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Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Catarina Freitas
Environmental Planning Department
City Council of Almada, Portugal
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Goal ...
The purpose of this Training Session is to improve the knowledge of the participants about public participation processes,
… what are the concepts behind it,
… how should we address it,
… how to plan it,
… what rules should be followed…
and to guide and help them to design a public participation program that fits their specific needs.
... Goal and Objectives
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Objectives
... Goal and Objectives
• Identify what are the major steps to prepare a Public
Participation Program;
• Get some ideas, rules and guidelines on how to design
a Public Participation Program, namely techniques and
methods of Public Participation;
• Beware of different levels of Public Participation.
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
•Porquê ?
What is Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Topics ...
... Why do we need Public Participation?
... What is the context of Public Participation?
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
... Conclusions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Topics ...
... Why do we need Public Participation?
... What is the context of Public Participation?
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
... Conclusions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... 30 trees are cut in each second ...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... all the trees in our Planet can absorb
50 tons of CO2 per second ...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... all the Earth’s population produces 127 tons of waste per second ...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... each 20 minutes an animal or plant species disappears ...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... each second, 55 kg of oil are discharged into the sea...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... in 65 years, the world’s oil reserveswill be finished ...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... in each 4 seconds, a person dies of famine ...
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Why do we need Public Participation?
• We ALL need to change ! (habits, attitudes, values, priorities, agenda …)
• In order to change, we need to find common solutions,
we need consensus, we need to act together …
• To achieve consensus, we need to understand the
perspectives of each other and overcome some
differences …
... Why do we need Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
• We need to arise awareness on the real problems
humankind is facing today…
• We need to communicate and provide information to
the public in an accurate, complete and meaningful
manner…
• We need to involve and engage the population in
planning and decision-making process…
• We need to get the commitment from all the parts.
... Why do we need Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
• We need to arise awareness on the real problems
humankind is facing today…
• We need to communicate and provide information to
the public in an accurate, complete and meaningful
manner…
• We need to involve and engage the population in
planning and decision-making process…
• We need to get the commitment from all the parts.
... create open, early on,
complete, effective and
meaningful opportunities
for public participation
is of crucial importance …
... create open, early on,
complete, effective and
meaningful opportunities
for public participation
is of crucial importance …
... Why do we need Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Topics ...
... Why do we need Public Participation?
... What is the context of Public Participation?
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
... Conclusions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
«Public participation is nice, but when we organise something, no one appears! »
a sceptical Councillor …
... What is the context of Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
«In our Council there's not political will. That's it! »
a Local Authority employee …
... What is the context of Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
«If politicians and local decision makers don’t prepare our city for future challenges, one can ask what do we need them for.»
a citizen …
... What is the context of Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Pre-conceived ideas of decision makers, planners and experts
... What is the context of Public Participation
• The public doesn’t want to participate (only people that are
against) …
• The public does not know how to participate …
• The public interfere in technical decisions …
• Participation generates chaos and delays the projects...
• Decision makers often get information on public opinion on a second-hand basis (briefings and summaries provided by staff)
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Pre-conceived ideas and complaints of Public
... What is the context of Public Participation
• Public is involved in later stages of the project
• “90% of the document/project is already defined”
• Sometimes important stakeholders are left out
• High controversial issues are not answered
• Incomplete information provided (“hidden issues” or “impacts under valuated”)
• Badly perceived idea of the problem/issue, based on misinformation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
• Public is involved in later stages of the project
• “90% of the document/project is already defined”
• Sometimes important stakeholders are left out
• High controversial issues are not answered
• Incomplete information provided (“hidden issues” or “impacts under evaluated”)
• Badly perceived idea of the problem/issue, based on misinformation
Pre-conceived ideas and complaints of Public
... What is the context of Public Participation
good public information is a
necessary precondition for
effective participation !good public information is a
necessary precondition for
effective participation !
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Example: (An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore)
... What is the context of Public Participation
Massive study carried out by University of California on
scientific journal peer-reviewed articles on Climate
Change during the last 10 years (sample of 10%, 928
articles)
Alongside, another study about articles on climate
change published on popular press for the last 14
years (sample of 4 newspapers, 636 articles)
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Example:
... What is the context of Public Participation
No. peer-reviewed articles
dealing with Climate Change
published in scientific journals
during previous 10 years
No. articles dealing with climate
change published on popular
press for the last 14 years
928
626
% of articles in doubt as cause to the of Climate Change
0%
53%
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... What is the context of Public Participation
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Mto
e BAU
F4
What society do we want?
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Projections on World Energy Consumption
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Scenario 1:
BAU Business As Usual
... What is the context of Public Participation
Is the scenario that no one wants, but almost
everyone follows.
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More oil
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.netMore refineries
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More terrorist attacks
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.netMore war
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More nuclear power
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More pipelines and terminals
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More gas
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Almada (A2)8.00 – 9.00 am
More traffic
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More extreme climate events
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
More ecosystems disrupted
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.netMore species facing extinction
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... What is the context of Public Participation
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Mto
e BAU
F4
What society do we want?
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Projections on World Energy Consumption
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Scenario 2:
F4 Do twice as much with half the resources
... What is the context of Public Participation
Is the scenario that (almost) everyone wants,
but almost no one follows.
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Reduce drastically private car use on daily journeys
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Bring life to city center
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Build on low energy
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Accept a landscape evolution
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Create rural employment on renewable energy
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Maintain biodiversity
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Topics ...
... Why do we need Public Participation?
... What is the context of Public Participation?
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
... Conclusions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters [European Directive 2003/4/CE]
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
• Adopted on 25th June 1998 in the Danish city of Aarhus at the 4th Ministerial Conference on “Environment for Europe”
• Agreement on linking environmental rights and human rights
• Establishes that sustainable development can be achieved only through the involvement of all stakeholders
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
3 Pillars of Aarhus Convention
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
1. Right of public access to environmental information
2. Right of public participation in environmental decision-making
3. Right of public access to justice on environmental matters
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Public participation pillar of Aarhus Convention
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
• Should take place during the preparation of plans and programs relating to the environment, within a transparent and fair framework
• The necessary information should be provided to the public
• Time-frames should be sufficient for effective participation
• Citizens should be encouraged to take part on the discussions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Aarhus Convention
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
“ Although regional in scope, the significance of the Aarhus Convention is global. It is by far the most impressive elaboration of principle 10 of the Rio Declaration, which stresses the need for citizen's participation in environmental issues and for access to information on the environment held by public authorities. As such, it is the most ambitious venture in the area of environmental democracy so far undertaken under the auspices of the United
Nations."
Kofi A. Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Main steps of planning and decision-making processes
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
PROBLEMIssue DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTIONSPlans, Alternatives
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATIONEVALUATION
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Main steps of planning and decision-making processes
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
PROBLEMIssue DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTIONSPlans, Alternatives
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATIONEVALUATION
PP PPPP
PP
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Main steps of planning and decision-making processes
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
PROBLEMIssue DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTIONSPlans, Alternatives
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATIONEVALUATION
Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Main steps of planning and decision-making processes
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
PROBLEMIssue DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTIONSPlans, Alternatives
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATIONEVALUATION
Public Participation
Information | Communication
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Information Communication Participation
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
• When you communicate, your speech has 3 components that influence the listener in different ways: - Word 7%- Tone of voice 38%- Body language 55%
• Among the ones that listen to you,- 80% don’t care at all !- 20% will be happy because you have problems !!
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Information Communication Participation
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
• A positive communication attitude and speech is very important
• The interpretations on what you say depend on- cultural sensitivities- emotions- perspectives- values and priorities- social “role”- change with the interaction
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
33%Christians
29%other
religions or
atheists
19%Muslims
19%Hindus
Budhists
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Exercise:
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
Barriers to communication: Different perceptions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Topics ...
... Why do we need Public Participation?
... What is the context of Public Participation?
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
... Conclusions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
How to set up a Public Participation Program
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
A Public Participation Programs aims at,
• generating better supported decisions
• achieving a commitment with the chosen solution/ project/ plan
… trying to help others to learn and change
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
How to set up a Public Participation Program
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
However, there is a limited consensus as to,
• How to do it?
• When should it take place?
• What should be the results?
• How to measure its success?
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
… main steps of a decision-making process…
PROBLEMIssue DIAGNOSIS
SOLUTIONSPlans, Alternatives
DECISION
IMPLEMENTATIONEVALUATION
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Stage 1. Decision AnalysisDecision analysis has more to do with decision-making than public participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
• Clarify the decision being made
• Identify who will make the decision and how it will be made
• Specify the planning/decision-making steps and schedule
• Decide whether public involvement is needed and for what purpose (ex: the process may consider to have only one option,
giving the public a Yes/No choice)
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Stage 1. Decision AnalysisDecision analysis has more to do with decision-making than public participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
• Clarify the decision being made
• Identify who will make the decision and how it will be made
• Specify the planning/decision-making steps and schedule
• Decide whether public involvement is needed and for what purpose (ex: the process may consider to have only one option,
giving the public a Yes/No choice)
TIPSome decisions do not require PP
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
• Identify the public participation team
When the decision-maker is not involved, usually is more inclined to ignore the results of the PP process. Do not always get the intensity of the message (how strong people feel).
TIPDecision makers should have an active role on PP
Stage 2. Public Participation planningThis phase specifies the public participation techniques that should be used, as well as their sequence and time
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Specify what needs to be accomplished with the public at each step of the planning/decision making process (problem identification, diagnosis, alternative solutions, decision …)
TIPWrite a 1 or 2 sentence of the issues/ problem
being solved
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify the stakeholders – internal and external
Once the issues that are likely to emerge during PP process are identified, it is easy to identify people who are most likely to be concerned with those issues, the “Stakeholders”.
“Stakeholders” are people who perceive themselves as having an important role on the decision.
This role could be economics, use, mandate, proximity, values or philosophy.
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Journalists Financial institutions
NGOs
Consumer Associations
Tourism Associations
Companies
Urban Planners
PublicTransport Operators
Cyclists Association
Shop owners
Local Associations
Energy Agencies Politicians
Schools
Universities
Workers
Artists
Trade Unions
House owners
Architects
Economists
Energy Utilities
.. etc...
Law experts
Building SocietiesYouth
Citizens
Parishes
Cultural Associations
Who are the stakeholders we want to engage ?
Children
Professional Associations
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Access the level of controversy
There is no magic way to predict controversy, but there are “indicators” of probable controversy…
… significance of impacts
… there has been a prior controversy on the same issue
… the issue touches a local political topic and is the basis of a political debate
… the issue is the total reason of existence of a stake holder
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Access the level of controversy
There is no magic way to predict controversy, but there are “indicators” of probable controversy…
… significance of impacts
… there has been a prior controversy on the same issue
… the issue touches a local political topic and is the basis of a political debate
… the issue is the total reason of existence of a stake holder
TIPIn respect to controversy
issues, you should be proactive (access previously),
rather than reactive
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify techniques to be used at each step in the process, taking into account the needs of diverse populations
The techniques and methods depend on several subjects:
… the complexity of the problem and the solutions
… the target population (stakeholders) to involve, their skills, knowledge about the problem/issue/solution, number
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify techniques to be used at each step in the process, taking into account the needs of diverse populations
The techniques and methods depend on several subjects:
… level of participation required and how the will we use the information
… time and amount of resources (money, people)
… any special circumstances.
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify techniques to be used at each step in the process, taking into account the needs of diverse populations
The techniques and methods depend on several subjects:
… level of participation required and how the will we use the information
… what information needs to be provided TO the public and what obtained FROM the public, to achieve PP
objectives
… any special circumstances.
TIPSpecial circumstances are…
Cultural and ethnic sensitivities
Interest of national stakeholders
Political sensitivities
Level of interest
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
SOLUTIONS to overcome the problem
OBJECTIVES
known
unknown
agreement
non-agreement
Simple solutions and
consensus(ex: Schools,
Health Centres)
Simple solutions, but need to build consensus
(ex: Industrial Park, landfill)
Try new solutions and
consensus(ex: Rehabilitation
of old industrial areas)
Redefine the problem
(ex: Definition of Policies on nature
conservation)
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
SOLUTIONS to overcome the problem
OBJECTIVES
known
unknown
agreement
non-agreement
Simple solutions and
consensus(ex: Schools,
Health Centres)
Simple solutions, but need to build consensus
(ex: Industrial Park, landfill)
Try new solutions and
consensus(ex: Rehabilitation
of old industrial areas)
Redefine the problem
(ex: Definition of Policies on nature
conservation)
… more complexity
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Levels of Participation
active
passive
Levels of Interaction
Passive
Informative
Consultation
Interactive
Mobilisation
highlow
Participants are informed on what happened and will happen
Answers to questions raised by participants
Participants in more elaborated analysis and define actions
Participants take initiative, independently from public authorities
Participants are consulted and their ideas attended
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify techniques to be used at each step in the process, taking into account the needs of diverse populations
- PASSIVE (Information Providing Techniques)
Briefings, Exhibits, Displays, Mailings containing technical reports, Conferences, Newsletters, Press Releases, Public Service
Announcements, WEB pages
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify techniques to be used at each step in the process, taking into account the needs of diverse populations
- INFORMATIVE/CONSULTATION (Information Gathering Techniques)
Focus groups, mail-in response forms, polls, opinion surveys, questionnaires
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 2. Public Participation planning
• Identify techniques to be used at each step in the process, taking into account the needs of diverse populations
- INTERACTIVE/MOBILISATION (Interaction/Information exchange techniques)
Advisory groups, Hotlines, Interviews, Public Hearings, Paid Advertisements, Public Meetings, Workshops, Forums
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Who needs to be on the planning team?
What are the issues and who are the Stakeholders for the decision?
What is the probable level of controversy?
How do we prepare for it?
For each step in the decision-making process:
What do we want to accomplish with the public?
What does the public need to know to participate effectively?
What do we need to learn from the public?
What circumstances affect the selection of participation techniques?
Which participation techniques are appropriate?
WRITE THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PLAN
Stage 2.
Public Participation planning
public
informationpublic
information
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Stage 3. Implementation planning
• Plan the implementation of individual public participation activities. For example,
… Develop a workshop agenda
… Decide where meetings will be held
… Decide who will facilitate the meeting
… Decide who will make the presentation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Three stages of planning for an effective Public Participation Program
Stage 1. Decision Analysis
Stage 3. Public Participation Planning (link the techniques in an integrated plan)
Stage 3. Implementation Planning
And then implement your program!!
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
Three stages of planning for an effective Public Participation Program
Stage 1. Decision Analysis
Stage 3. Public Participation Planning (link the techniques in an integrated plan
Stage 3. Implementation Planning
And then implement your program!!
TIPNote that you have to do all this … in a good mood
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Topics ...
... Why do we need Public Participation?
... What is the context of Public Participation?
... Ideas and concepts behind Public Participation
... How to set up a Public Participation Program
... Conclusions
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... Conclusions
Conclusions
• There is no one-size-fits-all approach on public participation, nor a public participation program that fits every decision and issue;
• There is no public participation technique that works in all circumstances;
• When we have a successful public participation process, actually we are talking about using techniques that matched that purpose and reached the stakeholders;
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
... Conclusions
Conclusions
• However, certain rules and questions arise in designing any public participation program, that we tried to provide in systematic way in this Session;
• Be inventive, be creative …
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Impossible dreams …
You have already succeeded at home
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
•Porquê ?
What is Public Participation
Training Session PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
www.transportlearning.net
Thank you for your attention!
Catarina Freitas