Transactional Analysis Final

7/31/2019 Transactional Analysis Final

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Presented by:Aanchal AggarwMBA HR-3Roll no. 1


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ABOUT TA

Proposed by Dr.Eric Berne in mid1960s in his book

Games People

Play Popularized by

Thomas A. Harris,author ofthe bookI'm OK - You're OK,and Muriel James,author of Born to

Win.


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TA offers a model of personality anddynamics of self and its relationship to

others that makes possible a clear andmeaningful discussion of behavior.

When two people interact with each other

they engage in social transactions in whichone person responds to the another.

Study of such social transactions is

known as Transactional Analysis. It is used to study and analyze

interpersonal communication


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EGO STATES:


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PARENT EGO STATE:

CRITICALPARENT(CP) NURTURINGPARENTS

Words:you should, must, never; youcannot do that; thats childish;everybody knows that; how couldyou?; proverbs, idioms, moralisingcomments

Voice: sharp, decisive, strained,impatient, patronising, dressing-down

Gesture, mimicry, attitude:Point-finger arouse, eyebrow high,head trembling, shoulders stiff;

Words: good, nice, lovely , Wellarrange/ manage this, what kind ofwishes do you have?, can I help you?Dont worry, dont get angry, ...

Voice: with love, smooth,comforting, attentive, soothing

Gesture, mimicry, attitude:Body towards the receiver, arms aremoving towards the receiver


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This ego state is basically based upon reasoning,seeking and providing information.

It usually involves thoughtful concentration and factualdiscussion.Words:what, why, how, where, who; correct; practical; what are the facts?; Whatfollows?; What is necessary, what fits?; I conclude

Voice:objective, balanced, correct, monotone

Gesture, mimicry, attitude:thoughtful, observant, open, eye contact, upright, open-minded,interested, perceptive, testing, concentrated

ADULT EGO STATE:

Adult (A)


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CHILD EGO STATE:

FREE CHILDREBELLIOUS

CHILD

ADAPTED

CHILD

Words:didnt do it; no!!; you mustbe joking!; Why me?; Iwont take that; quit that!;youre nuts!; thats none of

your business!Voice: defiant,demanding, moody, loud,grumbling

Gesture, mimicry, attitude:

Closed up,chin and lipsforward, sprawled,stamping, pouting, stickingthe tongue out,refusing, protesting

Words: Great!, nice!,; I need; I dont like ; Imangry,

Voice: loud, free, energetic

Gesture, mimicry, attitude:Laughing, air-kissing, directanger, crying, bright-eyed,open mouth, lively, excited,relaxed, playful,spontaneous,

curious, expressing feelings


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Words: thank you, please,perhaps, I hope so, i wouldlike to, I dont know, Ill try,thats unfair, its always me

Voice: monotone, humble,

tearful, soft, pleading

Gesture, mimicry, attitude:restrained, sad, pouting,closed, dejected, hangingshoulders, downcast glance,

crossed arms and legs,shrugging, shy, fearful, givesin easily

Adaptedchild

Adapted child is trainedand is likely to do what theparents insist on.


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TRANSACTIONS:

When a stimulus (verbal or non verbal) froma person is being responded by anotherperson, a transaction is said to occur.

Depending upon ego states, they can bedivided into:

ComplimentaryTransactions

NonComplimentaryTransactions

UlteriorTransactions


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COMPLIMENTARY TRANSACTION

When the stimulus and responsepatterns from one ego state to anotherare parallel


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NON COMPLIMENTARY TRANSACTIONS

May occur when the stimulus response linesare not parallel

Happens when the person who initiatestransaction expecting a certain responsedoes not get it.

Also known as crossed or blocked

transactions.

Crossed transaction is not satisfactorybecause the line of communication is

blocked.


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Crossed/ Blocked Transaction


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ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS:

Is the most complex because communicationhas double meaning.

When an ulterior message is sent it is oftendisguised in a socially acceptable way

On surface level, the communication has aclear adult message whereas it carries a

hidden message on the psychological level

These are undesirable transactions.


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Ulterior Transaction


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Example of an ulterior transaction: Student: I don't understand what you are saying.

Teacher: What exactly do you not understand?Thestudent's transaction is ulterior, while the teacherfeels that she has explained things clearly. Thestudent may seem to be talking from their Adult EgoState, however, the message is coming from theirNegative Controlling Parent. The best way for the

teacher to respond is in a calm, assertive manner,keeping the idea of Adult Ego State, and hoping toreturn the transaction to complementary.


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TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS AND

COMMUNICATION

Knowing about transactional analysis can bevery useful for improving our communicationskills

TA is about how people are structuredpsychologically and is both a theory ofcommunication and child development.

Communication under transactional analysis iseffective only when: The person who is communicating first, gets a

response in the expected ego state. Ifcommunication is from a different ego state then thecommunication may be regarded as ineffective, themessage may be lost, not received or disregarded

by the person receiving it.


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Communication between adult to adult egostate is likely to be the most effectivecommunication.


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THREE RULES OF COMMUNICATION:

1st Rule:

So long as transactions remain complementary,communication can continue indefinitely.

2nd Rule :

When a transaction is crossed, a break in communicationresults, and one or both individuals will need to shift egostates in order for the communication to be re-established

3rd Rule:

The behavioural outcome of an ulterior transaction (onewhere two messages are sent at the same time; oneovert social and one covert psychological) is determinedat the psychological level and not at the social level.


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MAKING COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVE WITH THE

HELP OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Try and keep the transaction complimentary

Plan transactions: Try and get response inthe same ego state as expected. If that is notpossible try and shift the receivers ego state

or communicate at some other time

Try and identify if a person is habitually in

one ego state and then decide ifcommunication to that ego state would beappropriate or not


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PLAYING GAMES

Playing Games

In Games People Play Berne identified that peoplehabitually adopt certain ego states (not necessarilyconsciously) and play games in the way they

communicate with others. E.g. a person might say Im fat or Nobody Loves

Me, they are in Adapted child. They expect anurturing parent response of no you are not or yes

they do. If they received a response of I know youareor Youre right, everybody hates youthen theyhave received a reply that they didnt want.


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Games typically:

Are repetitive

Are played without Adult awareness

Always end up with players experiencing racketfeeling.

Games entail an exchange of ulterior

transactions between the playersGames always include an element of surprise or

confusion.


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Racket feeling a familiar emotion, learnedand encouraged in childhood, experienced inmany different stress situations, and useless as

a means of problem solving but frequentlycarried out

E.g. a client is shouting out his rage against his

father. You see that the client has done thismany times before and experienced no lastingrelief so your hypothesis is that anger is a racketfeeling.


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When as grown-ups we continue to coverour authentic feelings with the feelings thatwere permitted to us as children, these

substitute feelings are known as racketfeelings. If we experience a racket feelingand store it up instead of expressing it at the

time, we are said to be saving a stamp


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STROKES:

Strokes are units of recognition

They can be:

Positive ornegative

Verbal ornon-verbal

Conditionalor

unconditional


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EXAMPLES:

Positive strokes the receiver experiences it as beingpleasant.

Eg: if you see your neighbour and smile at him and sayhello and if he smiles back saying yes its a great day. Itis a positive stroke.

Negative strokes the receiver experiences it as beingpainful.

Eg: If on your saying hello, the neighbour replies it was anice day until I saw you!.That is and example of a

negative stroke. But any kind of stroke is better than no stroke at all. If the neighbour wouldnt have bothered to reply, it would

have been a non verbal stroke.


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CONDITIONAL AND UNCONDITIONAL STROKES:

Conditional strokes relate to what you do. Unconditional strokes relate to what you are. E.g. Conditional: That was a good piece of work

That painting youve done is a real

messI like you when u smile Unconditional: Your humour always brightens things

upI hate you and all which you represent

I Like you


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CASE STUDY ON COMMUNICATION GAP


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FACTS OF THE CASE

Two large crates were brought to theassembly shop.

Mohan, a worker watched the crates being

unloaded and had some apprehensionsabout the same so he went to the foreman.

He asked the foreman about the boxes, but

the foreman shrugged his shoulders andwent away.


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Mohan still was inquisitive and asked anotherworker who also said that he didnt know.

Mohan started contemplating and thinking what

could be in the boxes. May be a new automatic machinery. There

would not be enough jobs in the assemblyshops if the machinery is installed.

Mohan became nervous and went over to thewater cooler where two other workers weregossiping.


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He heard them saying that the foreman didntwant to tell what was in the crates as it wasnew automatic machinery which would mean

fewer jobs for them.Words spread like wild fire.

Soon everyone grew very angry andshouted, if this is the way the managementtreats us, then lets teach them a lesson. Ifthey fire us, we ll fire the boxes.


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Hearing this the superintendent came runningand stood in the middle of the men.

He asked what the matter was. After knowing

the matter the supervisor explained them thatthe equipment was for the new plant and was tobe kept in this plant only for a few days.

Everyones temper cooled down suddenly and

one of them dejectedly said that he should havetold them.

Mohan quietly slipped away.


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ANALYZING DIFFERENT EGO STATES EXHIBITED

BY DIFFERENT PEOPLE DURING DIFFERENT

TRANSACTIONS:

Firstly, when Mohan asked the foreman whatwas their in the boxes..

Mohan exhibited : Adult ego state Foreman exhibited :

Child ego state: if the foreman knew what was

their in the box and was allowed to tell theworker but he did not bother to tell. He showed anon verbal stroke in a negative manner.


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Again when Mohan was still inquisitive andasked the worker: Child ego state.

The worker did not bother to reply: Child Ego

state with a negative stroke.

When Mohan was contemplating inside himand not communicating his apprehensions

that was also wrong. This showed his childego state.


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Now when Mohan heard the other workersgossip and became a part of the gossipleading to a revolt then all the workers

including Mohan showed a rebellious childego state.

When the superintendent came in to solvethe matter: he showed a critical parent stage

However the workers were still in rebelliouschild state, when the superintendent askedthem what the matter was.


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When Superintendent replied saying thatwas the equipment for their new plant: heacted in an adult ego state.

When workers replied saying that thesuperintendent should have told them beforein a dejected tone; this was also child ego

state.


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Ques 1)What is the problem in this case?

There is problem with regards to communicationgap in the company basically due to crossed

transactions The basic problem here is the crossed

transaction: First when Mohan(adult ego state)asked the

foreman about what was there in the boxes theforeman was not interested therefore exhibiting childego state and a non verbal negative stroke.Therefore the transaction here was crossed whichwas undesirable.


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Similarly, the other workers like Mohan askedthe foreman what was their in the boxes anddidnt get any response. In that case there was

a problem of crossed transaction leading toagitation by all.

The workers including Mohan did not bother toask the management instead they stood in unityagainst the management exhibiting rebelliouschild ego state thereby worsening the situation.


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Ques 2)Who is responsible for this episode? Partly the Foreman is responsible as he showed the

wrong ego state at the wrong time. Had he toldMohan about what was their in the crates then and

there the situation wouldnt have worsened. Mohan was also responsible as he got very hyper

and inquisitive showing child ego state. Had hebehaved in a calm manner exhibiting adult ego state,

the situation would have been fine. All the workers also exhibited childish ego and no one

bothered to seek clarification from the managementthus making their own assumptions causing a

problem.


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Ques 3)Do you feel that the workers would havenot agitated if there were two waycommunication between the management andthe workers?

Yes the workers would not have agitated asthere apprehensions would have been sortedout earlier and there would have been a need to

be angry. Earlier the transaction between the foreman and

Mohan was crossed which caused a problemand after that complimentary childish egos lead

to agitation.


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Had one person exhibited adult ego andasked for clarification from the right person atthe right time, there would have been so

much confusion.


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REFERENCES:

Games people play by Eric Berne

http://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&source=hp&q=example+of+ulterior+transactions&oq=EX

AMPLE+OF+ULTER&aq=0v&aqi=g-v1g-j1&aql=&gs_sm=c&gs_upl=1167l4020l0l7580l16l10l0l0

http://lankton.com/handouts/ta.pdf

Case Studies in HRM by RK Suri and SL Gupta
http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://lankton.com/handouts/ta.pdfhttp://lankton.com/handouts/ta.pdfhttp://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/http://www.google.co.in/


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Transactional Analysis Final