scholarship has devoted increasing attention to the experiences and patterns of human mobility. While some scholars grapple with how to frame these develop-ments, others embrace new concepts and tools such as deep mapping and historical GIS. Reflecting the notion of Global Asias (a new critical lens that now joins Asian and Asian American Studies), many schol-ars continue to investigate transnational migrations in response to the rise and fall of the Japanese empire and the subsequent advance of communism and US influence in the Pacific Rim.

Cognizant of these new directions, re-search centers and university libraries strive to support current scholarship with relevant materials and special collections. Our panel will consider various efforts to preserve and share distinctive collections as a window on to the experiences of diaspora and asylum in the twentieth century. As we consider the challenges and opportu-

nities of collecting and sharing such ma-terials, we ask what our repositories reveal about the (Trans) national identities and global networks that result from colonial-ism, war, and post-war occupation. In ad-dition, we ask how the fraught vocabularies of (il)legal resettlement, asylum seeking, or “expat life” are reflected in our collections and exhibitions? What issues do these terms raise and how do they affect our re-search? Finally, how can collections and exhibitions about mobility support a mul-tifaceted interpretation of place, narrative, and memory to provide a fuller expression to human experience?

Curator of the online Oliver L. Austin Photographic Collection, Dr. Annika Cul-ver (Florida State University) will chal-lenge common assumptions regarding (im)migration vis-a-vis her research of Aus-tin’s experience as an elite researcher and high-ranking US officer in occupied Japan. Dr. Ann Marie Davis and Yasuhiro Aihara

(The Ohio State University), will consid-er questions of transnational networks and identities as they assess the life and archival papers of Thomas Gregory Song, an eth-nic Korean, born in Tokyo, raised in Ja-pan-occupied Dairen (present-day Dalian, China), and a naturalized U.S. citizen. Dr. Laura Madokoro (McGill University) will consider how the experience of Japanese Canadian internment and dispossession might be read differently using innovations within the field of critical refugee studies and the collections held at Library and Ar-chives Canada. Her paper will posit the advocacy around the deportation of Japa-nese Canadians as a critical moment in the triangulated relationship between diaspora, migration and asylum.

Paper 1: Imperial Migrations--Japanese Aristocrats, Yankees, and Ornithology in the Trans-war Period Annika CulverFlorida State Universityaculver@fsu.edu

Paper 2: Processing (Trans) National Identities: The Life and Papers of Thomas Gregory Song Ann Marie L. Davisdavis.5257@osu.eduThe Ohio State University

Yasuhiro Aiharaaihara.2@osu.eduThe Ohio State University

Paper 3: Refuge from Internment: Rethinking the Diasporic History of Japanese Canadians and Americans, 1942-1949Laura MadokoroMcGill University laura.madokoro@mcgill.ca

Panel 17 8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Moderator: Jeff PetersenCornell Universityjwp42@cornell.eduMigration in Europe

The Rearticulation of the Links of the Chinese Diaspora with Receiving Countries and Sending Regions in China: the Case of Wenzhounese Migration in FranceLi ZhipengCentre of International Studies (CERI) Scienceslizhpeng2016@hotmail.com

The objective of this paper is to display how the development of China leads to the re-articulation of the economic and politi-cal links of Chinese Diaspora, with France and China. Having to quickly review the characteristics of Chinese Diaspora in France, we shall approach the following points.

The economic opening of China at the beginning of 1980s came along with a liberalization of the conditions of emigra-tion abroad. It resulted by a resumption of migrations from China, in particular from historic regions of departure – includ-ing the Wenzhou region. In France these migrations came to sustain the Chinese ethnic labour market and allowed the mul-tiplication of companies in different busi-ness sectors (catering, garment industry, leather goods industry…). Furthermore, as is well known, the economic development was reflected by an exceptional increase of Chinese exports. In France, imports of Chinese products caused the emergence of new Chinese commercial districts and transformations of some older. These dis-tricts appear as “trading post”, or “empo-riums”, which allow the distribution of the Chinese production.

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On the political level too, the links were evident. In France, the formerly “invisi-ble” overseas Chinese took more and more place in the public sphere, first in demon-strations with other undocumented mi-grants asking for the regulation of their position at the end of 1990s, then in the more important mobilizations “ against the insecurity “ and aggressions of which they have been victims, in 2010, 2011 and 2016.

Representatives participate in the cele-brations and the ceremonies organized by the overseas Chinese in France, maintain relations with associations in particular of entrepreneurs. In China, at local level, in Wenzhou the Federation of the overseas Chinese (Qiaolian) attempts to create re-lations with entrepreneurs’ associations in France by inviting them, by encouraging them to invest in Wenzhou and proposing assistance to those who wish to reinstall in China. It also encourages the teaching of the Chinese language with the young gen-eration in France and favors the creation of cultural projects. It also encourages Wen-zhounese in France to develop relations with their fellow countrymen in other countries (Italy, Spain in particular).

Sub-Saharan Students Trapped in Immigration to EuropeKeita MoussaInstitute of African Studies, Zhejiang Normal University muxakeita99@gmail.com

The migratory phenomenon is undeniably the number one issue that is constantly in-volved in debates and other meetings be-tween politicians, scientists and leaders of civil society. A phenomenon as old as the existence of humanity, is inseparable to the understanding of the establishment of our new societies. However, since the Jasmine Revolution and its repercussions in the world between 2010 and 2011, according to a report by the Office of the United Na-

tions High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), more than 20 million people have been displaced around the world in the past seven years. In a weak internation-al economy and a security situation largely affected by terrorist acts at a time when the fight against ISIS is raging, migration is seen as a real threat to host countries, and the confusion about migrants is growing overnight. The migratory issue divides the policies and border security is even tighter, under the impulse of the speeches of the extreme right. It is the plebiscite of the withdrawal of identity and the closing of borders in the era of globalization. Primo Levi preface in 1947 in his book “If it is a man” by accusing the idea that, “the for-eigner is the enemy” as responsible for all the horrible packages during the last cen-tury.

This short article touches on the theme “migration” by drawing attention to the sub-Saharan students, who today become numerous candidates for the doors of Eu-rope. They remain trapped in detention centers and subjected to ill-treatment, sometimes resulting in deaths. It is impos-sible to give a figure concerning their num-ber, indeed our article will illustrate a pro-motion of outgoing students in 2015 from the University Center of Kindia (CUK), now University of Kindia. Through this promotion, we see how an educational sys-tem diverted from its role to sell only the cliché of an idealized West can serve as a superstructure for a project full of risks, and a socio-political situation can legitimize the emigration of these young university leavers. Without dismissing a responsibil-ity outside the continent, the article draws an indictment of Western universities and explains how their difficult access for these many students who want to study abroad can also motivate the road of the desert. Finally, in the third part, China’s increased engagement in African education through scholarship offers is addressed as a rescue

operation for many sub-Saharan students, many of whom are now benefiting from fully funded studies in the universities of the middle empire.

Treacherous Journey: Cross-Mediterranean Illegal Migration to EuropeAli HouissaCornell Universityah16@cornell.edu

This presentation provides an overview of the illegal migration flows in the Medi-terranean since 2010. Crossing the Med-iterranean comes at a very high cost to the hundreds of thousands of migrants and refugees risking their lives to try and reach Europe from the opposite shores, with many of them perishing in the pro-cess. As more and more refugees and other migrants flee ongoing wars and hardship in droves with the hope of gaining asylum in Europe, European Union states have sought to curb unauthorized migrant ar-rivals through a combination of deterrence, intelligence, surveillance, anti-smuggling activities, border enforcement, and polic-ing and collaboration with transit countries and countries of origin. But all these mea-sures don’t seem to be succeeding in stem-ming the flow. Moreover, across Europe, nationalist populism, especially on the far right, is experiencing renewed vigor. This paper argues that despite strengthening borders and assistance to transit countries bordering the Mediterranean the ongoing migrant crisis will linger, albeit at a reduced scale. Even if protracted conflicts in coun-tries of emigration cease, smugglers and migrant networks will continue to provide exit routes to the tide of economic mi-grants.

Panel 18 8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Moderator: You Lee ChunCornell Universityyc935@cornell.eduMigration in Korea

A Study on the Ethnic Return Migration of Koryo-saram to Korea —Focused on the Local Community of Koryo-saram in Ansan City, Gyeonggi ProvinceYulia Nikitina The Academy of Korean Studiesjul-20071990@daum.net

Koryo-saram (“People of Korea”) were the first wave of migrants from the Kore-an peninsula who moved from Northern Joseon to Primorsky Krai in 1863. They survived a forced relocation from the Far East to Central Asia before successfully as-similating in the USSR. They were able to achieve great results as the leaders of col-lective farms and local politicians, and they became a model diaspora to follow for their proper behavior and diligent work.

Yet, after the collapse of the USSR, each independent state began to implement a national priority policy, which led to the social oppression and employment dis-crimination of Koryo-saram, compelling them to emigrate from their country of or-igin. Korea was one of the main immigra-tion destinations, due it being their ethnic

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homeland. The first of these Koryo-saram return migrants lived in one-person house-holds for temporary stay.

However, South Korea became an even more attractive destination after 2007, when favorable visa policies toward Ko-ryo-saram in comparison to other foreign labor workers were implemented. The Ko-ryo-saram population in South Korea grew from just under 2,000 in 2007, to over 55,000 people as of August 2017, and it is expected that their number will continue to increase. These Koryo-saram desire to per-manently settle in Korea with their fami-lies, which has led to the development of multi-generational family social structures.

Though Koryo-saram have gained em-ployment opportunities through migration to Korea, they do not feel that they are equal members of the “one Korean fami-ly.” Koryo-saram’s interactions with the mainstream society on a daily basis influ-ence their identity construction, so some of them develop a hybrid identity. However, others develop an ethnic counter identity opposed to the Korean identity.

Due to language barriers and the migra-tion network, they live in ethnic enclaves, the best known of which are in the cities of Gwangju and Ansan. These enclaves have recently been branded as “Koryo-saram Villages.” Compared to other migrant communities, such as, overseas Chinese or Filipino migrants who have a horizon-tal network, Koryo-saram lack their own self-help associations. Their community developed mostly with the support of civic organizations and local governments, so it can be described as having vertical network relations.

There has been a remarkable amount of prior research on Koryo-saram which has described the lifestyle and community con-struction of Koryo-saram in Central Asia

and Russia, but there are not yet enough studies on this new phenomenon of the ethnic return migration of Koryo-saram to South Korea.

For the sustainability of the community, it is important to study the main actors in the Koryo-saram community in South Ko-rea and how the community is governed. Studying these factors can help us to see the future of Koryo-saram as a part of a multicultural Korean society. To this end, this paper will explore the process of iden-tity reconstruction as residents of the local community in their ancestral homeland through a case study of the local commu-nity of Koryo-saram in Ansan City, Gyeo-nggi Province.

Ethnic Chinese in KoreaEun-Ju Chung Sungkyunkwan Universityejchung7@skku.edu

This paper examines whether and how the legal regulation of citizenship could be rec-onciled with the diasporan requirements for citizen rights through the case of the Chinese diaspora in Korea. In particular, I draw attention to the cultural politics of the Chinese ethnic schooling practices and its relation with their nationality choice, which have shaped the historical dynamics of their citizenship development in South Korea.

Notwithstanding their settlement and cul-tural assimilation in Korea for over one hundred years, most of the long-term res-ident Chinese minority in Korea maintain their Chinese nationality, sending their kids to Chinese ethnic schools up to the secondary school level. Since their eth-nic education takes the form of full-time schooling, which requires them to keep foreign nationality according to Kore-an education law, their persistent ethnic schooling directly confronts citizenship

issues in Korea. My ethnographic research reveals that, the Chinese ethnic education in Korea fails to transmit root culture dif-ferent from the general expectation, but still prevails because it provides them a way to deal with one of the most brutal social qualification in Korean society—college entrance. By attending to ethnic schools, the Chinese-descent kids can be qualified for special entrance to both Korean and Taiwanese colleges without going through the severe competition. However, opting for ethnic education has naturally led them to deter to be naturalized into Korean, which in turn has made them endure lots of disadvantages by not being local nation-als.

With the global and multicultural progress in Korean society from the late 1990s, Ko-rean governments have gradually amended laws regulating legal aliens’ socio-econom-ic rights, and the benefits of those amend-ments fell first on the Chinese diaspora who are the longest foreign residents in Korea. Alongside, in a changed multicul-tural social ambiance in Korea, the Chinese in Korea has engaged in civil actions de-manding equal treatment as Korean citi-zens, while retaining their Chinese nation-ality, on the rationale that they, should be exempted from the alienating concept of ‘foreigner’ as long-term, devoted residents. This strategizing comes in a context where they became almost state-less as their pass-port-issuing country-Taiwan- does not recognize them as due citizens in and out-side of Taiwan.

This situation in which many diaspo-rans hold two or more passports and are equipped with multiple identities is not specific only to Korea. However, in such typically ethno-nationalistic state such as Korea where the regulation of nationality is based on the principle of jus sanguinis, so that the immigrants’ children do not au-tomatically become citizens upon birth, the

issue of aliens’ citizenship is relatively new in the face of current rush of immigration, lacking a systemic academic and public dis-cussions. Examining the ways Chinese in Korea deal with, reconcile, or compromise their legal plights will provide a meaning-ful lens to view diaspora citizenship issues and the complex construction of a sense of identity not necessarily fixed by race or cul-ture. This work analyzes a particular Chi-nese diasporan dealing of nationality and citizenship, and is based on an orchestra-tion of ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in modern East-Asian history and politics.

Cheju-do as ‘the Heart of East Asia’: Rethinking the Importance of Cheju-do as an Object and Subject of KnowledgeIsabel Kim DzitacUniversity of Torontoisabel.dzitac@mail.utoronto.ca

The Korean peninsula has attracted con-siderable scholarly attention. Yet its side-kick, the island of Cheju-do, remains a dimly illuminated figure in both main-stream Korean and Anglophone schol-arship. The historiographic invisibility of Cheju-do forecloses discussions of the island’s inclusionary nature into the na-tion-state on the one hand, yet simulta-neously maintains a peripheral position within the Korean imaginary on the other hand. Korean national discourses reinforce this inclusionary-exclusionary reality and obfuscates the coterminous distinctions between the peninsula and island within the nation-state. Dialectical traps between the present (neo-)colonial condition and the earlier imperial world order during the Japanese colonial period further deflates the territorial hierarchy that exists and the oscillation of presence and absence which Cheju-do signifies within East Asia.

This paper positively embraces Cheju-do’s scholarly silence as an opportunity to bol-

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ster and generate new historical knowl-edge. By developing a critical perspective on the historical/socio-cultural contexts and representations of the island, I argue that a simple transposition of ‘Korean’ pat-terns in Cheju-do reproduces the appro-priation of an essentialized, diluted under-standing of Korean nationalist narratives based on the peninsula. It is imperative to disturb, unsettle, and recast this dominant mode of understanding Korea and Korean history through examining the intricacies of the island and its history. Rather than exclusively stressing an ‘era of empires’ narrative or an ‘inter-Asia methodology’ which fixates on a constellation of issues that connect Asian nation-states, internal divides within the modern nation-state it-self explicate pertinent questions concern-ing the relationship between imperial rule and self-governance. In particular, what happens when the categories of ‘islander’ and ‘peninsular’ blur and the Cheju-do other subsumes into the Korean national Self? Inquiry into this question may spawn a different set of inquiries which explicitly and implicitly inform critical language it-self, the contemporary present, and the lost local histories of a place like Cheju-do and its people, the Cheju-domin.

Panel 19 8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Moderator: : Greg GreenCornell Universityghg4@cornell.eduChinese Migrants in the Philippines and Thailand

Governing the Chinese in Manila: The Case of Pedro Barredo, Alcalde Mayor of the Parián, 1701-1704Edward R. Slack, Jr.Eastern Washington Universityeslack@ewu.edu

The Philippines was Spain’s sole, remote outpost of empire in Asia. Linked to Nueva España for 250 years via the Manila Galle-on, Chinese trade and ‘surrogate colonists’ were imperative to its existence. Although the most gruesome incidents of Spanish brutality towards the Chinese community in Manila are well documented (such as the large-scale massacres of 1603 and 1639), Sino-Iberian relations on a daily basis were also fraught with peril. A demographic dis-advantage with, and economic dependency on Sangley or Chino colonists in the Phil-ippine capital created a toxic blend of emo-tions towards both heathen and Christian Chinese. Combined with Spanish arro-gance and entitlement, oppressive tropical heat and stifling humidity, Iberian frus-tration and insecurity manifested itself in various guises. The Spanish ‘kleptocracy’ in the archipelago employed varying degrees of intimidation, extortion, and violence in its diurnal and nocturnal interactions with Manila’s Chinese population.

In this paper I explore the rapacious be-havior of Pedro Barredo y Valdés, his older brother Jerónimo (an oidor of the Real Au-diencia) who attempted to stymie the ju-ridical process by any means possible, and how the Sangley community of Manila navigated the Spanish legal system under

the most trying circumstances. I discuss a variety of previously undisclosed insights on the hierarchy of Chino leadership in Manila, such as data on the Chinese towns and provinces various captains, merchants, skilled craftsmen and laborers came from, in addition to extralegal means (i.e. trade goods from China) employed by Sangleyes to achieve justice from inhospitable Castil-ians. Utilizing never before published doc-uments from the Archivo General de In-dias in Seville and the Philippine National Archive in Manila, this paper fills in many of the details missing in extant scholarly literature about the Chinese community of the fabled Parián at the turn of the eigh-teenth century.

Shedding New Light on Collecting (Un)tapped Potential Primary Sources: Thai Chinese Community Archive Virginia Shih University of California at Berkeley vshih@library.berkeley.edu

The idea of this presentation stems from my several library acquisitions field trips to Thailand over the years to collect Thai Chinese publications, journals, and ephem-eral materials for building a Thai Chinese collection at the University of California, Berkeley.

Thai Chinese have been integrated into Thai society and culture for over eight cen-turies. Thai Chinese in Thailand can be divided into five major linguistic dialects: Teochew, Hokkien, Hakka, Cantonese, and Hainanese. I visited Huachiew Chal-ermprakiet University華僑崇聖大學, Mae Fah Luang University, numerous Thai Chinese clan associations, trade associa-tions, Chinese language schools, temples, Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center in Bangkok and Chinatown in Chiang Mai but only a handful of publications were available for collecting. Each organiza-

tion that I visited has its own records but they are not well-curated for public access. This kind of largely (un)tapped potential primary sources such as photographs, busi-ness records, correspondence, manuscripts, property deeds, minutes, medals, awards, certificates, donation receipts, foundation records, banners, posters, portraits, plaques, celebrities celebrations, temple and school anniversaries, genealogy legacies, com-memorative events files, and so forth would be invaluable to preserve as primary sources at a regional Thai Chinese documentation center for local and global access.

This paper will address the following: 1. To provide an open forum for the

audience to share perspectives of preserving local and regional Thai Chinese cultural history through (un)tapped and unnoticed primary sources from all walks of life.

2. To identify what exactly would be of interest to preserve and how to get the idea across to the Thai Chinese communities for their local support and publicity.

3. To brainstorm strategies for articu-lating the value and impact of col-lecting local Thai Chinese resources to serve the scholarly community needs.

Lastly, I hope to bring new life to the un-tapped potential primary sources of Thai Chinese cultural heritage for the current and future generations of Thai Chinese communities.

The New Wave of Chinese Immigrants in ThailandSiripetch TrisanawadeeThammasat University, Thailandsiripetch@gmail.com

According to the Academy for Cultural Diplomacy, Thailand is the country with the largest Chinese population outside of

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China, with Bangkok as the city with the biggest Chinatown. The Overseas Chi-nese population in Thailand makes up ap-proximately 11% of the entire population. As a results of the smooth assimilation in the past especially the late Qing dynasty, it is no doubt that China and Thailand have always had a strong relationship, especially in cultural and economic aspect via the cul-tural and trade exchange between Thai and Chinese in the community.

The role and status of overseas Chinese have changed from day to day. Nowadays, there are no Chinese migrants as the un-skilled labor as in the past like the majority of overseas Chinese in the early years of the Ratanakosin Period. A survey by the Institute of Asian Studies’ Asian Research Centre for Migration at Chulalongkorn University found many new Chinese mi-grants bring significant funds to invest in start-ups in Bangkok. The survey of 119 Chinese migrants living in HuaiKhwang for over a year found that 68.9% had a bachelor’s degree.

However, this phenomenon is not just hap-pening in Thailand, but also throughout Southeast Asia. Their presence in South-east Asia has often been focused almost ex-clusively on trade, investment, political and security aspects. This research’s aim is to explore new wave of Chinese immigrants in Thailand and analyses how they have influenced Thai society.

Panel 20 8:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. Moderator: : Eric AcreeCornell Universityea18@cornell.eduMigration in Africa African Migrants in China

Africans in Southern China: Comparing Visual Representations Kun HuangCornell Universitykh668@cornell.edu

The increasing presence of African trad-ers in Southern China in the past decade has attracted media and scholarly atten-tion. Black bodies constitute an “unusual” element in the contemporary Chinese ur-ban landscape, posing questions to “Chi-neseness” with multi-racial imaginings of the global age. Questions thus arise as to how Africans in China are represented on visual media, and what kinds of effects these representations produce regarding the prospect of multicultural co-existence. The author observes that mainstream rep-resentations of the African community favor ethnographic modes of documenta-tion, thereby accentuating otherness with-out questioning the subject position of the desires for such visual knowledge. Against this backdrop, this paper examines alter-native, interventionist artistic endeavors that challenge normative visual strategies. The two visual projects considered here include a hybrid documentary-fiction film by the Swedish filmmaker Måns Måns-son, Nakangami na Guangzhou (Stranded in Canton), which narrates a Congolese trader’s impending business failure; and the documentary photography project on African communities in Guangzhou by the local photographer Li Dong. Taking into account the processes of cultural produc-tion, circulation, and consumption, this paper compares and contrasts the cosmo-

politan desires embedded in and revealed by these two projects as they visualize black Africans in Southern China. Both of these (collections of ) texts can be considered in-dependent productions with views “from below”. Whereas Månsson collaborates with non-professional actors of diverse na-tional, racial, and linguistic backgrounds, who derive their diegetic identities cre-atively from their real selves as they navi-gate the foreign trading scene, Li Dong’s project continuously interrogates the dy-namics between the photographic subjects, their environment, the photographer, and the state power that polices urban space. As such, they plumb the possibilities and limits of cosmopolitan visions of Sino-Af-rican urban encounters, while reflecting on the capacity and failings of visual media in their representations of the racial other.

Chinese Emerging Presence in South Africa and Zambia—A Study of the Relationship between Migration, Labor Rights and Foreign InvestmentsYiying XiongCornell Universityyx423@cornell.edu

Foreign investment and migration bring both promise and peril to local workers. The same logic holds true to the expand-ing Chinese footprint in Africa. As Chi-nese interests in Africa’s market and its domestic need to secure energy, resources, and minerals to feed its own industrializa-tion programs continue to grow, China has become one of the major international eco-nomic forces in sub-Saharan Africa, which has accompanied by increasing migration and growing business networks. Against this backdrop, many media reports paid substantial attention to the employment practices of Chinese companies while lo-cal popular unease against Chinese eco-nomic presence appeared. Nonetheless, labor problems related to Chinese foreign

investment and Chinese companies in sev-eral African countries—low wages, precar-ious working conditions, and little train-ing-provision—have not been well-defined and deserve a more systematic explana-tion. Despite the prominence of studies on economic openness and labor rights in the IPE field and the growing interest in Chinese investment among scholars in African Studies, there has been a signifi-cant gap between these two fields, which share little common “language” with each other. This paper investigates the condi-tions under which Chinese investment produces negative outcomes for laborers of African countries, as well as circumstances under which abuses of labor rights are not severe. It examines the question: What ex-plains the expansive labor rights violations regarding Chinese foreign investment in some African countries while not others? What is the explanation of the variation in labor rights related to Chinese business involvement in the host countries? Using a comparative case study of South Africa and Zambia, I argue that the interaction between international and domestic forces matters. Externally, the two key variables include nationality of FDI (home coun-try law and practices greatly influence the firms’ actions abroad) and the strategic contour of the bilateral relationship. In-ternally, domestic labor unions navigate how Chinese investment unfolds and com-panies will eventually impact local labor rights. The principal argument of this pa-per is that while international context mat-ters to the influence of foreign investment on local labor rights, domestic labor unions play a critical role in mediating the impact of external forces. The most important fac-tor is how external forces and labor unions interact to shape the labor rights outcomes of Chinese FDI inflows in a given African country. Empirically, examining the impact of Chinese growing investment on Africa’s local labor rights contributes to an under-standing of how transnationalism affects

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labor rights in local societies where foreign investments bloom by putting a specific fo-cus on workers in African countries on the receiving ends of Chinese FDIs and mi-grations. Theoretically, by assuming work-ers as agency with power to protect their rights, not merely as objects of globaliza-tion and transnational economic forces, the study builds bridges between the study of migration, labor, and the international po-litical economy.

Serpents in the Mire: Migration, Acculturation, and Identity in Wole Soyinka’s “The Swamp Dwellers.”Mark S. FerraraSUNY Oneontamark.ferrara@oneonta.edu

The Nobel Prize winning Nigerian play-wright Wole Soyinka once described The Swamp Dwellers as an exploration of eco-nomic displacement and cultural disrup-tion resulting from the pillage of natural resources by corporations (including Royal Dutch Shell) founded in rich industrial-ized nations. Soyinka set his play deep in the Niger Delta, a place with dense man-grove swamps and the folkloric Mami Wa-ta—a half-human, half-fish seductress, to highlight the environmental degradation and lost livelihoods of the Ogoni and oth-er indigenous peoples. By focusing on a handful of characters who inhabit or pass through a small hut built on stilts by Mak-uri and Alu, an impoverished elderly cou-ple whom eke out an existence in the heart of the swamp. Soyinka reveals how migra-tion and acculturation erode traditional values and reshape identity in ways that encourage avarice and self-interest over family and community, promote political and economic corruption, and accelerate the replacement of indigenous belief sys-tems with the depersonalized transactional values of commerce and trade.

10:00 a.m. - 10:20 a.m. Coffee break: Statler Hotel

10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m. Panel Session 5: Statler Hotel

Panel 21 10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m. Moderator: John WhitmanCornell Universityjbw2@cornell.eduMigrating Border Between China and Korea

Korea and Japanese Monastic Migration and Residence in TangJohn WhitmanCornell University jbw2@cornell.edu

The Migration of Violence: Qing Manchu Impact on Chosŏn Korean Identity”George KallanderSyracuse Universityglkallan@maxwell.syr.edu

How to Read a Sinographic Text in Eighteenth-Century Chosŏn KoreaSuyoung SonCornell University ss994@cornell.edu

This panel explores the military, religious, and literary migration between China and Korea. Korea has traditionally occupied a special position relative to China because it was not only one of the closest neighboring countries sharing the territorial border but also a faithful constituent in the traditional Sinocentric order. Different from the pre-dominant paradigm of vertical diffusion from China to the peripheries, however, the

interaction between China and Korea was much more multidirectional rather than a political and diplomatic hierarchy would permit. This panel consists of three papers exploring the religious, military, and liter-ary interactions of different time periods between China and Korea. John Whitman examines the central role of Sillan monas-tics and related Korean communities in 8th and 9th century China. George Kallander examines Pyŏngja rok or Diary of 1636–37 to discuss the ways in which the second Manchu attack in 1636–37 brought about the complex debates about the military and political struggles that Koreans expe-rienced in the face of Manchu expansion. Suyoung Son discusses the importation and reception of a Chinese compilation of Ming loyalists, particularly focusing on the dynamics of delocalizing and relocalizing the book to fit Chosŏn Korea’s agenda to reposition itself in the changing Sinocen-tric order after the downfall of the Ming. This panel as a whole highlights the cen-trality of the migration of books, people, and ideas across the national border to Ko-rea’s redefining its relationship with China and establishing its own identity.

Panel 22 10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m.

Moderator: Julie WangBinghamton Universityjwang@binghamton.eduChinese Librarians in North America

Speak Out, Speak Up & Speak Loudly: Chinese American Librarians Association and Its Efforts in Self-PromotionShuyong Jiang University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign shyjiang@illinois.edu

This presentation will focus on how the Chinese American Librarians Associa-

tion (CALA) established itself through activism in cultural exchange programs to form a strong voice in the mainstream, Anglo-centric environment. After an in-troduction of the organization, the pa-per will focus on two major programs the CALA has engaged in, namely the CALA 21st Century Librarian Forum Series and the Project of an Institute for Museums and Libraries Service (IMLS). The pre-sentation describes how these efforts ful-fill CALA’s original mission and the sig-nificance of these programs in supporting Chinese-American librarians to have their voices heard. In evaluating these accom-plishments, several challenges will also be discussed with accompanying recommen-dations for the advancement of CALA.

Attract the New Canadians into Librarianship不列颠哥伦比亚大学 刘静 Jing LiuUniversity of British Columbiajing.liu@ubc.ca

As the Chinese Language Librarian at University of British Columbia in Canada, I have encouraged the top talented new im-migrants to UBC Library School (SLAIS), and hired dozens of library school students as the academic assistants. With the prac-tical librarians’ experience they gained, most of them have become the mainstream professional librarians across Canada and down to the U.S. The presentation will show the impacts of this workforce not only to our profession, overseas’ Chinese studies but also to multiculturalism and in-tercultural understanding.

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Eight-Year Journey of the Society for Chinese Studies Librarians Hong Xu (Helen)Duke Kunshan Universityhelen.hongxu@duke.kunshan.edu.cn

The Society for Chinese Studies Librarians (SCSL) was founded in Philadelphia in 2010. It is a non-profit, nonpolitical academic organization, aiming at promoting scholarly activities, professional exchange, information sharing, and project cooperation among Chinese studies librarians to make contributions to China studies in general and to Chinese resource study in particular. By reviewing the history of SCSL and the activities organized by SCSL and analyzing membership composition, members’ academic backgrounds and publications in the Journal of Society for Chinese Studies Librarians, this presentation will show the significant accomplishments SCSL and its members have made to Chinese studies and Chinese studies librarianship in variety of areas in the past eight years.

Panel 23 10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m. Moderator: Zhihong ChenCornell Universityzc46@cornell.eduMigration in Thailand

泰国客属三奶庙研究—兼谈客属汉王庙与三奶庙的历史意义泰国国立法政大学 吴云龙 Wu YunlongThai Thammasat Universitycelloboy815@hotmail.com

泰国客家总会曾下辖六座神庙，即关帝庙、本头公宫、汉王庙、三奶夫人庙、吕帝庙和南海观音宫。依据六庙的相关文字资料记载，三奶庙是泰国

客属六座庙宇中被最早创建的一座，成于道光二十七年（1847），奉祀“陈靖姑”、妈祖“林默娘”和“李三娘”。据考证，该庙由广东梅州籍客家移民创建，并为当时客籍天地会“洪门”组织成员的聚义堂口。目前，庙内仪式活动多由客家斋姐主持，仪式性质为“禅门”香花佛事。该庙创建至今除天地会外，还曾受到过青莲教、先天道、一贯道与真空教的强烈影响。因此，对曼谷三奶庙的研究，不仅可以深入了解梅州客籍移民在曼谷的发展史，更助于深入探究秘密会党和民间秘密教派在曼谷的发展历程。此外，汉王庙与三奶庙共处同一区域，临湄南河东西两岸对立。汉王庙首修于光绪十五年（1889），但铭文记载：“溯其香火来暹计历百余年矣”可知，实当早于三奶庙。该庙主祀“康大保刘汉公王”，由福建永定籍客家移民创建。目前该庙无法事法会等仪式活动。庙宇自创建之初，便有别于河对岸之三奶庙，汉王庙不以“洪门”“反清复明”为要，主以“大米贸易”为重，是福建永定籍客家移民大米贸易的重要港口。两座庙宇，不仅彰显着不同客籍社区在曼谷生存、发展的目标差异，也反映着闽粤客家移民在时代背景下的地域性差异和历史性选择。这种选择，影响了当下泰国客家总会内部对其移民历史的再塑造，亦影响着目前曼谷客家族群对其族群认同的再构建。关键词: 客家总会 三奶庙 天地会（洪门） 汉王庙

泰国华侨的派系斗争（1950-1975）暨南大学华侨华人研究院 梁茂春 Liang MaochunJinan Universityliangmaochun@163.com

1950至1975年间，泰国华侨的亲新中国派与亲中华民国派两大阵营之间发生了持久的斗争。本文对两派斗争过程进行了粗线条的梳理，试图勾勒出其历史脉络。在对相关文献进行内容分析后形成的主要观点如下：（1）这

一特定时期泰国华侨的内部斗争史大致可划分为三个阶段：双方力量均衡期；亲中华民国派势力占据优势期；双方力量变化趋势逆转期。（2）华侨社团、华文媒体是两派势力争取侨众支持和施展舆论攻势的重要阵地，中华总商会等一些华侨社团曾成为两派争夺权力的场所。（3）中国大陆的“土改”、“文革”等政治运动的负面信息影响、国民党在台湾站稳脚跟和台湾经济的起飞、泰国参与严厉的国际“反共”运动以及中国大陆与泰国的政府、民间关系全面断绝等，是较长时期里亲新中国势力衰弱、亲中华民国势力兴盛的主要原因，而中美关系改善、中泰关系恢复则直接导致两派势力的消长趋势发生逆转。（4）泰国华侨华人个体，大多在主观上喜爱泰国的自由民主，对共产主义存在疑虑，因此大多被亲中华民国派所吸引，从而在较长的时期里增强了该派的力量。（5）泰国华侨社团组织在国内外政治的强大压力下不由自主，一些侨领倡导的侨社“在商言商、政治中立”的立场曾昙花一现，难以坚持。

“立拉号”邮轮难民救援事件与德教欧美创阁：华人互助传统海外发展初探华侨大学华侨华人研究所 陈景熙 Jingxi ChenHuanqiao Universityjingxi_chen@vip.163.com

本文以1977年发生于新、马之间海域的“立拉号”邮轮寮国难民（主要为寮国南部百细市潮籍难民）救援事件为中心，梳理事件发生的历史脉络及跨国救济的具体方式。进而揭示该救援事件与事隔30余年以后，以泰国德教会紫真阁为龙头的世界德教界，在美国洛杉矶、纽约，法国巴黎等地的创阁活动的具体关系，讨论在20世纪

中期海外华人社会本土化之后，东南亚地区潮人社会在继承华人互助传统的基础上，发展出的跨国救济的社会机制，以及海外潮人宗教在其中所发挥的社会功能。关键词：印支难民 泰国 德教 跨国救济 华人互助传统 华人宗教

Panel 24 10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m. Moderator: Shuyong JiangUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignshyjiang@illinois.eduArchival Studies for Migration (3)

Archaeological Evidence of Early Chinese Settlers in Canada Stephen Qiao University of TorontoStephen.qiao@utoronto.ca

There are claims of discovery of vari-ous artifacts with Chinese characters like coins and ceramics in British Columbia to be dated back to 1790s. However, the real positively identified Chinese items are those associated with early Chinese settlers in BC around 1850s. The fieldwork related to Chinese diaspora archaeology was first conducted in town of Barkerville in upper reach of Fraser River, where an excavation discovered gold mining remains in Chee Kung Tong Chinese Freemason Building in 1978. The remains from continuing cultural layers indicates the long-term oc-cupancy of Chinese immigrants. Further survey and excavations in Barkerville area proved that a certain settlement pattern ex-ists in the Chinese community in the late 19th century and early 20th century, which consists settlements in different sizes from township, villages to mining camping sites. Both artifacts and features found in other early Chinese settler sites indicated clear-ly that the acculturation was resisted by the Chinese and they consistently tried to maintain their cultural identities.

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The process of Chinese immigrants’ east-ward movement started from late 19th century as the construction of Pacific rail-road was completed, mining and salmon canning industry in BC expelled Chinese workers. Thanks to the new cross conti-nent railroad, the footsteps of Chinese im-migrants have reached east coast of Cana-da. By 1901, Chinese people were living in every province of Canada. Comparing with the archaeological works in BC, Chinese overseas related archaeological surveys and excavations are relatively limited and frag-mental in other parts of Canada. For exam-ple, the archaeological work of latter set-tlers in Ontario is focused on the European settlers in French Period (1650-1763) and English Period (1760-1867) without much attention to the immigrants from outside Europe. The archaeological research in the Unites States, Australia and New Zealand reinforced early Chinese immigrants’ stud-ies with reference of their material culture and settlement patterns in the context of archaeological evidences.

Immigration Records at Your FingertipsSusan XueUniversity of California, Berkeleysxue@berkeley.edu

One of indispensable information resourc-es for transnational migration research is immigration records. This paper aims at introducing some of the key archival web-sites for searching immigration records from 17th to 20th century. These powerful resources include Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, National Archives and Records Administration and FamilySe-arch. Content, time coverage, search meth-ods and limits will be studied in this paper.

Panel 25 10:20 a.m. – 11:50 a.m. Moderator: Jian ChenCornell Universityjc585@cornell.eduInvestment and Migration

Transnational Migration—Current Perspective Bilal ZahoorMIS-Legal (Migration & Investment Services), PakistanBilal@MISlegal.org

Becoming more a choice pure Investors rather than Immigration Aspirants only. In the last 10 years, Investment Immigration has taken lead among all other immigra-tion programs. Both, (i) Students from wealthy families completing education in developed countries and (ii) Highly Skilled Workers, have lately been observed as more interested in investment immigration while other immigration routes are still available. A High Net worth individual too (despite full eligibility for a skilled worker program) takes more interest in investment immigra-tion because immigrating nowadays, is not only moving from one country to anoth-er, rather also setting a fine financial base for applicants’ families settling in a new economy. That is to say that “who wouldn’t want to place his money in a project where both his money and his family get rapid growth in value and lifestyle respective-ly”? Investment immigration gives a path-way towards those countries where skilled immigration is almost closed but where investment options are remarkable. USA, UK, Canada, New Zealand and Schengen countries are currently the choice of all immigration aspirants for their (i) Easy tax system, (ii) governmental benefits, (iii) business market and (iv) lifestyle. Hence, applicants from North/South Asia and the Middle East are today’s market for Invest-ment Immigration Programs. These immi-

gration aspirants move their assets, skills, families and experience into the country of immigration and hence an entire range of aspects sees migration from one economy to another. As an experienced Immigration Lawyer, I would like to speak on the cur-rent immigration trend of Asians towards America with a focus on ‘Why people are more interested in moving their monies into other (better) economies.’

11:50 a.m.–12:20 p.m. Plenary Session (3): Statler HotelClosing Remarks: Statler Hotel

12:20 p.m.–1:00 p.m.Lunch: Statler Hotel 1:00 p.m.–5:00 p.m.Johnson Museum of Art tour and exhibit viewing (optional)

1:00 p.m.–6:30 p.m.Corning Museum of Glass and Lucas Vineyards (optional)

Acknowledgments

Curation: You Lee Chun, Daniel Mckee, Liren ZhengDigitization and case design: Jing Carlson, Rhea Garen, Simon Ingall, Karl RozynGraphic and exhibit design: Carla DeMelloFaculty: Jian Chen, Maria Cristina Garcia, Yue Du, Pedro Erber, Suyoung Son, Zhihong Chen, Joshua Young, John WhitmanMap exhibit: Craig Mains, Rob Kotaska, Howard BrentlingerPrinting: Callahan Digital PrintingPhotography: Cornell University PhotographyWriting and editing: Melanie LefkowitzAdditional thanks to: Eric Acree, Gerald Beasley, Jose Beduya, Bronwen Bledsoe, Rachel Brill, Michelle Eastman, Jeff Ferrier, Mary Fessenden, Pat Fox, Gregory Green, Ali Houissa, Zsuzsa Koltay, CJ Lance, Xin Li, Eisha Neely, Jeff Petersen, Anne Sauer, Scott Seaman, Kenneth Williams