Transactional Analysis Ppt @ Bec Doms Mba Bagalkot

8/2/2019 Transactional Analysis Ppt @ Bec Doms Mba Bagalkot

1/27

Transactional AnalysisBY

BABASAB PATIL


2/27

CONT.,Transactional analysis was developed by Eric Berne for

psychotherapy in the 1950s. The objective of TA is to provide

better understanding of how people relate to one another, so that

they may develop improved communication and human

relationship.

Transaction analysis is a kind of psychotherapy that (among

other things) analyses our everyday communication - why do we

say things , how do we say them and what made us say that.

It uses simple words such as child, parent and adult (these are the

names of our three ego states) to describe seemingly complicated

processes in our mind.


3/27

CONT..,

Transactional Analysis is a social psychology and a method toimprove communication. The theory outlines how we have

developed and treat ourselves, how we relate and communicate

with others, and offers suggestions and interventions which

will enable us to change and grow.


4/27

KEY IDEAS IN TA

The personality of a person is the collection of behaviour patterns

developed over a period of time that other people begin to recognize

as that person. these behaviour patterns are evolved in differing

degrees from three ego states - Parent, Adult and Child. These

terms are capitalized so as not to be confused with their lower-cased

counterparts.

A parent (mother or father) has parent, adult and child ego states;

and a child (son or daughter) also has parent, adult and child ego

states. These ego states have nothing to do with chronological age,

but only psychological age.


5/27

Transactional Analysis


6/27

Transactional Basis

IdPleasure Principle [Happiness movement]

Ego- Realistic Principle [practical]

Super-Ego- Ethical Principle [moral]

Three Basic Concepts: Parent, Adult and Child Transactions:

Among P, A and C

P < -- > P

A < -- > A

C < -- > C


7/27

EGO STATES AND TRANSACTIONS

People's interactions are made up of transactions. Any one

transactions has two parts: the stimulus and the response.

Individual transactions are usually part of a larger set.

Some of these transactional sets or sequences can be direct,

productive and healthy or they can be devious, wasteful and

unhealthy.


8/27

Cont..

When people interact they do so in one of three different ego

states. An ego state is a specific way of thinking feeling and

behaving and each ego state has its origin in specific regions

of the brain.

People can behave from their Parent ego state, or from their

Child ego state or from their Adult ego state. At any one time

our actions come from one of these three ego states.


9/27

THE CHILD EGO STATUS The Child ego state is the part of our personality that is the seat

of emotions, thoughts, and feelings and all of the feeling state

memories that we have of ourselves from childhood. We

carry around in our Child ego states all of the experiences we

have had, and sometimes these childlike ways of being pop up

in our grown-up lives.

The Child ego state can also be divided into two parts:

Free Child ego state (also referred to as The Natural Child) a

Adapted Child ego state (which also contains the Rebellious

Child ego state).


10/27

The Free Child is the seat of spontaneous feeling and

behavior. It is the side of us that experiences the world in a

direct and immediate way. Our Free Child ego state can be

playful, authentic, expressive, an emotional.

The Adapted Child is the part of our personality that has

learned to comply with the parental messages we received

growing up.

We all adapt in one way or another. Sometimes when we are

faced with parental messages that are restricting, instead of

complying with them, we rebel against them. This becomes our

Rebellious Child ego state.


11/27

CONT..,When we are in the Child ego state we act like the child we once were. We

aren't just putting on an act; we think, feel, see, hear and react as a three or five

or eight year old child.

The ego states are fully experienced states of being, not just roles. When the

Child is hateful or loving, impulsive [rash], spontaneous or playful it is called

the Natural Child.

When it is fearful, guilty or ashamed it is called the Adapted Child. The Child

has all the feelings; fear, love, anger, joy, sadness, shame and so on.

The Child is often blamed for being the source of people's troubles because it is

self-centered, emotional, powerful and resists the suppression that comes with

growing up.


12/27

Parent ego status

The Parent ego state is a set of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are

learned or borrowed from our parents or other caretakers. The Parent ego

state can be divided into two functions.

One part includes the nurturing side and can be soft, loving, and permission

giving. This is called the Nurturing Parent ego state. It can also set limits in

a healthy way.

Examples . . .

Boy you worked hard today.

Hey . . . Dont worry about it . . . -- It could happen to anyone.

Anyone can make a mistake

Ill take care of that for you.


13/27

CONT

The other side of the Parent ego state is called the Critical

Parent. This part of our personality contains the prejudged

(expect) thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that we learned from

our parents.

Examples . . .

Cant you do anything right?

YourlateCant we ever depend on you.

Youshouldnt talk like that.


14/27

CONT.. The Parent is like a tape recorder. It is a collection of pre-recorded,

pre-judged, prejudiced codes for living. When a person is in the

Parent ego state she/he thinks, feels and behaves like one of her/his

parents or someone who took their place.

The Parent decides, without reasoning, how to react to situations,

what is good or bad, and how people should live. The Parent judges

for or against and can be controlling or supportive.

For example, a person may shout at someone out of frustration

because they learned from an influential figure in childhood the

lesson that this seemed to be a way of relating that worked.


15/27

The Adult ego state

The Adult ego state is our data processing center. It is the part of our

personality that can process data accurately, that sees, hears, thinks,

and can come up with solutions to problems based on the facts and

not solely on our pre-judged thoughts or childlike emotions.

The Adult ego state evokes behaviour that could be described simply

as logical, reasonable, rationale and unemotional. Behaviour from

the adult ego state is characterized problem solving analysis and

rationale decision-making.

These people are examining alternatives, probabilities and values

prior to engaging in behaviour.


16/27

Transactions Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between people.

Transactional analysts are trained to recognize which ego states people are

transacting from and to follow the transactional sequences so they can

intervene and improve the quality and effectiveness of communication

Transactions are about how people interact with each other, specifically,

which ego state in me is talking to which ego state in you.

Sometimes communication continues in a straightforward, easy way that

seems to go smoothly. But at other times, things seem to get all jumbled up,

confusing, unclear, and unsatisfying. An understanding of transactions can

help keep communication with others as clear . In that two types of

transactions are there.


17/27

Straight (complementary) transactions


18/27

CONT.

The first example is easy to understand. In the second examplethe two people are not in agreement, however the

communication is clear. Both are examples of straight

transactions; the arrows are straight or parallel. When peopleuse straight (complementary) transactions, communication can

continue indefinitely.

Transactions are Adult to Adult, Child to Child, Parent to

Child, Parent to Parent. Not all open transactions are beneficial.


19/27

Crossed transactions


20/27

CONT A crossed transaction is one that results in the closing, at least

temporarily, of communication .Unlike open transactions, the response

is either inappropriate or unexpected, as well as being out of context

with what the sender of the stimulus had originally intended.

If occurs when the stimulus from one ego state to another ego state, such

that the sender feels misunderstood, confused, or even threatened. When

this occurs, sharing and listening stops, at least temporarily.

.Crossed transaction the lines of communication get crossed and stop

effective communication. crossed transaction can either be helpful or

destructive to the development of people.


21/27

script

The script is a life plan, made when we are growing up. It is like

having the script of a play in front of us - we read the lines and

decide what will happen in each act and how the play will end.

The script is developed from our early decisions based upon our life

experience. We may not realise that we have set ourselves a plan but

we can often find this out if we ask ourselves what our favourite

childhood story was, who was our favourite character in the

story and who do we identify with. Then consider the beginning,

middle and end of the story. How is this story reflected in our life

today?


22/27

CONT

Another way of getting to what script is may be to think about

what we believe will happen when we are in old age. Do we

believe we will be alive at 80 or 90 years old, be healthy, happy,

and contented? What do we think will be on the headstone for

our grave? What would we like to be on it?


23/27

Games

A game is a familiar pattern of behaviour with a predictable outcome.

Games are played outside Adult awareness and they are our best attempt to

get our needs met - although of course we don't.

Games are learned patterns of behaviour, and most people play a small

number of favourite games with a range of different people and in varying

intensities.

Berne defined certain socially dysfunctional behavioural patterns as

"games." These repetitive, devious transactions are intended to obtain

strokes but instead they reinforce negative feelings and self-concepts, and

mask the direct expression of thoughts and emotions.


24/27

CONT..,Games vary in the length of time that passes while they are being played.

Some can take seconds or minutes while others take weeks months or

even years. People play games for these reasons:

To structure time.

To maintain the substitute feeling and the system of thinking, beliefs and

actions that go with it.

To confirm parental injunctions and further the life script .

To maintain the person's life position by "proving" that self/others are not

OK.

To make people predictable.


25/27

life positions

Life positions are basic beliefs about self and others, which are

used to justify decisions and behaviour.

When we are conceived we are hopefully at peace, waiting to

emerge into the world once we have grown sufficiently to be able

to survive in the outside of the womb.

If nothing untoward happens we will emerge contented and

relaxed. In this case we are likely to perceive the world from theperspective of I am OK and You are OK.


26/27

CONT. life positions are perceptions of the world. The reality is I just am

and you just are, therefore how I view myself and others are just

that "views" not fact.

However, we tend to act as if they are a fact. Just like when

somebody says "I can't do this, I'm useless". Rather than "I don't

know how to do this. Will you show me?" The latter is staying

with the fact that they do not yet know how to do it, whilst the

former links being useless with not being able to do something


27/27

Thank-yOu

Documents

Transactional Analysis Ppt @ Bec Doms Mba Bagalkot