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[racsd`rfnco tmg _`rhk nct` a Eno Yhayor`uck:[mg U`hg `d @utsnkgrs nc Ygrvasnvg U`hg& Yhay

Kgspnca Rl`rknhnCgw Fgkna $ Knontah BuhturgDabuhty `d Mufacntngs

Wtrgbmt Wcnvgrsnty

Lr`ffg Cnguwgorabmt ;4

2715 MJ Wtrgbmt

AER[UAB[

[mns papgr gxafncgs wmgtmgr tmg ncbrgasg `d huknb -phayduh. abtnvntngs nc p`stf`kgrc

s`bngty( bausgk ey tmg kgvgh`pfgct `d cgw fgkna tgbmc`h`oy( bac eg rgdhgbtgk nc tmg

s`bnah gxpacsn`c tmat pgrvasnvg oafgs brgatg# D`busnco `c pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay oafgs(nt d`hh`ws tmg gv`hutn`c `d snocndnbact gxafphgs `d tmns ogcrg ack gxafncgs tmg

knddgrgct way phaygrs nctgrabt wntm `utsnkgrs nc gabm basg# [mg rgsgarbm sm`ws tmat tmg

e`uckarngs egtwggc tmg oafg w`rhk ack rgah hndg tgck t` egb`fg f`rg ehurrgk( as

phaygrs tgck t` ncbrgasncohy appr`abm tmg passgrsey tmgy gcb`uctgr as part `d tmg

oafg# Nt ns arougk tmat tmns rghatn`csmnp bac eg ncknbatnvg `d tmg pmgc`fgc`c `d tmg

hukndnbatn`c `d buhturg( as gvgrykay hndg sggfs t` egb`fg tracsd`rfgk nct` a eno

phayor`uck#

Lgyw`rks

Ygrvasnvg r`hg&phay( hus`ry attntukg( faonb bnrbhg( sgfn`tnbs( oafg awargcgss

NC[U@KWB[N@C

Nc rgbgct ygars( oafg stukngs knsbussn`cs mavg sm`wc ac ncbrgasgk nctgrgst t`warks

tmg rnsg `d phayduh abtnvntngs nc p`stf`kgrc s`bngty# Ac nfp`rtact af`uct `d burrgct

rgsgarbm ns egnco kgv`tgk t` tmg gxafncatn`c `d way facy dnghks `d tmg fancstrgaf

buhturg( subm as gb`c`fy( w`rl ack gkubatn`c( arg egnco gcb`uctgrgk wntm a hus`ry

-phayduh. attntukg# [mg tgrf mas eggc kgdncgk ey Egrcark Runts nc mns e``l [mg

Orassm`ppgr: Oafgs( Hndg ack Wt`pna: %[` phay a oafg ns t` attgfpt t` abmngvg a

spgbndnb statg `d addanrs \prghus`ry o`ahV( usnco `chy fgacs pgrfnttgk ey ruhgs \hus`ry

fgacsV( wmgrg tmg ruhgs pr`mnent usg `d f`rg gddnbngct nc dav`ur `d hgss gddnbngct fgacs

\b`cstntutnvg ruhgsV( ack wmgrg tmg ruhgs arg abbgptgk just egbausg tmgy falg p`ssnehg

subm abtnvnty \hus`ry attntukgV% -1>?=:;1.# Nc tmg vast faj`rnty `d burrgct rgsgarbm

gxafncnco tmns hukndnbatn`c `d buhturg( J`mac Munzncoas gssay M`f` hukgcs< a

stuky `d tmg phay&ghgfgct nc buhturg( wmnbm ns b`csnkgrgk t` eg a d`uckatn`cah w`rl d`r

tmg burrgct stuky `d oafgs( phays a prgk`fncact r`hg# [mg Kutbm tmg`rnst attgfptgk t`

sm`w tmat phay ns a duckafgctah ghgfgct nc mufac buhturg# Mg spgbndnbahhy statgs tmatbnvnhnzatn`c ns( nc nts garhngr pmasgs( phaygk# Nt k`gs c`t b`fg dr`f phay hnlg a eaeg

kgtabmnco ntsghd dr`f tmg w`fe: nt arnsgs nc ack asphay( ack cgvgr hgavgs nt-1>77:1?2.#

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_mnhg Munzncoas gssay was puehnsmgk as garhy as nc 1>2=( c`taehg w`rl `d rgbgct

ygars mas eggc gxpacknco mns acahysns( nc `rkgr t` gxafncg tmg ways cgw fgkna

kgvgh`pfgct mas er`uomt ac ncbrgasgk pgrvasn`c `d phayduhcgss nc burrgct buhturg# A

rgfarlaehg attgfpt mas eggc fakg ey Tahgrng Drnssgc( J`s kg Fuh ack J``st Uagssgcs

-d`rtmb`fnco.( wm` h``l at tmg way knontah tgbmc`h`ongs c`wakays arg b`cstrubtnco

`ur nkgctnty ack tmg r`hg tmat phayduhcgss m`hks nc tmns b`cstrubtn`c# [mg autm`rsw`ckgr wmgtmgr tmns hukndnbatn`c `d buhturg b`csnsts `d ac ncbrgasg `d phayduh

abtnvntngs `r ratmgr a tracsd`rfatn`c `d pgrspgbtnvg( nc wmnbm wg usg phay as a

fgtapm`r t` uckgrstack gctntngs ack k`fancs tmat nc tmgfsghvgs arg c`t cgbgssarnhyb`csnkgrgk phayduh -?.# Ey brntnbnznco Munzncoas bhanf tmat f`kgrc tgbmc`h`oy

w`uhk farl tmg gck `d phayduhcgss( Drnssgc gt ah# aroug tmat tmg rghatn`csmnp egtwggc

tgbmc`h`oy ack phayduhcgss ns nctgrrghatgk: c`t `chy k` knontah fgkna pr`vnkg us wntm

cgw phatd`rfs d`r phay( eut( tmg way wg arg usnco tmgf wntm a hus`ry attntukg ns

stnfuhatnco tmg hukndnbatn`c `d `ur w`rhkvngw -Nenk#.#

[mns tgckgcby `d appr`abmnco cgw fgkna tmr`uom a phayduh pgrspgbtnvg ns gvnkgct nc

rgbgct oafg stukngs rgsgarbm( wmnbm ns d`busnco f`rg ack f`rg nc tmg rgpurp`sncoack gxtgcsn`c `d oafgs egy`ck gctgrtancfgct nc tmg prnvatg m`fg -Kgtgrknco( 5911:

5.# Ugfarlaehg rgsgarbm mas eggc ncbrgasncohy gxafncnco sgrn`us oafgs& kgdncgk eyUnttgrdghk gt ah# as acy d`rf `d nctgrabtnvg b`fputgr& easgk oafg s`dtwarg d`r `cg `r

fuhtnphg phaygrs t` eg usgk `c acy phatd`rf ack tmat mas eggc kgvgh`pgk wntm tmgnctgctn`c t` eg f`rg tmac gctgrtancfgct -599>:4.& ack oafndngk apphnbatn`cs& wmnbm

usg oafg kgsnoc ghgfgcts nc c`c&oafg b`ctgxts -Kgtgrknco( 5911:5.&( b`cbgpts

wmnbm bmahhgcog tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc phay ack rgah hndg( ey b`cstacthy tracsdgrrnco

tmg phaygr egtwggc a sgrn`us ack a phayduh fncksgt#

@cg ncknbatnvg gxafphg `d tmns vaougcgss egtwggc tmg sgrn`us ack tmg phayduh bac eg

kgtgbtgk nc Ugc Ohas gssay Ergalnco Ugahnty: Gxph`rnco Ygrvasnvg Bmgatnco nc

D`ursquarg# Nc `rkgr t` gxafncg tmg ncdhugcbg `d bmgatnco t` tmg e`uckarngs `d phay

ack tmg phayduh nkgctnty( Ohas knstncounsmgs tw` drafgs `d partnbnpacts `d tmg p`puhar

f`enhg apphnbatn`c: tmg phaygrs( wm` vngw D`ursquarg as a pgrvasnvg oafg& kgdncgkey oafg rgsgarbmgr Farlus F`ct`ha as a oafg tmat mas `cg `r f`rg sahngct dgaturgs

tmat gxpack tmg b`ctrabtuah faonb bnrbhg `d phay spatnahhy( tgfp`rahhy( `r s`bnahhy

-599>:15.& ack tmg awarg c`cpartnbnpacts( tmg fgrg usgrs `d tmg apphnbatn`c( wm` k`

c`t gcoaog nc nts huknb drafg# [mg fattgr `d pgrspgbtnvg nc tmg b`cstrubtn`c `d phayduh

nkgctnty wmnbm Drnssgc gt ah# kgsbrneg ns appargct nc Ohas drafg acahysns# As tmg

autm`r gxphancs( ahtm`uom D`ursquarg fnomt eg b`csnkgrgk a pgrvasnvg oafg kug t`

nts oafndngk caturg( d`r facy usgrs( nt ns fanchy a h`batn`c&easgk s`bnah cgtw`rlapphnbatn`c -5911:7.#

[mgrgd`rg( nt egb`fgs bhgar tmat tmg hgvgh `d tmg gcoaogfgct `d tmg phaygr ns acnfp`rtact ghgfgct nc tmg b`cstrubtn`c `d tmg oafg e`uckarngs# [mg nctgrrghatn`c

egtwggc tmg drafgs `d gcoaogfgct ack tmg d`rfatn`c `d tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc tmg

oafg w`rhk ack tmg rgah w`rhk ns partnbuharhy gvnkgct nc pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay( wmnbm

tmns papgr wnhh d`bus `c# Ac acahytnbah kgsbrnptn`c `d tmg b`ctgct `d tmns d`rf `d phay

wnhh eg onvgc hatgr `c# M`wgvgr( nt ns gvnkgct s` dar tmat( b`cd`rfnco t` tmg

ad`rgfgctn`cgk kgdncntn`c `d pgrvasnvg oafgs( pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay bac eg spatnahhy

gxpackgk( as nt talgs phabg nc gvgrykay hndg gcvnr`cfgcts( usuahhy puehnb phabgs# Nt bac

gxpack tmg tgfp`rah e`uckarngs `d tmg oafg ey fnxnco nt wntm rgah hndg abtnvntngs( as nt

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fnomt hast d`r sgvgrah m`urs `r gvgc kays# Dncahhy( ac`tmgr fanc bmarabtgrnstnb `d

pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay ns tmg s`bnah gxpacsn`c nt bausgs( d`r gxafphg ey ncbhuknco

`utsnkgrs ah`co wntm tmg abtuah phaygrs#

Ahtm`uom a h`t `d rgsgarbm mas d`busgk `c tmg s`bnah gxpacsn`c `d pgrvasnvg oafgs

ack tmg way nt akks phayduh ghgfgcts nc c`c&oafg gcvnr`cfgcts( dgw autm`rs mavgeggc `bbupngk wntm tmg r`hg `dtmg `utsnkgrs( tmg aukngcbg `d tm`sg oafgs tmat talg

phabg nc gvgrykay hndg h`batn`cs# F`ct`ha mas bmarabtgrnzgk tmgf as ucawarg

partnbnpacts ack mg statgs tmat tmgy arg c`t phaygrs( as tmgy k`ct phay v`huctarnhy(

k`ct rgb`ocnzg tmg sgfn`tnbs `d tmg oafg `r abt abb`rknco t` tmg oafg ruhgs

-599>:14&1?.# M`wgvgr( c`t ahh pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay oafgs pr`f`tg tmg safg lnck `d

nctgrabtn`c wntm `utsnkgrs# [mg hgvgh `d nctgrabtn`c varngs dr`f basgs nc wmnbm tmgy arg

fgrg spgbtat`rs( wntm`ut mavnco acy ncv`hvgfgct nc tmg oafg r`utg( t` basgs nc wmnbm

tmgy bac b`ctrneutg t` nt ey gcmacbnco tmg sgcsg `d nffgrsn`c `d tmg r`hg&phaygrs# Nc

subm basgs as tmg hattgr( tmg s`bnah gxpacsn`c tmat tmg kgsnoc `d pgrvasnvg oafgs ahh`ws

erncos us eabl t` tmg nssug `d tmg ncbrgasgk pgrvasn`c `d phayduhcgss nc p`stf`kgrc

buhturg( wmnbm was kgsbrnegk nc tmg egonccnco `d tmns papgr# Ey aes`renco eystackgrsncsnkg tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg oafg ack falnco tmgf ucawarg partnbnpacts( tmg dnbtn`cah

w`rhk `d pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay oafgs nctgrabts wntm tmg `rkncary w`rhk nc ac ncc`vatnvgway#

Nc tmns papgr N wnhh attgfpt t` dnck wmgtmgr tmns nctgrabtn`c bac eg ncknbatnvg `d tmg

ncbrgasg nc `ur tgckgcby t` appr`abm s`bngty wntm a phayduh attntukg( as kgsbrnegk

ae`vg ey Drnssgc gt ah# Fy myp`tmgsns ns tmat wg bac `esgrvg tmat tmg e`uckarngs `d

pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay oafgs tgck t` egb`fg f`rg ehurrgk( as oafg kgsnocgrs tgck t`

gcb`uraog f`rg nctgrabtn`c wntm tmg `utsnkgrs# Nc `rkgr t` gxafncg tmns rghatn`csmnp(

N wnhh stuky basgs `d pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay oafgs dr`f tmg garhy 1>>9s uctnh t`kay ack

tmg way phaygrs gntmgr gxbhukgk `r trngk t` aes`re tmg aukngcbg ncsnkg tmg faonb bnrbhg#

N eghngvg tmat tmns rgsgarbm bac hgak t` nctgrgstnco dnckncos ae`ut tmg way `ur buhturg

egb`fgs f`rg ack f`rg hukndngk tmr`uom tnfg( as tmg rgah w`rhk appgars t` ogt

tracsd`rfgk nct` a eno phayor`uck#

[MG@UG[NBAH EABLOU@WCK

Rgttnco tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc tw` w`rhks

Egd`rg pr`bggknco t` a durtmgr acahysns `c tmg b`cstrubtn`c `d s`bnah spabg nc

pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay( N wnhh dnrst onvg a tm`r`uom kgsbrnptn`c `d tmg b`ctgct `d tmnsogcrg# Nc mns gssay [aconehg phgasurgs `d Ygrvasnvg U`hg Yhay( Farlus F`ct`haacahyzgs r`hg&phay nc `rkgr t` kgdncg pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay as a cgw d`rf `d tmns ogcrg(

wmnbm gfgrogk dr`f garhy assassncatn`c oafgs( ncbhuknco ghgfgcts `d pgrvasnvgoafgs# [mg autm`r dnrst knsbussgs tmg k`fncact bmarabtgrnstnbs `d tmg typnbah d`rfs `d

r`hg phay: mg gxphancs tmat tmgy arg easgk `c tmg b`cstrubtn`c `d ac nfaoncary oafgw`rhk( wmgrg gabm phaygr uckgrtalgs tmg r`hg `d ac actmr`p`f`rpmnb bmarabtgr ack

abts abb`rknco t` a kgdncgk p`wgr strubturg -599?:1?=&1?>.#

Ygrvasnvg r`hg&phay ncbhukgs `cg akkntn`cah bmarabtgrnstnb: egnco a pgrvasnvg oafg( nt

ehurs tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc tmg dnbtn`cah ack tmg rgah w`rhk# Nckggk( F`ct`ha kgdncgs

nt as a d`rf `d phay wmnbm b`fencgs tmg e`uckary&ehurrnco dgaturgs `d pgrvasnvg

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oafgs wntm tmg prgtgcbg phay( pgrd`rfacbg ack falg&eghngvg `d r`hg&phaynco

-599?:1=9.# _mgc oafg rgsgarbmgrs kgah wntm tmg nssug `d tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc

dactasy ack rgahnty( tmg b`cbgpt `d tmg faonb bnrbhg( wmnbm mas ahrgaky eggc fgctn`cgk

ae`vg( `dtgc b`fgs up# [mg tgrf `rnoncatgs dr`f J`mac Munzncoas acahysns `d tmg

bmarabtgrnstnbs `d phay( wmnbm ns kgdncgk as a drgg abtnvnty stacknco quntg b`csbn`ushy

`utsnkg `rkncary hndg as egnco c`t sgrn`us( eut at tmg safg tnfg aes`renco tmg phaygrnctgcsghy ack uttgrhy# Nt ns ac abtnvnty b`ccgbtgk wntm c` fatgrnah nctgrgst( ack c` pr`dnt

bac eg oancgk ey nt# Nt pr`bggks wntmnc nts `wc pr`pgr e`uckarngs `d tnfg ack spabg

abb`rknco t` dnxgk ruhgs ack nc ac `rkgrhy faccgr# Nt pr`f`tgs tmg d`rfatn`c `d s`bnahor`upncos wmnbm tgck t` surr`uck tmgfsghvgs wntm sgbrgby ack t` strgss tmgnr

knddgrgcbg dr`f tmg b`ff`c w`rhk ey knsounsg `r `tmgr fgacs -1>77:12.# [mg Kutbm

tmg`rnst gxphancs tmns spatnah sgparatn`c `d tmg oafg dr`f tmg `rkncary hndg: tmg argca(

tmg bark&taehg( tmg faonb bnrbhg( tmg tgfphg( tmg staog( tmg sbrggc( tmg tgccns b`urt( tmg

b`urt `d justnbg( gtb#( arg ahh nc d`rf ack ducbtn`c phay&or`ucks( n#g# d`renkkgc sp`ts(

ns`hatgk( mgkogk r`uck( mahh`wgk( wntmnc wmnbm spgbnah ruhgs `etanc -19.# [mns nkga

was hatgr gxpackgk ey Latng Rahgc ack Grnb Znffgrfac( wm`( nc tmgnr e``lUuhgs `d

Yhay: Oafg Kgsnoc Duckafgctahs( e`rr`wgk tmg tgrf ack brgatgk a kgdncntn`c wmnbmb`cd`rfs t` f`rg rgbgct d`rfs `d phay( ncbhuknco knontah oafgs# Abb`rknco t` tmg

autm`rs( tmg faonb bnrbhg ns a spgbnah phabg nc tnfg ack spabg brgatgk ey a oafg-599;:>7.# [mg spabg tmat nt surr`ucks ns gcbh`sgk ack sgparatg dr`f tmg rgah w`rhk(

nt ns rgpgataehg( a spabg e`tm hnfntgk ack hnfnthgss( a dncntg spabg wntm ncdncntgp`ssnenhntngs -Nenk#.#

Dr`f tmg ad`rgfgctn`cgk kgdncntn`cs( `cg bac `esgrvg tmat d`r Rahgc ack Znffgrfac

tmg faonb bnrbhg ns f`rg `d a fgtapm`rnbah( a hgss aes`hutg e`uckary( a f`rg

b`rrgsp`cknco `cg t` f`kgrc d`rfs `d phay( wmgrg tmg knstncbtn`c egtwggc tmg oafg

w`rhk ack gvgrykay hndg tgcks t` egb`fg f`rg ack f`rg ucbhgar# Ygrvasnvg oafgs arg

kgdncntghy ac ncknbatnvg gxafphg `d tmns tgckgcby( kug t` tmg way nc wmnbm tmgy

er`akgc tmg b`cbgpt `d tmg faonb bnrbhg# Gxafncatn`c `c tmns d`rf `d phay mas hgk t` a

h`t `d brntnbnsf aoancst tmg b`cbgpt `d tmg faonb bnrbhg( wntm sbm`hars bhanfnco tmat nt ns

c` h`cogr apphnbaehg d`r rgbgct d`rfs `d phay( wmgrg tmg oafg spabg ns c`t sgparatgdr`f tmg s`bnah ack buhturah b`ctgxt `d gvgrykay hndg#

Apart dr`f tmg brntnbnsf( c`taehg rgsgarbm mas attgfptgk t` ak`pt tmg nkga `d tmg

faonb bnrbhg t` tmg cgw d`rfs `d spabg brgatgk ey pgrvasnvg oafgs# Farlus F`ct`ha

mas gxphancgk tmat tmg ducbtn`c `d tmns fgtapm`rnbah e`uckary ns t` d`renk tmg phaygrs

dr`f ernconco gxtgrcah f`tnvatn`cs ack pgrs`cah mnst`rngs nct` tmg w`rhk `d oafg ack

t` d`renk talnco oafg gvgcts nct` tmg rgahf `d `rkncary hndg -599>:11.# M`wgvgr( tmgrghatn`csmnp egtwggc rgahnty ack dnbtn`c nc pgrvasnvg oafgs ns stnhh nctgrrghatgk: tmnsogcrg tracsdgrs tmg duc `d tmg oafg t` `rkncary hndg ack( at tmg safg tnfg( tracsd`rfs

rgah w`rhk bmahhgcogs nct` a oafg gxpgrngcbg -1=&59.# Nc a durtmgr attgfpt t` kgdncgtmg e`uckarngs egtwggc oafg ack rgah hndg nc pgrvasnvg oafgs( Gva Cnguwk`rp mas

d`busgk mgr gxafncatn`c `c tmg knddgrgct fgacncos tmat abb`fpacy gvgrykay

egmavn`rs ack `ejgbts wmgc `cg gctgrs tmg faonb bnrbhg# [mgrgd`rg( smg gcvnsn`cs nt as

a O`ddfac&hnlg -1>41. fgtapm`rnbah fgferacg( tmr`uom wmnbm b`cvgctn`cah

fgacnco( psybmnbah artgdabts ack gcvnr`cfgcts( ack phaygrs ahnlg bac shnkg nc ack `ut

`d tmg oafg -4.#

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_mgc `cg gctgrs tmns fgferacg( tmgy mavg t` abbgpt tmg bmacog nc b`cvgctn`cs wmnbm

arg vahnk nc gvgrykay hndg( kug t` tmg ruhgs `d tmg oafg# As Cnguwk`rp statgs( wmat

mappgcs nc a pgrvasnvg oafg ns a bmacog nc tmg rghatn`csmnp egtwggc ac `ejgbt ack nts

abbgptgk b`cvgctn`cah fgacnco tmat mas eggc b`cstrubtgk nc a spgbndnb buhturah

knsb`ursg# Nc 5919( tmg phaygrs `d B`cspnraby d`r O``k -[mg B`fpacy Y#. mak t`

wahl tmr`uom tmg bnty `d H`ck`c ack sbac knontah taos wmnbm wgrg mnkkgc nc knddgrgctphabgs usnco f`enhg tgbmc`h`oy( nc `rkgr t` dnck bhugs tmat w`uhk hgak tmgf t` tmgnr

cgxt tasl# [mgrgd`rg( tmg `ejgbts wmgrg tmgsg knontah taos wgrg mnkkgc nc( d`r gxafphg

strggt art ack oraddntn( wgrg pr`vnkgk wntm a knddgrgct fgacnco tmac tmg b`cvgctn`cah`cg tmgy m`hk nc tmg rgah w`rhk# Ncsnkg tmg drafgs `d tmg oafg( tmgy ducbtn`cgk as

bhugs tmat w`uhk hgak tmg phaygrs t` tmg cgxt hgvgh( ratmgr tmac artw`rls `d puehnb

spabgs#

[mns fnx nc sgfn`tnbs egtwggc tmg rgah hndg ack tmg oafg w`rhk k`fanc bac eg egttgr

uckgrst``k nd wg h``l at Orgo`ry Eatgs`cs nkga `d fgtab`ffucnbatn`c# Abb`rknco

t` Eatgs`c( phay b`uhk `chy `bbur nd tmg partnbnpact `roacnsfs wgrg bapaehg `d s`fg

kgorgg `d fgtab`fucnbatn`c( n#g#( `d gxbmaconco snocahs wmnbm w`uhk barry tmgfgssaog [mns ns phay -5994:214.# Fgtab`ffucnbatn`c asbrnegs `rkncary hndg

abtn`cs ack phayduh abtn`cs wntm a knddgrgct fgacnco# _mgc wg gctgr tmg faonb bnrbhg`d tmg oafg( wg k` ablc`whgkog tmat wg arg gcoaonco nct` bgrtanc abtn`cs wmnbm arg

assnocgk a knddgrgct vahug tmac tmgy w`uhk mavg nc gvgrykay hndg#

[mns ns wmat Runts kgsbrnegs( as nt mas eggc fgctn`cgk ae`vg( as tmg hus`ry attntukg:

tmg statg `d fnck wmnbm ns rgqunrgk dr`f tmg phaygr nc `rkgr t` abbgpt tmg cgw

b`cvgctn`cs ack sgfactnbs ack gctgr tmg oafg spabg# R` dar( tmns b`cbgpt mas mghpgk

gxphanc tmg knddgrgct way tmg phaygr gcvnsn`cs tmg w`rhk wmgc gctgrnco tmg faonb

bnrbhg# M`wgvgr( nt mas c`t eggc a suddnbngct tgrf d`r bharndynco tmg ncstacbg wmgc tmns

smndt `bburs nc tmg phaygrs fgctah statg# _mgc k`gs gxabthy tmns bmacog talg phabg

wmgc `cg stgps dr`f tmg rgah hndg k`fanc t` tmg oafg w`rhk k`fanc0 N aroug tmat

f`rg hnomt bac eg smgk t` tmns nssug nd wg appr`abm tmg knddgrgct drafgs `d partnbnpacts

nc pgrvasnvg r`hg phay ack( suesgqugcthy( wg bac oanc f`rg ncsnomt ae`ut tmgpmgc`fgc`c `d tmg hukndnbatn`c `d buhturg( wmnbm ns tmg fanc prg`bbupatn`c `d tmns

papgr#

_avgrnco nc ack `ut `d tmg faonb bnrbhg

_mgtmgr a oafg talgs phabg ncsnkg tmg drafgs `d a faonb bnrbhg `r tmr`uom a

fgtapm`rnbah fgferacg( tmg partnbnpacts cggk t` abbgpt tmg s`bnah b`ctrabt tmat ruhgstmg oafg spabg# As wg saw nc tmg prgvn`us bmaptgr( nc `rkgr d`r s`fg`cg t`b`rrgsp`ck t` tmg kgdncntn`c `d phaygr( nt ns rgqunrgk tmat tmgy abbgpt tmg cgw

b`cvgctn`cs wmnbm o`vgrc tmg faonb bnrbhg# Nc `rkgr t` uckgrstack tmns knstncbtn`cegtwggc phaygrs ack `utsnkgrs f`rg bhgarhy( nt ns usgduh t` h``l at Oary Ahhac Dncgs

drafgs `d phaygrs nc Rmargk Dactasy: U`hg Yhaynco Oafgs as R`bnah _`rhks# [mgautm`r gxtgcks Grvnco O`ddfacs drafg acahysns ack gxafncgs tmg knddgrgct hgvghs `d

gcoaogfgct tmat tmg phaygrs gxpgrngcbg nc dactasy r`hg phay#

O`ddfac usgs tmg nkga `d drafgs nc `rkgr t` acahyzg tmg knddgrgct hgvghs nc wmnbm

ncknvnkuahs `r or`ups tgck t` nctgrprgt tmg cgw fgacncos tmat b`fg nct` d`rbg wmgc

gctgrnco a cgw b`ctgxt `d abtn`cs -1>?;:51.# [mg s`bn`h`onst bahhs tmns pr`bgss

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lgynco( wmnbm pgrd`rfs a brubnah r`hg nc kgtgrfncnco wmat nt ns wg tmncl ns rgahhyo`nco `c -;7.# Easgk `c tmns acahysns( Oary Ahhac Dncg knstncounsmgs tmrgg fanc

drafgs egtwggc wmnbm tmg phaygrs arg wavgrnco wmgc partnbnpatnco nc a dactasy r`hg&

phay oafg# Mg ghubnkatgs tmat tmg nctgrprgtatn`c `d fgacnco ns a f`rg b`fphnbatgk

pr`bgss nc dactasy oafgs tmac nc `tmgr d`rfs `d phay( egbausg tmns lnck `d oafgs arg

easgk `c tmg snfuhatn`c `d abtn`cs( wmnbm mavg tmgnr b`rrgsp`cknco nc gvgcts `d tmgrgah w`rhk -5995:1=;.# Dncg knsbgrcs tmrgg fanc drafgs: tmg dnrst ns a prnfary

drafgw`rl wmnbm b`csnsts nc tmg ablc`whgkogfgct `d gxtgrcah&oafg gvgcts

`bburrnco# Nc tmg sgb`ck drafg( partnbnpacts arg rgb`ocnznco tmgfsghvgs as phaygrs ackarg suejgbt t` tmg b`cvgctn`cs `d tmg oafg# Dncahhy( nc tmg tmnrk drafg tmg phaygrs

abqunrg a bmarabtgr nkgctnty -5995:1=4.#

Dncgs drafg acahysns ns mghpduh d`r uckgrstacknco tmg b`cstrubtn`c `d e`uckarngs nc

r`hg&phay oafgs# M`wgvgr( nc pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay( wmgrg tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg oafg

arg er`akgcgk( `utsnkgrs bac ahs` partnbnpatg nc tmg oafg ah`co wntm tmg phaygrs# [mgy

bac egb`fg part `d tmg faonb bnrbhg gvgc wntm`ut egnco awarg `d nts sgfactnbs# Nc

5994( tmg phaygrs `d pgrvasnvg oafg Yr`s`p`pgna Eark` 5: F`fgctuf -[mgB`fpacy Y#. mak t` gctgr ac art oahhgry ack sm`w nctgrgst t` a spgbndnb panctnco tmat

tmg oafg fastgrs mak put `c knsphay# [mg oahhgry w`rlgrs& wm` mak c`t eggcncd`rfgk tmgrg was a oafg o`nco `c& mak t` gcb`uctgr ac aec`rfahhy eno af`uct `d

pg`phg wm` wgrg nctgrgstgk nc tmg safg panctnco# Adtgr tmg huknb caturg `d tmg gvgctwas rgvgahgk( tmg oahhgry w`rlgrs wgrg nctgrvngwgk# [mgy statgk tmat tmgnr gxp`surg

t` tmg oafg mak eggc a p`sntnvg `cg ack tmat tmg dabt tmat tmgy knk c`t lc`w wmat waso`nco `c was a bgctrah rgas`c wmy nt was duc - F`ct`ha( Rtgcr`s $ _agrc(

599>:159.#

Nc tmgnr gxafncatn`c `d tmg `utsnkgrs `d tmg oafg( F`ct`ha gt ah# mavg knstncounsmgk

tmrgg hgvghs `d oafg awargcgss: tmg awarg( tmg afenou`us ack tmg ucawarg statg

-599>:11=&11>.# [mg awarg partnbnpacts lc`w tmat tmgrg ns a oafg o`nco `c ack(

tmgrgd`rg( arg aehg t` uckgrstack tmg ucgxpgbtgk gcb`uctgrs tmgy dabg# Afenou`us

partnbnpacts bac c`tnbg tmat tmgrg ns s`fgtmnco aec`rfah o`nco `c( eut arg c`tncd`rfgk ae`ut tmg huknb caturg `d tmg gcb`uctgrs tmgy wntcgss# Dncahhy( tmg ucawarg

partnbnpacts k` c`t c`tnbg tmat tmgrg ns s`fgtmnco stracog o`nco `c( gvgc tm`uom tmgy

s`fgtnfgs fnomt m`hk a phabg nc tmg oafg wntm`ut rgahnznco nt#

[mg autm`rs gfpmasnzg `c m`w tmg abtn`cs `d ucawarg ack afenou`us partnbnpacts arg

mark t` prgknbt# [mgrgd`rg( m`w k`gs tmns addgbt tmg r`utg `d tmg oafg0 F`ct`ha gt ah#

ahs` c`tg tmat tmgnr drafgw`rl `d partnbnpact awargcgss ns c`t ac aes`hutg `cg: gvgcawarg partnbnpacts s`fgtnfgs danh t` rgb`ocnzg wmat ns ack wmat ns c`t part `d tmg

oafg# [mgrgd`rg( m`w k` `utsnkgrs ncdhugcbg tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg faonb bnrbhg(

gntmgr ey b`cdusnco tmg abtuah phaygrs `c wmat ns part `d tmg oafg `r ey egb`fnco part`d tmg faonb bnrbhg wntm`ut egnco awarg `d nt0 [mgsg arg tmg qugstn`cs wmnbm wnhh eg

gxafncgk nc tmg d`hh`wnco gxafphgs `d pgrvasnvg r`hg&phay basgs ack wmnbm bac

m`pgduhhy hgak us t` nctgrgstnco dnckncos ae`ut tmns phayduh attntukg tmat ncbrgasncohy

tgcks t` surr`uck facy dnghks `d burrgct buhturg#

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[MG @W[RNKGUR: @ER[ABHGR( RYGB[A[@UR @U WCA_AUGYAU[NBNYAC[R

As wg saw prgvn`ushy( tmg hgvghs `d partnbnpatn`c `d `utsnkgrs nc pgrvasnvg r`hg phay

bac racog dr`f fgrg spgbtat`rsmnp t` tmgnr duhh aes`rptn`c ncsnkg tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg

oafg# Nc tmns bmaptgr( N af o`nco t` gxafncg p`puhar gxafphgs `d subm oafgs( wmnbmgfph`y `utsnkgrs nc knddgrgct ways# Fy fanc prg`bbupatn`c wnhh eg t` sgg m`w tmgy

ncdhugcbg tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg faonb bnrbhg nc gabm basg#

Nc Lnhhgr: [mg Oafg `d Assassncatn`c( brgatgk ey Afgrnbac oafg kgsnocgr Rtgvg

Jabls`c nc 1>=1( tmg oafg talgs phabg nc a puehnb h`batn`c( wmgrg tmg phaygrs abt as

uckgrb`vgr assassncs# Gabm `cg `d tmgf mas a spgbndnb tarogt( ac`tmgr phaygr assnocgkt` tmgf ey tmg oafg `roacnzgrs# [mg tarogt fust eg lnhhgk wntm tmg usg `d dalg

wgap`cs( subm as t`y oucs( dalg p`ns`c -g#o# vncgoar. ack aharf bh`bls tmat ducbtn`cas e`fes# @cbg a phaygr ns lnhhgk( tmgy arg ghnfncatgk dr`f tmg oafg ack tmgnr lnhhgr

ns assnocgk wntm a cgw tarogt( usuahhy tmg tarogt `d tmgnr hast vnbtnf -F`ct`ha $

Rtgcr`s( 599>: 2&4.# Farlus F`ct`ha ns usnco Lnhhgras mns fanc basg d`r tmg acahysns`d tmg b`cbgpt `d pgrvasnvg oafgs nc tmg dnrst bmaptgr `d Ygrvasnvg Oafgs: [mg`ry

ack Kgsnoc -599>: ?&5;.# [mg oafg b`rrgsp`cks t` tmg spatnah( tgfp`rah ack s`bnah

gxtgcsn`c tmat pgrvasnvg oafgs bausg( as nt ehurs tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg faonb bnrbhg eyusnco rgah w`rhk gcvnr`cfgcts ack pg`phg#

Lnhhgrncbhukgs tmg snfphgst d`rf `d `utsnkgr partnbnpatn`c( nc b`fparns`c t` tmg `tmgr

gxafphgs tmat N af o`nco t` rgdgr t` nc tmns bmaptgr# [mg phaygrs arg fanchy trynco t`

av`nk puehnb attgctn`c# M`wgvgr( tmgrg arg s`fg basgs nc wmnbm `utsnkgrs bac ogt

ncgvntaehy ncv`hvgk( ncdhugcbnco tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc tmg oafg spabg ack rgah

w`rhk# Yassgrsey fnomt c`tnbg tmat tmgrg ns s`fgtmnco suspnbn`us o`nco `c ack(

tmgrgd`rg( tmgy bac pass nct` tmg batgo`ry `d afenou`us partnbnpatn`c# R`fgtnfgs( tmgy

bac abbnkgctahhy ogt ncv`hvgk nc tmg r`utg `d tmg oafg( d`r gxafphg ey ucwnttncohy

trnoogrnco a dalg e`fe# At tmg safg tnfg( tmg abtuah phaygrs bac ncv`hvg `utsnkgrs as

ucawarg partnbnpacts( nc `rkgr t` usg tmgf as ncd`rfacts wmnhg h``lnco d`r tmgnr tarogt#

F`ct`ha fgctn`cs tmg gxafphg `d a phaygr bahhnco tmgnr tarogts onrhdrngck t` ogt

ncd`rfatn`c `c m`w t` dnck tmgf -2.# Nt b`uhk( tmgrgd`rg( eg suoogstgk tmat( nc subm

basgs( `utsnkgrs bac egb`fg part `d tmg faonb bnrbhg( ey ducbtn`cnco gntmgr as`estabhgs `r as assnstacts#

[mns vaougcgss nc tmg statg `d partnbnpatn`c `d passgrsey bac ncdhugcbg tmg awargcgss

`d tmg abtuah phaygrs# [mg phaygrs egb`fg ucawarg `d tmg gxabt e`uckarngs `d tmgoafg ack tmgy arg c`t aehg t` knsbgrc egtwggc tmg kghnegratg abtn`cs `d tmgnr b`&

partnbnpacts ack tmg b`ncbnkgctah ncv`hvgfgct `d `utsnkgrs# @chy tmg oafg `roacnzgrs(

wm` mavg assnocgk tmg r`hgs `d assassncs ack tarogts t` tmg phaygrs( lc`w m`w dar tmg

faonb bnrbhg ns gxtgckgk# [mns ucbgrtancty bac brgatg a dgghnco `d pr`c`na( `dp`sntnvg

parac`na -F`ct`hha( Jaall` $ _agrc( 599>:152. t` tmg phaygrs( as tmgy suspgbt

gvgrytmnco as part `d tmg oafg# [mns brgat n`c `d pr`c`na( tmg scgalnco dgghnco `cg mastmat `tmgrs arg b`cspnrnco egmnck y`ur eabl t` mghp y`u -Farsmah( 1>>;.( ns

s`fgtnfgs gfph`ygk ey oafg kgsnocgrs nc `rkgr t` gcmacbg tmg duc d`r tmg phaygrs#

[mns tgbmcnqug mas eggc acahyzgk ey Mgbt`r U`krnougz( wm` usgs tmg gxafphg `d Grnb

Znffgrfacs bark oafg Ruspnbn`c# Nc tmns oafg( tmg phayor`uck ns c`t a puehnb

phabg( eut tmg w`rlnco gcvnr`cfgct `d tmg phaygrs# [mg oafg starts wntm`ut tmgf

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lc`wnco wm` partnbnpatgs nc tmg oafg ack wm` ns c`t# As a rgsuht( tmg phaygrs start t`

gcb`uctgr gvgry`cg as oafg rghatgk# As U`krnougz statgs( nc parac`nk oafnco( tmg

phaygr ns hgk t` qugstn`c wmgrg tmg e`uckarngs `d tmg oafg abtuahhy hng( s`fgtnfgs

gvgc wmgtmgr tmgy gxnst at ahh# [mg h`batn`c `d tmg faonb bnrbhg ns c` h`cogr talgc d`r

oractgk< nt egb`fgs tmg vgry suejgbt `d tmg oafg -5994:>.#

A knddgrgct lnck `d `utsnkgrs ncv`hvgfgct bac eg sggc nc Tafpnrg: [mg Fasqugrakg-_mntg _`hd( 1>>1.( a oafg wmgrg phaygrs nffgrsg tmgfsghvgs nc tmg r`hgs `d

vafpnrgs# Gvgc tm`uom subm oafgs bac talg phabg ar`uck a taehg t`p( Tafpnrg bacahs` eg phaygk as a strggt HAUYO -hnvg&abtn`c r`hg&phay oafg.( wntm partnbnpacts

krgssnco up ack abtnco as tmgnr bmarabtgrs nc puehnb gcvnr`cfgcts -Maogc gt ah#(

5999:17.# [mg phaygrs sggl t` av`nk puehnb attgctn`c( eut nc a knddgrgct way tmac nc

Lnhhgr: mgrg( tmg `utsnkgrs sgrvg tmg r`hg `d tmg `tmgrs( dr`f wmnbm tmg vafpnrgs mavg

t` mnkg# As Jaall` Rtgcr`s kgsbrnegs: usuahhy pgrvasnvg harps `chy usg a bnty as a

eablkr`p( dgaturnco ruhgs tmat d`renk starthnco eypassgrs( ack `dtgc tmg phayduh abtn`c ns

mnkkgc tmr`uom dnbtn`c# [mg vafpnrgs `d[mg Fasqugrakg mnkg dr`f tmg f`rtah w`rhk(

ack rgvgahnco tmg gxnstgcbg `d tmg supgrcaturah ns a brnfg tmat bac eg pucnsmgk eykgatm-599>:24.# [mg mnknco dr`f tmg passgrsey ns abtuahhy a ruhg `d tmg oafg( ratmgr

tmac a tabtnb tmat mghps av`nk abbnkgcts ack `estabhgs as tm`sg fgctn`cgk nc tmg basg `dLnhhgr# Nc tmns way( tmg `utsnkgrs arg egnco uclc`wncohy aes`regk nct` tmg faonb

bnrbhg ack mghp gcmacbg tmg phaygrs nffgrsn`c nc tmgnr r`hg ey ucntnco tmgf aoancsttmgnrgcgfngs#

M`wgvgr( tmns sgbrgby bac s`fgtnfgs hgak t` ucgxpgbtgk rgabtn`cs dr`f tmg aukngcbg#

Ugsgarbm `c pgrvasnvg HAUY mas dgaturgk a phgtm`ra `d rgp`rts `d basgs( wmgrg c`c&

partnbnpacts( wm` arg hablnco tmg hus`ry attntukg `d tmg phaygrs( mavg egb`fg `estabhgs

d`r tmg oafg ey nctgrruptnco nts r`utg# A sgarbm nc HAUY nctgrcgt d`rufs bac rgvgah

facy phaygrs rgp`rts `d ncbnkgcbgs wmgrg tmg p`hnbg mak t` nctgrvgcg( sncbg tmg

abtn`cs `d partnbnpacts ransgk suspnbn`c t` tmg passgrsey# [mg usgr Karlcgss

fgctn`cs tmgnr gxpgrngcbg at tmg _`rhk `d Karlcgss d`ruf: N was stacknco at a eus

st`p k`wct`wc `c a typnbah w`rlkay ack a y`uco fac wahlgk k`wc tmg strggt wntm ae`w ack arr`ws -N nffgknatghy tm`uomt `d _gatmgrfac.# [mg ouy cgxt t` fg

nffgknatghy bahhgk tmg p`hnbg `c mns bghh pm`cg# N bauomt fy eus c`t h co adtgr( eut

gvgc nd nt ns pgrdgbt hgoah t` barry ar`uck a e`w ack arr`ws( tmat k`gsc/t fgac tmat

`tmgr pg`phg w`c/t drgal `ut# [mg safg w`uhk kgdncntghy eg trug `d a lataca( wmnbm ns

nc dabt f`rg `dtgc tmac c`t nhhgoah t` barry `pgchy gxp`sgk `r b`cbgahgk -5919.# Rubm

acgbk`tah gvnkgcbgs rgvgah a way nc wmnbm tmg ncv`hvgfgct `d `utsnkgrs bac ergal tmg

faonb bnrbhg( ernconco tmg phaygrs eabl t` tmg rgah w`rhk#

A s`hutn`c t` tmg p`ssnehg pr`ehgfs bausgk ey tmg ucgxpgbtgk ncv`hvgfgct `d

pgrvasnvg oafgs passgrsey was suoogstgk ey tmg kgsnocgrs `d[mg _mntg U`ak( wmnbmwas phaygk d`r tmrgg kays `c tmg r`aks egtwggc B`pgcmaogc ack Drgkgrnlsuck( `c

Rgptgfegr 5994 -Ygkgrsgc gt ah#( 599=.# [mg snx partnbnpacts prgtgckgk t` eg a or`up

`d m`e`s( stracogrs t` gabm `tmgr( wm` wgrg er`uomt t`ogtmgr ey tmg kgatm `d a pgrs`c

tmgy mak fgt kurnco tmgnr j`urcgys( tmg f`st p`wgrduh syfe`h `d m`pg ack

gchnomtgcfgct tmg bmarabtgrs mavg gvgr gxpgrngcbgk nc tmgnr hndg -192.# [mg carratnvg

`d tmg oafg b`csnstgk `d a j`urcgy t` tmg sga( wmgrg tmg snx phaygrs mak t` wahl ack

eurry tmg rgfancs `d tmgnr drngck# Kurnco tmgnr r`utg( tmg phaygrs mak t` nctgrabt wntm

c`c&phaygrs tmgy gcb`uctgrgk `c tmg r`ak# Nc `rkgr d`r tmg `roacnzgrs t` av`nk p`ssnehg

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`estabhgs tmat w`uhk `bbur dr`f tmns nctgrabtn`c( tmgy attgfptgk ac ncc`vatnvg

b`cstrubtn`c `d tmg oafg spabg: wg kgbnkgk t` ghnfncatg tmns pr`ehgf ey c`t

b`csnkgrnco tmg oafg w`rhk as a brgatgk rgahnty phabgk nc a drabtn`c `d tmg rgah w`rhk(

eut ncstgak kgbnkgk t` vngw tmg gctnrg `rkncary w`rhk as tmg oafg w`rhk -197.# [mns

tgbmcnqug c`t `chy mghpgk prgvgct ucgxpgbtgk ncbnkgcts as tm`sg fgctn`cgk nc tmg

acahysns `dTafpnrg( eut sgrvgk as ac gcmacbnco ghgfgct d`r tmg oafg gxpgrngcbg(strgcotmgcnco tmg phaygrs nffgrsn`c t` tmgnr r`hgs# As Ygkgrsgc ack Fucbl kgsbrneg:

a orgat surprnsg t` tmg phaygrs was tmg way tmg rgah w`rhk d`rbgk tmg bmarabtgrs up`c

tmg phaygrs: trubl krnvgrs wg gcb`uctgrgk b`cstacthy orggtgk us( b`cdnrfnco `ur r`aklcnomt bmarabtgrs as rgah# _mgc trubls passgk ey tmgy m`clgk ack wavgk ack

gxpgbtgk us t` wavg eabl# [mns rntuah b`cdnrfgk tmat tmg tw` knddgrgct or`ups( tmg r`ak

lcnomts ack tmg trubl krnvgrs( e`tm mak tmgnr kanhy hndg `c tmg r`ak ack tmus smargk a

lncsmnp# [mns gxpgrngcbg oavg tmg phaygrs b`cdnkgcbg nc tmgnr bmarabtgrs ack mghpgk

tmgf eghngvg tmat tmgy w`uhk c`t eg gxp`sgk as phaygrs -194.#

B@CBHWRN@C

[mns papgr mas sgt `ut t` kgtgrfncg wmgtmgr tmg ncbrgasg `d phayduh abtnvntngs nc s`bngty

bac eg rgdhgbtgk nc tmg b`cstrubtn`c `d s`bnah spabg nc pgrvasnvg oafgs# Nt masncvgstnoatgk tmg rghatn`csmnp egtwggc tmg nctgrabtn`c `d phaygrs ack `utsnkgrs nc

pgrvasnvg r`hg phay t` tmg pmgc`fgc`c `d tmg hukndnbatn`c `d buhturg# Ey acahyzncorgprgsgctatnvg gxafphgs `d tmns ogcrg( wg mavg `esgrvgk tmat( tmr`uom tnfg( r`hg phay

oafgs wmnbm talg phabg nc gvgrykay h`batn`cs tgck t` gcb`uraog f`rg nctgrabtn`c wntm

passgrsey( wm` arg orakuahhy hgavnco tmg r`hg `d fgrg `esgrvgrs t` egb`fg part `d tmg

faonb bnrbhg( as afenou`us `r ucawarg partnbnpacts# Dr`f assassncatn`c oafgs hnlg

Lnhhgr( wmnbm katgs eabl t` tmg garhy 1>>9s( t` f`rg ncc`vatnvg d`rfs `d pgrvasnvg

HAUY( wmnbm mavg appgargk kurnco tmg hast kgbakg( nt egb`fgs gvnkgct tmat( tmg f`rg

ehurrgk tmg e`uckarngs egtwggc tmg oafg w`rhk ack tmg rgah w`rhk egb`fg( tmg f`rg

tmg phaygrs tgck t` appr`abm gvgrytmnco tmgy gcb`uctgr as part `d tmg oafg#

Ygrvasnvg r`hg&phay ns( `d b`ursg( `chy a sfahh safphg `d tmg cgw d`rfs `d phay wmnbmmavg appgargk ah`co wntm tmg rgbgct kgvgh`pfgct `d cgw fgkna tgbmc`h`oy( wmnbm

pr`f`tgs tmg ncvasn`c `d phayduhcgss nc gvgrykay hndg# M`wgvgr( N eghngvg tmat tmnsrgsgarbm mas subbggkgk nc smgkknco f`rg hnomt t` tmg nssug `d tmg hukndnbatn`c `d `ur

w`rhkvngw( wmnbm mas eggc ac nfp`rtact prg`bbupatn`c d`r facy oafg stukngs

sbm`hars# Nt ns rgb`ffgckgk tmat durtmgr gxafncatn`c d`bus f`rg `c tmg r`hg `d c`c&

phaygrs nc pgrvasnvg oafgs( gxpacknco tmg dnckncos `d tmns gssay t` `tmgr d`rfs `d tmns

ogcrg#

UGDGUGCBGR

Enehn`orapmy

Eatgs`c( Orgo`ry# A tmg`ry `d phay ack dactasy( Nc: Rahgc( Latng( Grnb

Znffgrfac -Gks#.( [mg Oafg Kgsnoc Ugakgr: A Uuhgs `d Yhay

Actmr`p`h`oy# Bafernkog( [mg FN[ Yrgss( 5994( pp# 21;&25=#

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Kgtgrknco( Rgeastnac( Kac Knx`c( Unhha Lmahgk( Hgccart Cablg# Dr`f Oafg

Kgsnoc Ghgfgcts t` Oafgduhcgss: Kgdncnco Oafndnbatn`c# Yapgr prgsgctgk

at: Fnck[rgl 5911# Rgptgfegr 5=&29( [afpgrg( 5911#

Dncg( Oary Ahac# Rmargk dactasy: r`hg&phaynco oafgs as s`bnah w`rhks#

Bmnbao`: Wcnvgrsnty `d Bmnbao` Yrgss( 5995#

Drnssgc( Tahgrng( J`s Kg Fuh( J``st Uagssgcs# %M`f` Hukgcs 5#9: Yhay(

Fgkna( $ Nkgctnty#% Nc: Drnssgc( Tahgrng( Ryenhhg Haffgs( Fnbmngh kg Hacog(J`s kg Fuh ack J``st Uagssgcs -gks#.# M`f` Hukgcs 5#9: Yhay( Fgkna( $

Nkgctnty# Afstgrkaf: Afstgrkaf Wcnvgrsnty Yrgss( d`rtmb`fnco#

Ohas( Ugc# Ergalnco Ugahnty: Gxph`rnco Ygrvasnvg Bmgatnco nc D`ursquarg#

Yapgr prgsgctgk at:[mncl Kgsnoc Yhay: KnOUA 5911 B`cdgrgcbg# Rgptgfegr

1;&1?( Mnhvgrsuf( 5911#

O`ddfac( Grvnco# Duc nc Oafgs# Nc: Gcb`uctgrs< tw` stukngs nc tmgs`bn`h`oy `d nctgrabtn`c# Ncknacap`hns: E`ees&Fgrrnhh( 1>41( pp# 17&?5#

O`ddfac( Grvnco# Drafg acahysns: ac gssay `c tmg `roacnzatn`c `d

gxpgrngcbg#Cgw ^`rl: Marpgr $ U`w( 1>?;#

Maogc( Farl( Justnc Abmnhhn# Tafpnrg: tmg fasqugrakg: a st`rytghhnco oafg

`dpgrs`cah m`rr`r# 2rk

gk# Bharlst`c( OA: _mntg _`hd Oafg Rtukn`( 5999#

Munzncoa( J`mac# M`f` hukgcs< a stuky `d tmg phay&ghgfgct nc buhturg#

E`st`c: Egab`c Yrgss( 1>77#

Farsmahh( Juhgs# Znppngs! _nrgk 5#97( 1>>;# Abbgssgk nc 1>/4/5915 dr`f:

mttp:www#wnrgk#b`fwnrgkarbmnvg5#97znppngs#mtfh

F`ct`ha( Farlus# [aconehg phgasurgs `d pgrvasnvg r`hg&phaynco( Nc: Eaea(

Alnra -Gk#.# Yr`bggkncos `d KnOUA 599? Rntuatgk Yhay B`cdgrgcbg#

Wcnvgrsnty `d [`ly`( 599?( pp# 1?=&1=7#

F`ct`ha( Farlus( Jaal` Rtgcr`s# Lnhhgr: [mg Oafg `d Assassncatn`c# Nc:

F`ct`ha( Farlus( Jaall` Rtgcr`s( ack Accnla _rc# Ygrvasnvg oafgs

tmg`ry ack kgsnoc# Eurhncot`c( FA: F`roac Laudfacc Yuehnsmgrs( 599>( pp#2&4#

F`ct`ha( Farlus# Oafgs ack Ygrvasnvg Oafgs( Nc: F`ct`ha( Farlus(Jaall` Rtgcr`s( ack Accnla _rc# Ygrvasnvg oafgs tmg`ry ack kgsnoc#

Eurhncot`c( FA: F`roac Laudfacc Yuehnsmgrs( 599>( pp# ?&5;#

F`ct`ha( Farlus( Jaall` Rtgcr`s( Accnla _agrc# Kgsnocnco s`bnah

gxpacsn`c( Nc: F`ct`ha( Farlus( Jaall` Rtgcr`s( ack Accnla _rc#

Ygrvasnvg oafgs tmg`ry ack kgsnoc# Eurhncot`c( FA: F`roac Laudfacc

Yuehnsmgrs( 599>( pp# 11?&127#

http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.05/zippies.htmlhttp://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.05/zippies.htmlhttp://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.05/zippies.html

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Cnguwk`rp( Gva# [mg Ygrvasnvg Nctgrdabg: [rabnco tmg Faonb Bnrbhg# Nc:

Yr`bggkncos `d KnOUA 5997 B`cdgrgcbg: Bmaconco Tngws & _`rhks nc Yhay#

Tacb`uvgr: Wcnvgrsnty `d Tacb`uvgr( 5997#

Ygkgrsgc( Ejarlg( Hars Fucbl# _ahlnco tmg _mntg U`ak: A [rnp nct` tmgM`e` Krgaf# Nc: F`ct`ha( Farlus( Jaal` Rtgcr`s# Yhayor`uco w`rhks#

Brgatnco ack gvahuatnco gxpgrngcbgs `d r`hg&phaynco oafgs# Mghsncln:

U`pgb`c ry( 599=( pp# 195&19>#

Unttgrdghk( Wtg( Fnbmagh J# B`ky( Ygtgr T`rkgrgk# Rgrn`us oafgs:

fgbmacnsfs ack gddgbts# Cgw ^`rl: U`uthgkog( 599>#

U`krnougz( Mgbt`r# [mg phayduh ack tmg sgrn`us# Ac appr`xnfatn`c t`

Munzncoas M`f` Hukgcs# Oafgstukngs 4#1#( 5994# Avanhaehg dr`f:

mttp:oafgstukngs#`ro9491artnbhgsr`krnogs

Rahgc( Latng( Grnb Znffgrfac# [mg Faonb Bnrbhg# Nc: Uuhgs `d Yhay: OafgKgsnoc Duckafgctahs# Bafernkog( [mg FN[ Yrgss( 599;( pp# >5&199#

Rtgcr`s( Jaal`( Farlus F`ct`ha# Ygrvasnvg Oafg Ogcrgs# Nc: ( Farlus(Jaall` Rtgcr`s( ack Accnla _rc# Ygrvasnvg oafgs tmg`ry ack kgsnoc#

Eurhncot`c( FA: F`roac Laudfacc Yuehnsmgrs( 599>( pp# 21&;4#

Runts( Egrcark Mgregrt# [mg orassm`ppgr: oafgs( hndg( ack Wt`pna# [`r`ct`:Wcnvgrsnty `d [`r`ct` Yrgss( 1>?=#

_gesntgs

Karlcgss# Barrynco ar`uck latacas nc puehnb0# _mntg _`hd Yuehnsmnco(

5919# Abbgssgk nc 5945915 at: mttp:d`rufs#wmntg&

w`hd#b`fkgdauht#aspx0o6p`sts$t65?992

Huk`orapmy

Farl Uanc& Maogc gt ah# -1>>1.# Tafpnrg: [mg Fasqugrakg# _mntg _`hd#

Rtgvg Jabls`c -1>=1.# Lnhhgr: [mg Oafg `d Assassncatn`c# Rtgvg Jabls`c

Oafgs#

Rtaddac J`css`c( Gfnh E`ss( Fartnc Grnbss`c( Kacngh Ruckstrf( Mgcrnl

Gsejrcss`c gt ah# -5994.#Yr`s`p`pgna Eark` 5: F`fgctuf# [mg B`fpacy Y(

Rt`blm`hf( Rwgkgc#

[nf Lrnco -5919.# B`cspnraby d`r O``k# [mg B`fpacy Y#( H`ck`c( WL#mttp:b`cspnrabyd`ro``k#b`f

http://gamestudies.org/0601/articles/rodriges/http://forums.white-wolf.com/default.aspx?g=posts&t=27003http://forums.white-wolf.com/default.aspx?g=posts&t=27003http://forums.white-wolf.com/default.aspx?g=posts&t=27003http://conspiracyforgood.com/http://conspiracyforgood.com/http://forums.white-wolf.com/default.aspx?g=posts&t=27003http://forums.white-wolf.com/default.aspx?g=posts&t=27003http://gamestudies.org/0601/articles/rodriges/

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[r`ghs Earlm`ht&Rpacose`( Yna Easeahhg( Lrnstnc Maffgrs( Hars Fucbl(

Ejarlg Ygkgrsgc ( Hncka Wkey -5994.# [mg _mntg U`ak# Kgcfarl#