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OUTLINE{\fs22SEiRIES }\par}{\phpg\posx2593\pvpg\posy12322\absw5743\absh1330 \sl-260 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \fi2142 {\fs19 McGraw-Hill }\par}{\phpg\posx2593\pvpg\posy12322\absw5743\absh1330 \sl-224 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf0 {\b0 \fs18 New}{\b0 \fs18York}{\b0 \fs18 San}{\b0 \fs18Francisco}{\b0 \fs18Washington,}{\b0 \fs19D.C.}{\b0 \fs18 Auckland}{\b0 \fs18 Bogota }\par}{\phpg\posx2593\pvpg\posy12322\absw5743\absh1330 \sl-239 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \fi318 {\b0 \fs18 Caracas}{\b0 \fs18Lisbon}{\b0 \fs18 London}{\b0 \fs18Madrid}{\b0 \fs18Mexico}{\fs17 City}{\b0 \fs18Milan }\par}{\phpg\posx2593\pvpg\posy12322\absw5743\absh1330 \sl-234 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \fi872 {\b0 \fs18 Montreal}{\b0 \fs18New}{\b0 \fs18Delhi}{\b0 \fs18San}{\b0 \fs18Juan}{\b0 \fs18 Singapore }\par}{\phpg\posx2593\pvpg\posy12322\absw5743\absh1330 \sl-245 \b \f20 \fs22 \cf0 \fi1692 {\b0 \fs18 Sydney}{\b0 \fs18Tokyo}{\b0 \fs18Torontcl }\par}\sect\sectd\pard\plain\pgwsxn10568\pghsxn14978{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 ROGER{\b \fs19L.}{\fs19 TOKHEIM} holds{\b \fs19B.S.,}{\b \fs19 M.S.,}and Ed.S. degrees from \par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 St.CloudState UniversityandtheUniversity{\fs19 of}Wisconsin-Stout.He{\fs18 is }\par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 theauthor{\fs18of}{\i \fs19 Digital}{\i \fs19Electronics} and its companion{\i \fs19 Activities}{\i \fs19Manual}{\i \fs19for }\par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-244 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\i \fs19 Digital}{\i \fs19Electronics,}{\i \fs19Schaum}{\b \f10 \fs15's}{\i \fs19Outline}{\fs18of}{\i \fs19Microprocessor}{\i \fs19Fundamentals,} and \par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-229 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 numerousotherinstructionalmaterialsonscienceandtechnology.{\b\i \f10 \fs17 An }\par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-246 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 experiencededucatoratthe secondary andcollege levels, heis presently \par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-231 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 an instructorofTechnologyEducationandComputerScienceatHenry \par}{\phpg\posx2139\pvpg\posy2986\absw7184\absh1719 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Sibley High School, Mendota Heights, Minnesota. \par}{\phpg\posx2161\pvpg\posy5713\absw6783\absh1264 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 Schaum's Outline{\fs15of} Theoryand Problems{\b \fs15of }\par}{\phpg\posx2161\pvpg\posy5713\absw6783\absh1264 \sl-194 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 DIGITAL PRINCIPLES \par}{\phpg\posx2161\pvpg\posy5713\absw6783\absh1264 \sl-207 \par\f20 \fs15 \cf0 Copyright{\i \f30 \fs160}{\fs141994,}{\fs141988,}{\fs141980} by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed \par}{\phpg\posx2161\pvpg\posy5713\absw6783\absh1264 \sl-205 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 {\fs14 in} theUnited States{\fs14of}America. Except{\fs14as} permitted under the Copyright Act{\fs14of}{\fs14 1976,} no part{\fs14of }\par}{\phpg\posx2161\pvpg\posy5713\absw6783\absh1264 \sl-193 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 this publicationmay be reproduced{\fs14or} distributed in any form{\fs14or} by any means,{\fs14or} stored in{\ba} data \par}{\phpg\posx2161\pvpg\posy5713\absw6783\absh1264 \sl-202 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 base{\fs14or} retrieval system. without the prior written permission{\fs14of} the publisher. \par}{\phpg\posx2173\pvpg\posy7463\absw258\absh162 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 7{\fs14 8 }\par}{\phpg\posx2467\pvpg\posy7460\absw3896\absh166 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 \f20 \fs14 \cf0 9{\fs14 10}{\f10 \fs13 1}{\f10 \fs131}{\fs14 12}{\b 13}{\b \f10 \fs13 14}{\fs14 15}{\f10 \fs13 16}{\fs14 17}{\fs14 I8}{\f10 \fs13 19}{\fs1420}{\b \fs14 BAW}{\b \fs14 BAW}{\fs14 99 }\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy7712\absw2786\absh929 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 ISBN{\f30 \fs220-07-0b5050-0 }\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy7712\absw2786\absh929 \sl-195 \par\b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs15 Sponsoring}{\b0 \f20 \fs15Editor:}{\b0 \f20 \fs15 John}{\b0 \f20 \fs15 Aliano }\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy7712\absw2786\absh929 \sl-198 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs15 Production}{\b0 \f20 \fs15 Supervisor:}{\b0 \f20 \fs15Denise}{\b0 \f20 \fs15 Puryear }\par}{\phpg\posx2159\pvpg\posy7712\absw2786\absh929 \sl-194 \b \f10 \fs19 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs15 Editing}{\b0 \f20 \fs15 Supervisor:}{\b0 \f20 \fs15Patty}{\b0 \f20 \fs15Andrews }\par}{\phpg\posx2167\pvpg\posy9425\absw4944\absh529 \b \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs15 \cf0 Library{\fs15of} Congress Cataloging-in-Publication{\fs15 Data }\par}{\phpg\posx2167\pvpg\posy9425\absw4944\absh529 \sl-202 \b \f20 \fs15 \cf0 {\b0 Tokheim,}{\b0 Roger}{\fs15L. }\par}{\phpg\posx2167\pvpg\posy9425\absw4944\absh529 \sl-192 \b \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi330 {\b0 Schaum's}{\b0outline}{\b0 \fs15 of}{\b0 theory}{\b0 and}{\b0 problems}{\b0 of}{\b0 digital}{\b0prinicples/by }\par}{\phpg\posx2341\pvpg\posy10009\absw1707\absh718 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 Roger{\b \fs15L.} Tokheim-3rd \par}{\phpg\posx2341\pvpg\posy10009\absw1707\absh718 \sl-195 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi314 p.cm.-(Schaum's \par}{\phpg\posx2341\pvpg\posy10009\absw1707\absh718 \sl-200 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi157 Includesindex. \par}{\phpg\posx2341\pvpg\posy10009\absw1707\absh718 \sl-201 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi158 {\b \fs15 ISBN} 0-07-065050-0 \par}{\phpg\posx4097\pvpg\posy10018\absw1008\absh346 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 ed. \par}{\phpg\posx4097\pvpg\posy10018\absw1008\absh346 \sl-196 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi22 outline series) \par}{\phpg\posx2333\pvpg\posy10799\absw3341\absh512 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi178 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 1.{\fs15Digital}{\fs15electronics.}{\b \fs15 I.}{\fs15'Title.}{\fs15 11.}{\fs15Series. }\par}{\phpg\posx2333\pvpg\posy10799\absw3341\absh512 \sl-168 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 {\fs15 TK7868.D5T66}{\fs15 1994 }\par}{\phpg\posx2333\pvpg\posy10799\absw3341\absh512 \sl-201 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 {\b 62}{\b \fs15 1.38}15{\fs15 -dc20 }\par}{\phpg\posx6673\pvpg\posy10976\absw464\absh352 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 93-64 \par}{\phpg\posx6673\pvpg\posy10976\absw464\absh352 \sl-201 \f20 \fs15 \cf0 \fi102 {\b \fs15 CIP }\par}{\phpg\posx6119\pvpg\posy11627\absw531\absh319 \f30 \fs58 \cf0 \f30 \fs58 \cf0 z \par}{\phpg\posx2179\pvpg\posy11787\absw4193\absh517 \b\i \f20 \fs27 \cf0 \b\i \f20 \fs27 \cf0 McGraw-Hill \par}{\phpg\posx2179\pvpg\posy11787\absw4193\absh517 \sl-262 \b\i \f20 \fs27 \cf0 \fi1242 {\i0 \fs14 A}{\b0\i0 \fs14Division}{\b0 \f10 \fs13of}{\b0\i0 \fs15The}{\fs15 McGraw-HiU}{\b0\i0 \fs14 Companies }\par}\sect\sectd\pard\plain\pgwsxn10568\pghsxn14978{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi410 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Digital electronics is a rapidly growing technology. Digital circuits are usedin \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-239 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi45 mostnewconsumer products, industrial equipment andcontrols,andoffice, \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi49 medical,military,andcommunicationsequipment.Thisexpandinguse{\fs19 of}digital \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi50 circuits is theresultof the development ofinexpensive integratedcircuits and the \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi51 application{\fs18of}display, memory, and computer technology. \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-300 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi382 {\i \fs19 Schaum's}{\i \fs19 Outline}{\i \fs18of}{\i \fs19 Digitd}{\i \fs19 Principles}providesinforrnationnecessarytolead \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi32 the reader throughthe solution{\fs19of}those problems in digital electronics one might \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi27 encounteras astudent,technician, engineer, or hobbyist. Whiletheprinciples{\b \fs19of }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi32 the subject are necessary, the Schaum's Outline philosophy is dedicated to showing \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 thestudenthowtoapplytheprinciplesofdigitalelectronicsthroughpractical \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 solved problems.This new edition now contains over{\fs19 1000} solved and supplemen- \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 tary problems. \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-298 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi382 The thirdedition{\fs18 of}{\i \fs19 Schaum's}{\i \fs19 Outline}{\i \fs19 of}{\i \fs19 Digital}{\i \fs19Principles}containsmany{\fs19of }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 the sametopics whichmadethe first two editionsgreatsuccesses. Slight changes \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 have been made in many{\fs19of} the traditionaltopics to reflect the technologicaltrend \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-236 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 towardusing more{\fs19 CMOS,} NMOS, and{\fs19 PMOS} integrated circuits. Several micro- \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 processor/microcomputer-related topics have been included, reflecting the current \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 practiceofteachingamicroprocessorcourseafterorwithdigital electronics.{\b A }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-242 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 chapter detailing the characteristics of TTL and CMOS devices along with several \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-233 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi24 interfacing topics has been added. Other display technologies such as liquid-crystal \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-242 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi21 displays (LCDs) and vacuumfluorescent (VF) displays have beengiven expanded \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 coverage.Thechapteronmicrocomputermemoryhasbeenrevisedwithadded \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 coverage{\fs19of}hardand optical disks. Sections on programmablelogic arrays{\b \fs19(PLA), }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-238 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 magnitudecomparators,demultiplexers,andSchmitttriggerdeviceshavebeen \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-233 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 added. \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-301 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi370 Thetopicsoutlinedinthisbookwerecarefullyselectedtocoincidewith \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-230 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 coursestaughtattheupperhighschool,vocational-Iechnical school,technical \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-242 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 college, and beginning collcge level. Several{\fs18of}the most widely usedtextbooksin \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-239 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 digital electronicswere analyzed. Thetopics and problems included inthis \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi22 Schaum's Outline reflect thoseencounteredin standardtextbooks. \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-302 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi368 {\i \fs19 Schuiini's}{\i \fs19 Outline}{\i \fs19 of}{\i \fs19 Digital}{\i \fs19 Principles,}ThirdEdition,beginswithnumber \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-232 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 systems anddigital codesandcontinueswithlogic gatesandcombinational logic \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 circuits.{\fs19It}then details the characteristics{\fs19of} both TTL and CMOS{\fs19ICs,} along with \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-239 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 variousinterfacingtopics.Nextencoders,decoders,anddisplaydriversareex- \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-244 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 plored, along with LED, LCD, and VF seven-segment displays. Various arithmetic \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 circuits are examined. It then covers flip-flops, other rnultivibrators, and sequential \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-232 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 logic,followedbycountersandshiftregisters.Nextsemiconductorandbulk \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 storage memoriesare explored.Finally, niultiplexers,demultiplexers,latchesand \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 buffers, digital data transmission, magnitude comparators,Schmitt trigger devices, \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-246 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 andprogrammablelogicarraysareinvestigated.Thebookstressestheuseof \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-235 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 industry-standarddigital{\fs19 ICs} (bothTTL andCMOS){\fs18so} thatthereader becomes \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-237 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 familiar with the practical hardwareaspects ofdigital electronics. Most circuits in \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-239 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 this Schaum's Outline canbe wired using standarddigital{\fs18ICs. }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-288 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi362 {\b \fs19 I}wishto thankmy{\fs19 son}Marshall forhis manyhoursoftyping, proofreading, \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-234 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 and testing circuits to make this book as accurate as possible.Finally,{\bI} extend{\fs18my }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-243 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 appreciationtootherfamilymembers Daniel andCarriefortheirhelp and \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-227 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 patience. \par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-241 \par\f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi5078 {\b \fs19 ROGER}L.{\fs19TOKHEIM }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-264 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi3502 {\f10 \fs20 ... }\par}{\phpg\posx1655\pvpg\posy2091\absw7783\absh11076 \sl-119 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi3500 {\b \f10 \fs11 111 }\par}\sect\sectd\pard\plain\pgwsxn10568\pghsxn14978{\phpg\posx3629\pvpg\posy3556\absw3525\absh246 \i \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \i \f20 \fs21 \cf0 This page intentionally left blank \par}\sect\sectd\pard\plain\pgwsxn10568\pghsxn14978{\phpg\posx1063\pvpg\posy2780\absw1069\absh247 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 Chapter{\i \fs221 }\par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy2756\absw6488\absh549 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 NUMBERS USED IN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS.{\b0 \f10 \fs22.................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy2756\absw6488\absh549 \sl-310 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 1-1}{\b0 \fs17 Introduction}{\b0 \f10 \fs22............................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2271\pvpg\posy3371\absw274\absh621 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 1-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2271\pvpg\posy3371\absw274\absh621 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 1-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2271\pvpg\posy3371\absw274\absh621 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 1-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2767\pvpg\posy3302\absw5975\absh698 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 BinaryNumbers{\f10 \fs22 .......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2767\pvpg\posy3302\absw5975\absh698 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Ikxadecimal Numbers{\f10 \fs23 ..................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2767\pvpg\posy3302\absw5975\absh698 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\fs17 2s} Complement Numbers{\f10 \fs22 .................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx9255\pvpg\posy2781\absw220\absh1152 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi73 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 1 \par}{\phpg\posx9255\pvpg\posy2781\absw220\absh1152 \sl-336 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi86 {\b0 \fs16 1 }\par}{\phpg\posx9255\pvpg\posy2781\absw220\absh1152 \sl-235 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi86 {\b0 \fs16 1 }\par}{\phpg\posx9255\pvpg\posy2781\absw220\absh1152 \sl-237 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi80 {\fs17 6 }\par}{\phpg\posx9255\pvpg\posy2781\absw220\absh1152 \sl-237 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\fs17 10 }\par}{\phpg\posx1063\pvpg\posy4690\absw7621\absh265 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 Chapter{\fs222} BINARY CODES{\b0 \f10 \fs22............................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy5049\absw274\absh835 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 2-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy5049\absw274\absh835 \sl-234 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 2-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy5049\absw274\absh835 \sl-242 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 2-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy5049\absw274\absh835 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 2-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy4980\absw5973\absh913 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Introduction{\f10 \fs22............................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy4980\absw5973\absh913 \sl-234 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Weighted Binary Codes{\f10 \fs22 ..................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy4980\absw5973\absh913 \sl-242 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Nonweighted Binary Codes{\f10 \fs22 ................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy4980\absw5973\absh913 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 AlphanumericCodes{\f10 \fs23 ...................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx9229\pvpg\posy4701\absw281\absh1148 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 16 \par}{\phpg\posx9229\pvpg\posy4701\absw281\absh1148 \sl-327 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi26 {\fs17 16 }\par}{\phpg\posx9229\pvpg\posy4701\absw281\absh1148 \sl-234 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi26 {\b0 \fs17 16 }\par}{\phpg\posx9229\pvpg\posy4701\absw281\absh1148 \sl-241 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 20 }\par}{\phpg\posx9229\pvpg\posy4701\absw281\absh1148 \sl-238 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 24 }\par}{\phpg\posx1069\pvpg\posy6614\absw7647\absh265 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 Chapter{\fs223} BASIC LOGIC GATES{\b0 \f10 \fs22 ........................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy6921\absw278\absh1307 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy6921\absw278\absh1307 \sl-296 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy6921\absw278\absh1307 \sl-230 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy6921\absw278\absh1307 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy6921\absw278\absh1307 \sl-235 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3-5 \par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy6921\absw278\absh1307 \sl-236 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 3-6 \par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy6915\absw5967\absh1327 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Introduction{\f10 \fs22............................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy6915\absw5967\absh1327 \sl-238 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 TheANDGate{\f10 \fs22.......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy6915\absw5967\absh1327 \sl-230 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 TheORGate{\f10 \fs22........................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy6915\absw5967\absh1327 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 TheNOTGate{\f10 \fs22.......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy6915\absw5967\absh1327 \sl-235 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Combining Logic Gates{\f10 \fs22..................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2763\pvpg\posy6915\absw5967\absh1327 \sl-236 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using Practical Logic Gates{\f10 \fs22.................................. }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 28 \par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \sl-242 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 28 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \sl-296 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 28 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \sl-230 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 31 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \sl-240 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 34 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \sl-236 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 36 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy6651\absw281\absh1550 \sl-235 \b \f10 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \f20 \fs17 39 }\par}{\phpg\posx1069\pvpg\posy8973\absw1077\absh255 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 Chapter{\i \f10 \fs214 }\par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy8960\absw6438\absh578 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 OTHER LOGIC GATES{\b0 \f10 \fs23 ....................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2259\pvpg\posy8960\absw6438\absh578 \sl-326 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 4-}{\b0 \fs17 1}{\b0 \fs17 Introduction}{\b0 \f10 \fs23............................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \sl-231 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \sl-242 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \sl-248 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-5 \par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \sl-235 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-6 \par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \sl-231 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-7 \par}{\phpg\posx2251\pvpg\posy9593\absw286\absh1478 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 4-8 \par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 The NAND Gate{\f10 \fs23 ......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \sl-231 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 The NORGate{\f10 \fs22.......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \sl-244 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 The Exclusive-OR Gate{\f10 \fs22 ..................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \sl-251 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 The Exclusive-NORGate{\f10 \fs22 ................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \sl-231 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Converting Gates When Using Inverters{\f10 \fs23.......................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \sl-244 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 NANDas a Universal Gate{\f10 \fs23.................................. }\par}{\phpg\posx2761\pvpg\posy9536\absw5979\absh1555 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using Practical Logic Gates{\f10 \fs22.................................. }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 48 \par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-340 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 48 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-236 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 48 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-231 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 50 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-244 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 52 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-251 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 54 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-222 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 55 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-237 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 58 }\par}{\phpg\posx9227\pvpg\posy9011\absw281\absh2014 \sl-240 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 60 }\par}{\phpg\posx1061\pvpg\posy11840\absw7663\absh274 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs19 \cf0 Chapter{\f30 \fs235} SIMPLIFYING LOGIC CIRCUITS: MAPPING{\b0 \f10 \fs23...................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-229 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\b \f10 \fs16 5-4 }\par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-235 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-5 \par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-232 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-0 \par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-235 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-7 \par}{\phpg\posx2249\pvpg\posy12227\absw308\absh1679 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-8 \par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Introduction{\f10 \fs23............................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-229 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Sum-of-Products Boolean Expressions{\f10 \fs22........................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Product-of-Sums Boolean Expressions{\f10 \fs22........................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-245 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using De Morgan'sTheorems{\f10 \fs23 ................................. }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using NANDLogic{\f10 \fs23....................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Usins NORLogic{\f10 \fs22........................................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-231 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Karnaugh Maps{\f10 \fs23 .......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-236 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Karnaugh Maps with FourVariables{\f10 \fs23 ............................ }\par}{\phpg\posx2755\pvpg\posy12170\absw5966\absh2009 \sl-156 \par\f20 \fs17 \cf0 \fi2460 {\b \fs11 V }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 69 \par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-330 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 69 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-217 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 {\b0 \fs17 69 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-237 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi22 {\b0 \fs17 72 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-246 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi22 {\b0 \fs17 75 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-240 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi22 {\b0 \fs17 77 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-237 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi22 {\b0 \fs17 79 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-232 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi22 {\b0 \fs17 82 }\par}{\phpg\posx9219\pvpg\posy11895\absw281\absh1989 \sl-235 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi23 {\b0 \fs17 85 }\par}\sect\sectd\pard\plain\pgwsxn10568\pghsxn14978{\phpg\posx899\pvpg\posy567\absw175\absh211 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \f20 \fs18 \cf0 vi \par}{\phpg\posx4855\pvpg\posy597\absw1030\absh192 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 CONTENTS \par}{\phpg\posx2315\pvpg\posy1433\absw274\absh194 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 5-9 \par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy1371\absw5963\absh263 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using Maps{\fs16with} Maxterm Expressions{\f10 \fs22 ........................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2315\pvpg\posy1629\absw6483\absh462 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 5-10{\fs17 Don't}{\fs17 Cares}{\fs17on}{\fs17Karnaugh}{\fs17Maps}{\f10 \fs22 ............................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2315\pvpg\posy1629\absw6483\absh462 \sl-224 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 5-11{\fs17 Karnaugh}{\fs17 Maps}{\fs17with}{\fs17Five.Variables}{\f10 \fs22............................. }\par}{\phpg\posx9313\pvpg\posy1435\absw212\absh624 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 88 \par}{\phpg\posx9313\pvpg\posy1435\absw212\absh624 \sl-255 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\fs16 91 }\par}{\phpg\posx9313\pvpg\posy1435\absw212\absh624 \sl-224 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\fs16 93 }\par}{\phpg\posx1119\pvpg\posy2745\absw9399\absh281 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Chapter{\i \fs226} 'ITL AND CMOS ICS: CHARACTERISTICSAND INTERFACING{\b0 \f10 \fs22 .}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}104 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-237 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-237 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-235 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-237 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-5 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-235 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-6 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-240 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 6-7 \par}{\phpg\posx2317\pvpg\posy3121\absw277\absh1688 \sl-238 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 6-8 }\par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy3075\absw6194\absh1307 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Introduction{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21. }\par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy3075\absw6194\absh1307 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Digital IC Terms{\f10 \fs22......................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy3075\absw6194\absh1307 \sl-237 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 TTL IntegratedCircuits{\f10 \fs22 ..................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy3075\absw6194\absh1307 \sl-232 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 CMOS IntegratedCircuits{\f10 \fs22................................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy3075\absw6194\absh1307 \sl-232 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Interfacing TTL{\fs16and}CMOS ICs{\f10 \fs22............................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2825\pvpg\posy3075\absw6194\absh1307 \sl-227 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Interfacing TTL and CMOS{\fs16with}Switches{\f10 \fs22 ......................... }\par}{\phpg\posx9233\pvpg\posy3133\absw316\absh1242 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 104 \par}{\phpg\posx9233\pvpg\posy3133\absw316\absh1242 \sl-237 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 105 \par}{\phpg\posx9233\pvpg\posy3133\absw316\absh1242 \sl-237 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 109 \par}{\phpg\posx9233\pvpg\posy3133\absw316\absh1242 \sl-232 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 114 \par}{\phpg\posx9233\pvpg\posy3133\absw316\absh1242 \sl-232 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 118 \par}{\phpg\posx9233\pvpg\posy3133\absw316\absh1242 \sl-227 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 125 \par}{\phpg\posx2835\pvpg\posy4473\absw6681\absh486 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Interfacing TTL/CMOSwith Simple Output Devices{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\fs16129 }\par}{\phpg\posx2835\pvpg\posy4473\absw6681\absh486 \sl-248 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\b D/A} and A/D Conversion{\f10 \fs22..................................} 131 \par}{\phpg\posx1121\pvpg\posy5615\absw8302\absh289 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Chapter{\fs227} CODE CONVERSION{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21 .}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21.}{\b0 \f10 \fs21. }\par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-240 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-235 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-231 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-245 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-5 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-234 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-6 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-240 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-7 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy5991\absw276\absh1693 \sl-241 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 7-8 \par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Introduction.{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22 .}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22 .}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22 .}{\f10 \fs22. }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-245 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Encoding{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21. }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-222 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Decoding: BCD to Decimal{\f10 \fs22.................................. }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-230 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Decoding: BCD-to-Seven-SegmentCode{\f10 \fs22 .......................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-260 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Liquid-Crystal Displays{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21. }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-230 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Driving LCDs{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22. }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-243 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Vacuum FluorescentDisplays{\f10 \fs22 ................................. }\par}{\phpg\posx2833\pvpg\posy5941\absw6176\absh1749 \sl-228 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Driving VF Displays{\fs16with}CMOS{\f10 \fs22 ............................... }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 140 \par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-336 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 {\b0 \fs16 140 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-245 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 {\b0 \fs16 140 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-216 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 {\b0 \fs16 143 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-230 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi34 {\b0 \fs16 147 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-260 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi34 {\b0 \fs16 152 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-230 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi36 {\b0 \fs16 154 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-243 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi28 {\b0 \fs17 158 }\par}{\phpg\posx9207\pvpg\posy5649\absw411\absh1999 \sl-228 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \fi34 {\b0 \fs16 161 }\par}{\phpg\posx1127\pvpg\posy8479\absw9357\absh261 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Chapter{\i \fs228} BINARYARITHMETIC AND ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}{\b0 \f10 \fs22.}170 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 8-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \sl-235 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 8-2 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \sl-240 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 8-3 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \sl-228 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 8-4 \par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \sl-247 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs17 8-5 }\par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \sl-230 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 8-6 }\par}{\phpg\posx2321\pvpg\posy8873\absw282\absh1461 \sl-229 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 8-7 \par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Introduction{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22. }\par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \sl-236 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Binary Addition{\f10 \fs22 .}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22. }\par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \sl-240 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Binary Subtraction{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21. }\par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \sl-227 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Parallel Addersand Subtractors{\f10 \fs22 ............................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \sl-248 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using Full Adders{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21.}{\f10 \fs21. }\par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \sl-230 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 Using Addersfor Subtraction{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22.}{\f10 \fs22. }\par}{\phpg\posx2827\pvpg\posy8811\absw6196\absh1531 \sl-229 \f20 \fs17 \cf0 {\fs16 2s} Complement AdditionandSubtraction{\f10 \fs22......................... }\par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 170 \par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \sl-236 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 170 \par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \sl-240 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 175 \par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \sl-227 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs17 180 }\par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \sl-248 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 184 \par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \sl-230 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 188 \par}{\phpg\posx9241\pvpg\posy8873\absw314\absh1461 \sl-230 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 193 \par}{\phpg\posx1127\pvpg\posy11119\absw1071\absh247 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 Chapter{\i \f10 \fs209 }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11109\absw6463\absh259 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs18 \cf0 FLIP-FLOPS AND OTHER MULTMBRATORS{\b0 \f10 \fs22..................... }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 9-1 \par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \sl-244 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 9-2 }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \sl-235 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 9-3 }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \sl-234 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 9-4 }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \sl-233 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 9-5 }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \sl-237 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs17 9-6 }\par}{\phpg\posx2323\pvpg\posy11506\absw280\absh1676 \sl-212 \f20 \fs16 \cf0 {\fs16 9-7 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