Translation and Paraphrasing

8/9/2019 Translation and Paraphrasing

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OverviewThe ever changing counter-detection landscape

Paraphrasing versus textualentailment

Ways to paraphrase

Tools of the trade


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M any Roads to

PlagiarismThe old fashioned way


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M any Roads to

PlagiarismTranslated plagiarism.


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M any Roads to

PlagiarismTranslated plagiarism.


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M any Roads to

PlagiarismParaphrased plagiarism

Paraphrased plagiarism is not new either. However, there are newtools to aid in automatically paraphrasing text which are acceleratingthis form of detection avoidance.

Back-translation: the latest form of plagiarismMichael Jones University of Wollongong, Australia

4 th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity ( 4 APCEI) 2830 September 2009

Paraphrase plagiat n'est pas nouveau non plus. Toutefois, il existede nouveaux outils pour l'aide dans le texte paraphrase

automatiquement qui sont l'acclration de cette forme d'vasion dedtection.

Paraphrase plagiarism is not new either. However, there arenew tools to help in paraphrasing the text automatically, which areaccelerating this form of escape detection.


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M any Roads to



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Paraphrasing vs Textual

EntailmentTwo sentences are paraphrased if

they mean the same thing:1) Similarity: they share asubstantial amount of information

2) Dissimilarities are extraneous: if extra information in the sentencesexists, the effect of its removal is

not signicant.


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Paraphrasing vs Textual

Entailment A paraphrase is a special case of textual entailment. A paraphrase isreflexive whereas textual entailmentindicates that two sentences overlap

to a degree with one sentence beingsubsumed by the other.


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Ways to ParaphraseLexical substitution/synonymy

Hypo/Syno/Hyper-nym replacement: article,

paper or red, crimson Acronym replacement: M r., mister

Contractions: do not, dont

Compounding/decompounding: ballgame,ball game

Numeric/Alphabetic numbers: 11, eleven;12/1/2010, December first two-thousand-ten


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Ways to Paraphrase

Active and passive exchange

The gangster killed 3 innocentpeople. vs Three innocent peopleare killed by the gangster.

Re-ordering of sentence componentsTuesday they met vs They metTuesday

Zhou, M ing and Niu, Cheng. Principled Approach to Paraphrasing. U.S. Patent 11,93 4 ,010. 1 Nov 2007.


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Ways to Paraphrase

Realization in different syntacticcomponents

Palestinian leader Arafat vs Arafat, Palestinian leader

Prepositional phrase attachmentThe Alabama plant vs

A plant in AlabamaZhou, M ing and Niu, Cheng. Principled Approach to Paraphrasing. U.S. Patent 11,93 4 ,010. 1 Nov 2007.


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Ways to ParaphraseChange into different sentencetypes

Who drew this picture? vsTell me who drew this picture.

M orphological derivation

He is a good teacher. vsHe teaches well. vsHe is good at teaching.



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Ways to Paraphrase

Light verb construction

The film impressed him. vsThe film made an impression onhim.

Comparatives vs. superlativesHe is smarter than everyone else.vs He is the smartest one.



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Ways to Paraphrase

Converse word substitution

John is M ary's husband. vsM ary is John's wife.

Verb nominalization

He wrote the book. vsHe was the author of the book.



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Ways to Paraphrase

Substitution using words withoverlapping meanings

Bob excels at mathematics. vsBob studies mathematics well.

InferenceHe died of cancer. vsCancer killed him.



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Ways to ParaphraseDifferent semantic role realization

He enjoyed the game. vsThe game pleased him.

Subordinate clauses vs separatesentences lined by anaphoricpronouns.

The tree healed its wounds bygrowing new bark. vsThe tree healed its wounds. Itgrew new bark.Zhou, M ing and Niu, Cheng. Principled Approach to Paraphrasing. U.S. Patent 11,93 4 ,010. 1 Nov 2007.


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Tools of the TradeM icrosoft paraphrase corpus

Used to test algorithms

WordNet: English only :(

Synonyms, hypernyms,

hyponyms, and antonyms. Algorithms: Finite State Transducers(FSTs) and/or iterative Longest

Common Sequence (LCS) on sets.


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Tools of the Trade

Stemming or lemmatization

am, are, is be

car, cars, car's, cars' car


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Word Alignment Examples According to the M S paraphrase corpus:

This is a paraphrase

Not Paraphrased (However, the first sentence is textually entailed by thesecond. Turnitin would currently match this.)

12/1 4 = 86%12/16 = 75%

18/19 = 95%18/26 = 69%


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Slippery SlopeWhen does textual entailment become arbitrary/noise?

14 /4 8 = 29%14 /34 = 4 1%


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Slippery SlopeWhen does textual entailment become arbitrary/noise?

13/2 4 = 5 4 %

13/21 = 62%


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Translated Plagiarism

Non-English markets, in particular,are concerned about their Englishas a second language studentssubmitting English documents that

have been translated to their nativelanguage.


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Translated Plagiarism

Initial approach:

Non-English documents searchedas they are now

Additional search performed:

Translate document to English,search English documents, andthen display English matches withtranslations (or vice versa)


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Translated PlagiarismOur new strategic partner:

On demand SaaS statistical machinetranslation


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Translated Plagiarism:

Need for Paraphrasing?M achines and humans translate textin many different ways.

Paraphrase detection allows us tomatch the variations.

Google translate: The zeitgeist is thinking and feeling one age. The term describes the

characteristics of a particular period, or an attempt to remind us it. The German word Zeitgeist is transferred through English as a loanword into numerous other languages been.

Bing translate: Zeitgeist is thinking and feeling how an age. Is the nature of a particular era or trying to understand them. The German word Zeitgeist is taken from English as a loanword inmany other languages.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist


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Possible Turnitin UI


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Finis

Thank you for listening!

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Translation and Paraphrasing