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Polar Temperate Equator
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Equatorial anomaly.
In the equatorial ionosphere, dthe fact that the Sun radiates
orthogonal fashion over the Equit should be expected thationization
maximums occur inarea. However, measurements that those maximums
occumagnetic latitudes between 1"!, phenomenon #as equatorial
anomalyor %pp
anomal&.
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Turbulences and
FAI.
%nother characteristic of the eq
ionosphere is the generation, aroundof turbulences shaped as
bubbles, #equatorial plasma bubbles 'E()*,densit& of ionization
is low comparesurrounding areas.
%s the bubbles rise, the& are align
the geomagnetic +eld 'parallel to thesurface in this region, as
stated following the magnetic -orthSout
/his is the reason the& are called aaligned irregularities
'0%I*, and canalong the magnetic +eld line thousand #ilometres.
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/he ionosphere is the uppermost part of the atmosphis ionized
b& solar radiation.
Ionization is converting an atom or molecule into an light
'heating up or charging* from the sun on the atmosphere.
reates an horizontall& strati+ed medium wherela&er has a
pea# densit& and a de+nable width, or pro
/hus, it in2uences radio propagation
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)ased on the hours the& occur during a da
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/he characteristics of a/E( are4
o5aximum useable frequenc& '560* up to about 7 5Hz,
whicusuall& about 18 to "8 5Hz above the "0 mode frequenc&
for thsame path.
o9ccurs from around 18 to 1: local time. It is more preval
near the equinoxes and at times of high sunspot number.
o/&pical path lengths will be from 8 to 78 #ilometres.
oSignals will normall& be strong with limited fading and
distort'from multipathing or ;oppler spread*.
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/he characteristics of evening /E( are4
o9ccurs around " to "
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