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c. 5000 BC Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears;stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use.

c. 4000 BC The Sweet Track, a wooden walkway over boggy areas in the Somerset Levels isbuilt. (!! ezt Bert 5000BChez irta mert csak az van a lapon de valojban 3807

vagy 3806 sooo)

c. 3500-3000 BC First appearance of long barrows (burial places , ex. Waylands Smithy ) andchambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite knownas corpse exposure wa s practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open to

decompose or be consumed by animals and birds.

c. 2500 BC Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet LongBarrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury

Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft).

c. 2500-1500 BC Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; purpose of thecircles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had eitherastronomical or ritual uses.

c. 1200-1000 BC Emergence of a warrior class who now begins to take a central role in society.

c. 600 BC Iron replaces bronze, Iron Age begins.

c. 500 BC Evidence of the spread of Celtic customs and artefacts across Britain; more andvaried types of pottery in use, more characteristic decoration of jewelry.

55-54 BC Julius Caesars first and second invasions of Britain.

61 Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, led uprising against the Roman occupiers, but isdefeated and killed by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus. (warlord?? idevolt szurva de idk??)

122 Construction of Hadrian's Wall ordered along the northern frontier, for thepurpose of hindering incursions of the aggressive tribes there into Britannia, asrecorded on the Vindolanda tablets. Gask Ridge already completed; Antonine

Wall ordered shortly after Hadrians Wall.

c.270 Beginning (highly uncertain dating) of the "Saxon Shore" fort system (litusSaxonicum), a chain of coastal forts in the south and east of Britain against

Bermanic tribes, listed in Notitia Dignitatum (Lat. worthy of record).

360s Series of attacks on Britain from the north by the Picts, the Attacotti (a possiblycannibalistic, rent-paying tribe) and the Irish (Scots), requiring the interventionof Roman generals leading special legions. Roman general Theodosius drives the

Picts and Scots out of Roman Britain.

408 The Roman legions are withdrawn from Britain. The land endures devastatingattacks by the Picts, Scots, and Saxons.

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c.450 In the first year of Marcian and Valentinian, Hengest arrives on shores of Britainwith "3 keels" (ships) of warriors, and are welcomed by Vortigern. This event is

known in Latin as the "adventus Saxonum," the coming of the Saxons.

458-460 Full-scale migration of British aristocrats and city-dwellers across the English

Channel to Brittany, in northwestern Gaul. British contingent led by Riothamus(perhaps a title, not a name), thought by some to be the original figure behindthe legends of Arthur. (ez az utbbi rsz a lapon nem volt de Bert ide irta hogy

Arthurian legend sooo gondoltam beszurom. eredetileg Gaulig tart ami alapon van)

c.496 Britons, under overall command of Ambrosius and battlefield command of the"war leader" Arthur, defeat Saxons at the Siege of Mount Badon.

563 and 597 Irish monk, St. Columba founds a monastery on island of Iona and begins

conversion of the Picts to Christianity. Also, the Roman brand of Christianity isbrought to Britain for the first time by St. Augustine, the missionary sent from

Pope Gregory to convert the Saxons.

735 The Venerable Bede ( An Ecclesiastical History of the English People ) dies.

793 Vikings invade Britain for the first time in a surprise attack on the monasticcommunity at Lindisfarne (Holy Island).

878 King Alfred decisively defeats the Danes at Edington; England is dividedbetween Wessex in the south and the Danes in the north, the Danelaw.

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Simon Schama A History of Britain: The Beginnings

1. Neolithic sites in the Orkneys (Skara Brae)Neolithic community uncovered by a sea storm

1000 years older than Rome

high culture

mounds, graves, standing stones

not just shelter but living spaces (made from sandstone slabs)

indoor toilet, drain system, beds

cattle, dogs

mussels and oysters abundant

2. Maes Howe chambered tombs and West Kennet Long Barrow

high bolted masonry chamber

cubicles where the bodies are laid out

buried with eagles and dogs

rune carvings in the wall, inscriptions

3. Life in Iron Age Britain

c. 1914??

great amount of land farmed

dynamic, expanding society

hill forts

metalware, ornamental shields

amulets, brooches

sculptures with archaic style sacrifices

trading with Romans: furs and gold for olive oil and wine

4. Why was Britain alluring for the Romans?

treasure

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prestige to those who overcame the barbarians

carrot-and-stick method: bring the sons to luxurious circumstances so that they would want to

live like that

Boudicca

5. Function of forts in Hadrians Wall

milecastles, barracks (heavily manned)

business function: with Picts

observation

72 mi long

spine(??) of Northern Britain

6. What are the Vindolanda Tablets?

writing tablets, many letters

thrown away, buried 7m deep

1300+ pieces

7. Romano-British lifestyle

Bath, Dover

luxurious baths hydraulic engineering

96-bedroom hotel

fort in the middle (against barbarians)

remains 15 ft below current street level

8. The arrival of the Saxons

first only a minority, then occupying eastern part

Romans left

Vortigern

morphing into the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

rebuilding old settlements

dark ages

9. St Patrick and the arrival of Christianity to Britain

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Roman aristocratic families patricius

Irish captured him, escaped to Brittany

returned to Ireland as a messenger of a gospel

6-8th century

Venerable Bede first storyteller in English, founding father of English history

Roman church, not the Celtic should stay on

10. What positive and negative effect did the Vikings have on Britain? (793-1066)

+ ships

+ poetic sagas

+ amber, fur

+ created England (alliance under Alfred)

- plundering

- pillaging

- slavery

11. What were some of King Alfreds achievements?(9th century)

Roman Christian warrior

philosopher, translated works in Anglo-Saxon

understood the past and destiny of Britain

rebuilt England

defeated Vikings Danelaw

declared a sovereign lord, crowned

burh in Bath

shadow of Rome lingering

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Simon Schama A History of Britain: Conquest

1. Who was Godwin, Earl of Wessex?Anglo-Saxon

advisor of Edward and Cnut

coruler

never slept with his wife, no grandson (?? ez van a lapon de volt 11 gyereke s 7 unokja

minimum?? kztk fiuk??)

2. William the Bastards childhood

his steward was killed in front of his eyes

ascended to the throne at the age of 8

his mother was the daughter of a tanner

3. What characterizes Edward the Confessors reign?

grew up in Normandy

had no children his cousin inherited the throne from Normandy (?? Harold a BILja volt??)

4. Why did Harold Godwinson travel to Normandy in 1064 and what happened to him there?

to rescue his younger brother

to confirm Edwards claim to the crown (? a lapon is van egy krdjel s n sem talltam

clarificantiont soo idk)

5. Who was Tostig and how did he contribute to the events of 1066?

Earl of Northumbria

family hothead

later on he joined the Vikings

6. On the whole, why did the English lose the battle against the Norman invaders?

fight of Harold and Tostig

Battle of Stamford Bridge the army was tired

7. What happened to the aristocracy of England?

half of them died

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replaced by Norman nights

12k 2 million

8. What did William do after the Battle of Hastings?

Domesday Book was made to redistribute land

raised taxes

built churches

famine

9. What is the significance of Orderic Vitalis?

Norman monk

wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th and 12th century

10. What happened at Williams coronation?

violence, burning

half the crowd fled

11. How did William die?

60+

his horse was spooked by flaming timber and threw him against the pommel internal

injuries

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Edgar theAetheling

born in Hungary as the son of Edward the Exile (and grandson of EdmundIronside). Aetheling means throneworthy and was the title given to the

legitimate heir to the Crown. He, however, was too young in 1066, and

nobody wanted an unstable regency.

Edward theConfessor

King of England, married to Harolds sister, Edith. He died in January 1066

without an heir.

Edwin and Morcar

grandsons of Leofric, Earls of Mercia and Northumbria. Previously archenemies of the Godwinsons, they seem to have made a deal with Harold in1065, who helped one of them into the Earldom of Northumbria in returnfor their support when Edward died.

HaraldHardrada

King of Norway. Persuaded to invade Northumbria in 1066 by Tostig. Their

victory at Fulford and their defeat and death at Stamford Bridge probably

ensured the success of Williams invasion at Hastings.

HaroldGodwinson

son of Godwine and Earl of Wessex. He was very powerful by 1066. Hewas possibly richer than the King, and had established alliances with all themajor magnates of England. He could claim only a tenuous link by

marriage to the family of Cnut, but he was the brother-in-law of KingEdward and despite having the weakest claim to the Crown, he was in thestrongest position. William claimed that Harold had sworn an oath to

deliver the Crown up to William on King Edward's death. This is probably afiction.

King Cnut/ Canute

King of England 1016-1035. He was the King of Denmark, who exploitedthe fragmented nature of England to seize the throne in 1016. He ruled

with the help of the English Earls Godwine and Leofric.

Stigand and Ealdred

archbishops of Canterbury and York. Primates of England.

Tostig brother of Harold and ex-Earl of Northumbria. Deposed by the

Northumbrians in favour of Morcar, he fled to Norway, where he plottedrevenge against his brother Harold.

William ofNormandy

bastard son o f Duke Richard II, Edward the Confessors father -in-law. He

had a very shaky claim to the English throne, but what he did have in hisfavour was a dukedom full of Norman knights, all eager for a share of

newly conquered land.

Many of them appear on the Bayeux tapestry (70m long). (Im not sure ez mirt van iderva?

forrsknt or??)

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Richard I (The Lionheart)

born in 1157

as the 1st son of Henry II

he became the heir to thethrone

for his coronation he invitedthe Jews in hope of some

financial support

he also promised to punishthose who were against

the Jews

peace with Jews

most money comes fromFrance as he likes England

better and does not want to

burden the country

captures Jerusalem from

Saladin

like his brothers, he wasfighting against his fathers

authority

he failed, but his elder

brother died

brothers tried topoison him

without success

he succeeded

he barred Jews from hiscoronation because he

was a crusader

firstcrusade

1095

rumour spread that he wantedall Jws to be killed

massacre ofJews

goes on acrusade

captures Cyprus and

establishes crusader basegoes to Acre, promises to

leave everyone unharmed,

but massacres all

as the 3rd son of Henry II

he starts getting money for the third crusade

most money comes from

England as he is ratherFrench at heart

great way togain territory

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William I

Henry I

Henry II

Richard I

Stephen

William II Adela

John

Henry III

Henry the

Young

Marie of

France

Eleanor ofAquitane

Louis VII ofFrance

Plantagenets

Richards father. Henry

A literary figure ofthe Antiquity. His

works inspiredromance writers.

Ovid

Richards great enemy, the Sultan of Egypt.

Saladin

The Great Charter. King John had to sign itin the 13th century. Magna Carta

Muslims. Arabs

The Garden of Love is modeled on thisBiblical place. paradise

Chanson de Roland the first romance.

The Rules of Love Andreas Capellanuswrote them. (adultery, secrecy, courting)

This woman was considered the ideal ladyin the romance tradition. Virgin Mary

There were nine of them between the 11thand 13th century.Richard I took part in the third one.

crusade

Chrtien de Troyes father of Arthurianromances.

A knightly virtue, associated with virginity.chastity

Richards base before going to the HolyLand. Cyprus

One of the chivalric virtues. piety

This high-ranking clericwas murdered in the

12th century. Becket

One of the first romance writers. Apoetess, Richard Is half -sister. Marie deFrance (NOPE!! ez kt klnbz szemly.Marie de France = poetess, Marie of France= princess, Richard Is half -sis)

The name of the flower that appears in thetitle of a popular allegorical workwritten by Jean de Meun. rose (Roman dela Rose )

Medieval anti-feminism can be blamed onthe sin of this woman. Eve

The goddess of love. Venus

These people were massacred In Londonand York in Richards time. Jews

Richards brother. John

An armed warrior fighting on horsebackbetween the 11th-14th centuries. knight

Richard Is nickname. Lionheart