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Tram Track GreeningExperiences made in Germany
24.03.2021 NLRA Webinar
Niedersächsische Rasenkulturen NIRA GmbH & Co. KG
Hendrikje Schreiter
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▪ Production of vegetation for
roofs, tram tracks, embankments, lawn
▪ Europe-wide distribution
▪ Installation
Niedersächsische Rasenkulturen NIRA GmbH & Co. KGGroß Ippener, Germany
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www.ni-ra.de
(© NIRA)
▪ Production of turf: 90 ha
▪ Production of vegetation mats (Sedum, herbaceous, grass): 25 ha
Niedersächsische Rasenkulturen NIRA GmbH & Co. KG
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www.ni-ra.de
(© NIRA)
▪ 1995 First Sedum test tracks in Germany, Berlin
▪ Sedum tracks: Berlin, Bremen, Brüssel, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Köln, Stuttgart, Zwickau etc.
▪ Grass tracks: Berlin, Bremen, Frankfurt, Kassel etc.
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1996 Berlin, Osloer Str.,
1 year after installation
2008.
2019 deinstalled for track renewal
Niedersächsische Rasenkulturen NIRA GmbH & Co. KG
www.ni-ra.de
(© Schreiter)(© M. Siemsen)
2019
www.gruengleisnetzwerk.de
▪ Exchange of knowledge
▪ Survey
▪ Research
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PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATORS COMPANIES RESEARCH INSTITUTES
1 Some numbers
2 Track Types
3 Greening
4 Experiences
5 Summary
Structure
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Track greening Germany 2020(© Survey Grüngleisnetzwerk 2009-2020)
59
7
8
29
10
2932
10
12
29
6
10
14
14
32
37
24
14
4
77
44
14
2
51
7
1
15
16
11
10
5 1
1
1 Some numbers – Track greening in Germany
▪ ~ 1900: first green tracks in Germany
▪ 1996: 86 km green track
▪ 2020: >662,5 km greened single track
>165,6 ha or 1,65 km²
in 42 cities
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1933 Grass track, Berlin, Potsdamer Platz(© Landesarchiv Berlin)
10
15
Climatic water balance 2015: total precipitation minuspotential evaporation over grass
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Grass track, Berlin July 2016 (© Schreiter)
1 Some numbers – Climate/Water
Substrate thickness = pot. water storage volume (relevant for grass) vegetation system thicknesses: 6-75cm (adjustable by supplier)
Additional influence of the system height due to vegetation level (low=foot of rail, high=top of rail)
Subsurface with infiltration 40-75cm
BALLASTED TRACK
possible vegetation system thickness
6-20.5cm
SLAB TRACK
Subsurface without infiltration 10-31.5cm
(© Bogel Freiburg)
2 Track Types
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(© Schreiter)(© Schreiter)
3 Greening – Installation level of vegetation
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Low. fastenings visible,green maintenance cumbers.
High. high water storage volume,easier green maintenance, DIN EN 50122-2
Mixed.
(©Sc
hre
iter
)(©
Sch
reit
er)
(©Sc
had
e, N
IRA
)
(© KRAIBURG STRAIL in Handbook track greening)
Grass track Sedum track
High Water need Low
High
(mowing 3-10 x/a, fertilizer 1x/a)Maintenance need
Low
(no mowing, fertilizer 1x/a)
High, resilient
(system dependent
e. g. gravelled grass, plastic paver)
Load capacity /
Resilience
Low, not resilient
(except: plastic paver)
Sunny,
Shade tolerantLocal condition
Sunny,
Not shade tolerant
3 Greening Types – Demands
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(© Schreiter) (© Schreiter)
(© KRAIBURG STRAIL Handbook track greening 2016)
Grass track Sedum track
- Filter layer
- Substrate layer
- Vegetation
Layers in vegetation
systems
(bottom to top)
- If ness. compensation layer
- If ness. drainage- & filter layer
- Anti root layer
- Substrate layer
- Vegetation
>18cm System thickness 4-8cm
Filterschicht
Substrate layer
Filter layer Compensation
layer
Substrate layer Anti root layer
3 Greening Types – Layers
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Adjustment of parameters for successful greening :
1. Track type: resulting vegetation system thickness (6-75cm)
2. Site conditions: sun, water, load (pedestrians, cars)
possible maintenance
3. Vegetation: different demands
Grass tracks - sunny location, precipitation < 600 mm annually
Grass tracks - sunny location, precipitation 600-800 mm annually
Grass tracks - sunny location, precipitation > 800 mm annually
Grass tracks - shady location, precipitation < 600 mm annually
Grass tracks - shady location, precipitation > 600 mm annually
Sedum tracks
3 Greening – Matrix
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Grass track – Sunny, annual precipitation 600-800 mm/a
3 Greening – Matrix
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(© Handbook track greening 2016)
3 Greening Types – Trend Drought Tolerant Mixtures
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• Seed mixture, drought tolerant low nutrient species/lean turf:Potsdam (standard mixture), Munich (own mixture)
• Sedum: Stuttgart, Darmstadt
Added benefit: Protection of red list plant species, more flowering plants, insect pasture, compensatory measure
Munich(© A. Wetzel, MVG)
Munich(© C. Kappis 7/2013)
Potsdam(© C. Kappis 8/2012)
Habitat Tram Track Stuttgart – New flowering plant mixes:
• Using herbaceous perennials including red-list-types, grasses, Sedum
• Insect pasture; low maintenance, drought resistant*
• *System in progress16/33
(© Schreiter) 6/2018
3 Greening Types – Trend Drought Tolerant Mixtures
2020
September 2020 shade
3 Greening Types – Trend Drought Tolerant Mixtures
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September 2020 sun(© Schreiter)
4 Experience
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(© Schade, NIRA)
Different vegetation system thicknesses.
Diff. vegetation layer thickn. August 2012
Dry.Thickness 10cm.
June 2008
(© Schreiter)
(© Kappis, IASP)
Dry above sleeper.August
(© Schreiter)
4 Experience
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Solutions:• Adapt system thickness by track type or installation level.
(In 2 track tests mineral wool or else underneath the substrate has not helped. Experiences from roof greenings show that root depth in soil is more important than amount of water stored by other materials.)
• Choose vegetation that can cope with local conditions
• Irrigation (check ecology, economy)
Irrigation mat, Dresden (© DVB)
Irrigation waggon, Gera (© GVB)
Water is collected from roof and yards of
operator properties
Pop-up sprinkler,Czech Republic(© Jiri Pejsa)
Irrigation from passing trucks, Czech Republic(© Jiri Pejsa)
4 Experience
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Stagnant moisture: • Pores of filter layer too small
Effective slot size: O90w: 0.18-0.2mm
• compaction by car traffic• → drainage hampered
• Street water drains into the track
• Dammed-up water
• Grass drawing back
• Moss establishes, if too wet no vegetation
(© M. Grätz, SchmidIngenieure) (© Kappis, IASP)
4 Experience
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Succession due to reducedmaintenance and drought
mowing, fertilizer, water supply
Mowing during extreme drought,
increases transpiration of plants,
less shade increases temperature
Adapt maintenance to weather
(© Schreiter)(© Schreiter)
4 Experience
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Dimension of maintenance vehicles
(© Schade, NIRA)
4 Experience
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(© J. Pejsa)
Green track used as abbreviation or accidental use by cars.
Solutions:• Reinforce substrate e.g. with paver or
gravel• Optical signal (gap, colour, light, reflector)
March 2021 (© Schreiter)
(© A. Wetzel, MVG) (© Schreiter)
Sedum test track from 1996Low load capacity & substrate thickness
4 Experience
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(© You Tube)(© Kappis, IASP)
Berlin Juni 2010 December 2011 (© Schreiter) (© Schreiter)
Bremen, Grass gravel, near hospital foremergency vehicles
Sedum test track
Wrong location forSedum with low loadcapacity.
Sedum mat had to beremoved.
4 Experience
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(© Schade, NIRA) (© Schreiter)
Gaps between anti root foil and concrete beam = reason for weed line. Weeds root in deeper layer for water supply, thus can establish.
Wild boar destroy grass track. Solution: plastic paver.
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4 Experience
(© Hegelow, BVG)
Track mice destroy filterfleece. Substrate slips intothe holes. No solution yet.
(© Schreiter)
(© Schreiter)
Berlin (© Schreiter)
Munich (© Kappis, IASP) Munich (© A. Wetzel, MVG)Gera (© Schreiter)
4 Experience - Grass
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AugsburgKarlsruhe (© Habermann, IASP)
Hannover (© C. Kappis, IASP)Bremen (© BSAG)
4 Experience - Sedum
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Chemnitz Zwickau (© C. Kappis, IASP)
Frankfurt/Main (© C. Schade, NIRA)
Sedum switch
Berlin (© Schreiter)
Created with Openstreetmaphttps://umap.openstreetmap.fr/de/map/gleisbegrunung-
grungleisnetzwerk_215210#6/51.965/10.195
500 km
not complete(Source: survey, network, sighting, search)
Tram Track Greening Worldwide
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Sedum track
Luxemburg (© Schreiter) Sweden, Gothenburg Sedum with paver(© Johan Thiberg, Veg Tech Stockholm)
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Tram Track Greening Worldwide
Taiwan, Kaohsiung (© edilon)(sedra 2018)
Grass track
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Tram Track Greening Worldwide
France (© Schreiter)
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Teneriffe (© S. Herfort) Edinburgh (© edilon)(sedra)
Tram Track Greening Worldwide
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China, Suzhou city (© Xin Zhou, Southwest Jiaotong University)
Tram Track Greening Worldwide
Aarhus (© A. Scholz)Bergen (© S. Marstander)
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Norrköping (© S. Marstander) Oslo (© S. Marstander)
Tram Track Greening Worldwide
▪ Track greening: rising trend worldwide
▪ For successful greening:
− Analysis of local conditions during planning (sun, water, load)
− Consider demands of track & vegetation
− Consider demands of transport operator
(economy, maintenance, appearance)
▪ More information:− Handbook Track Greening
− www.gruengleisnetzwerk.de
− www.ni-ra.de
5 Summary
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