Training Report on Embedded System

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Training Report on Embedded System

A Synopsis

On

CONCEPT OF METRO TRAIN

MICROCONTROLLERS

1.1 Introduction

Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of microcontrollers had their

beginnings in the development of technology of integrated circuits. This development has

made it possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors into one chip. That was a

prerequisite for production of microprocessors, and the first computers were made by adding

external peripherals such as memory, input-output lines, timers and other. Further increasing

of the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated

circuits contained both processor and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a

microcomputer, or what would later be known as a microcontroller came about.

1.2 Definition of a Microcontroller

Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. They are like single chip

computers that are often embedded into other systems to function as processing/controlling

unit. For example, the remote control you are using probably has microcontrollers inside that

do decoding and other controlling functions. They are also used in automobiles, washing

machines, microwave ovens, toys ... etc, where automation is needed.

The key features of microcontrollers include:

High Integration of Functionality

Microcontrollers sometimes are called single-chip computers because they have on-

chip memory and I/O circuitry and other circuitries that enable them to function as

small standalone computers without other supporting circuitry.

Field Programmability, Flexibility

Microcontrollers often use EEPROM or EPROM as their storage device to allow field

programmability so they are flexible to use. Once the program is tested to be correct

then large quantities of microcontrollers can be programmed to be used in embedded

systems.

Easy to Use



Assembly language is often used in microcontrollers and since they usually follow

RISC architecture, the instruction set is small. The development package of

microcontrollers often includes an assembler, a simulator, a programmer to "burn" the

chip and a demonstration board. Some packages include a high level language

compiler such as a C compiler and more sophisticated libraries.

Most microcontrollers will also combine other devices such as:

A Timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time

periods.

A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the microcontroller and other devices

such as a PC or another microcontroller.

An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for processing.

Figure 1.1: Showing a typical microcontroller device and its different subunits

1.3 PIN CONFIGURATION

figure 1.2 Pin configuration of Microcontroller



P1

RESET

RXD

TXD

INT0

INT1

T0

T1

RD

WR

XTAL1

XTAL2

GND

P3

Vcc

P0

EA

PSEN

ALE

P2

We have 4 ports in 8051 micro controller. They are port0, port1, port2, port3 which can

be accessed as i/o ports. The pins of the micro controller are explained below.

Reset: It resets total 8051 micro controller.



RXD: It receives data in serial communication.

TXD: It transmits data in serial communication.

INT0: External interrupt for timer 0.

INT1: External interrupt for timer1

T0: Timer0.

T1: Timer1.

RD: To read into external memory.

WR: To write into external memory.

XTAL1 & XTAL2: To connect the crystal oscillator.

ALE: Address latch enable which is used to access the address locations

from external memory.

PSEN: Program store enable which is used for storing programming

code into the external memory.

EA: External Access: 64 KB of ROM is the limit for external memory.



1.4 RESET CIRCUIT

figure1.3 : Reset circuit of microcontroller

Capacitor is storing charge permanently until we use it. Crystal Oscillator is used to generate a carrier

signal with stable frequency. With the help of this oscillator we will deduce the execution speed in terms

of bytes/ sec.It generates 12 clock pulses /machine cycle. Capacitors provide charge for crystal oscillator. If

we are not connecting any external memory to micro controller, EA is connected to Vcc in case of 8051.



1.5 RAM ARCHITECTURE

figure 1.4: Ram Architecture

The 8051 has a bank of 128 bytes of Internal RAM. This Internal RAM is found on-

chip on the 8051 so it is the fastest RAM available, and it is also the most flexible in terms of

reading, writing, and modifying its contents. Internal RAM is volatile, so when the 8051 is

reset this memory is cleared. The 128 bytes of internal ram is subdivided as shown on the

memory map. The first 8 bytes (00h - 07h) are "register bank 0". These alternative register

banks are located in internal RAM in addresses 08h through 1Fh.Bit memory actually resides

in internal RAM, from addresses 20h through 2Fh. The 80 bytes remaining of Internal RAM,

from addresses 30h through 7Fh, may be used by user variables that need to be accessed

frequently or at high-speed. This area is also utilized by the microcontroller as a storage area

for the operating stack.

Register Banks

The 8051 uses 8 "R" registers which are used in many of its instructions. These "R"

registers are numbered from 0 through 7 (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7).These

registers are generally used to assist in manipulating values and moving data from one



memory location to another. The concept of register banks adds a great level of flexibility to

the 8051.

Bit Memory

The 8051, being a communication oriented microcontroller, gives the user the ability

to access a number of bit variables. These variables may be either 1 or 0. There are 128 bit

variables available to the user, numbered 00h through 7Fh. The user may make use of these

variables with commands such as SETB and CLR. It is important to note that Bit Memory is

really a part of Internal RAM. In fact, the 128 bit variables occupy the 16 bytes of Internal

RAM from 20h through 2Fh.

Special Function Register (SFR) Memory

Special Function Registers (SFRs) are areas of memory that control specific

functionality of the 8051 processor. For example, four SFRs permit access to the 8051’s 32

input/output lines. Another SFR allows a program to read or write to the 8051’s serial port

.SFR is a part of Internal Memory. This is not the case. When using this method of memory

access (it’s called direct address), any instruction that has an address of 00h through 7Fh

refers to an Internal RAM memory address; any instruction with an address of 80h through

FFh refers to an SFR control register.

Registers

The Accumulator: The Accumulator, as its name suggests, is used as a general register to

accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value

and is the most versatile register

The "R" registers: The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, etc.

up to and including R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations.

The "B" Register: The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it

may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 8051 instructions:

MUL AB and DIV AB.

The Data Pointer (DPTR): The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8051’s only user-accessible 16-

bit (2-byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all 1-byte values.



DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands

which allow the 8051 to access external memory.

The Program Counter (PC): The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the

8051 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8051 is initialized

PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executed.

.The Stack Pointer (SP): The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may

hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be

removed from the stack should be

Addressing Modes : An "addressing mode" refers to how you are addressing a given

memory location. The addressing modes are as follows,

With an example of each:

Immediate Addressing MOV A, #20h

Direct Addressing MOV A, #30h

Indirect Addressing MOV A, @R0

External Direct MOVX A, @DPTR

Code Indirect MOVC A, @A+DPTR

Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility.

Interrupts: An interrupt is a special feature which allows the 8051 to provide the illusion of

"multitasking," although in reality the 8051 is only doing one thing at a time.

.Timers: Timers are one of the categories of hardware time delays. Time delays are used to

keep a system into halting System or sleepy mode. We have two timers-timer0,

timer1.Hardware time delays are used to generate exact time delays.

1.6 Microcontrollers versus Microprocessors

Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. First and the most important is

its functionality. In order for a microprocessor to be used, other components such as memory,

or components for receiving and sending data must be added to it. In short that means that

microprocessor is the very heart of the computer. On the other hand, microcontroller is



designed to be all of that in one. No other external components are needed for its application

because all necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we save the time and space

needed to construct devices.

1.7 Central Processing Unit

Let add 3 more memory locations to a specific block that will have a built in capability to

multiply, divide, subtract, and move its contents from one memory location onto another. The

part we just added in is called "central processing unit" (CPU). Its memory locations are

called registers.

Figure1.5: Simplified central processing unit with three registers

Registers are therefore memory locations whose role is to help with performing various

mathematical operations or any other operations with data wherever data can be found. Look

at the current situation. We have two independent entities (memory and CPU) which are

interconnected, and thus any exchange of data is hindered, as well as its functionality. If, for

example, we wish to add the contents of two memory locations and return the result again

back to memory, we would need a connection between memory and CPU. Simply stated, we

must have some "way" through data goes from one block to another.

1.8 Bus

That "way" is called "bus". Physically, it represents a group of 8, 16, or more wires.

There are two types of buses: address and data bus. The first one consists of as many lines as

the amount of memory we wish to address and the other one is as wide as data, in our case 8

bits or the connection line. First one serves to transmit address from CPU memory, and the

second to connect all blocks inside the microcontroller.



Figure1.6: Showing connection between memory and central unit using buses

As far as functionality, the situation has improved, but a new problem has also appeared: we

have a unit that's capable of working by itself, but which does not have any contact with the

outside world, or with us! In order to remove this deficiency, let's add a block which contains

several memory locations whose one end is connected to the data bus, and the other has

connection with the output lines on the microcontroller which can be seen as pins on the

electronic component.

1.9 Input-output unit

Those locations we've just added are called "ports". There are several types of ports: input,

output or bidirectional ports. When working with ports, first of all it is necessary to choose

which port we need to work with, and then to send data to, or take it from the port.

Figure1.7: Simplified input-output unit communicating with external world



When working with it the port acts like a memory location. Something is simply being

written into or read from it, and it could be noticed on the pins of the microcontroller.

1.10 Serial communication

Beside stated above we've added to the already existing unit the possibility of communication

with an outside world. However, this way of communicating has its drawbacks. One of the

basic drawbacks is the number of lines which need to be used in order to transfer data. What

if it is being transferred to a distance of several kilometers? The number of lines times’

number of kilometers doesn't promise the economy of the project. It leaves us having to

reduce the number of lines in such a way that we don't lessen its functionality. Suppose we

are working with three lines only, and that one line is used for sending data, other for

receiving, and the third one is used as a reference line for both the input and the output side.

In order for this to work, we need to set the rules of exchange of data. These rules are called

protocol. Protocol is therefore defined in advance so there wouldn't be any misunderstanding

between the sides that are communicating with each other. For example, if one man is

speaking in French, and the other in English, it is highly unlikely that they will quickly and

effectively understand each other. Let's suppose we have the following protocol. The logical

unit "1" is set up on the transmitting line until transfer begins. Once the transfer starts, we

lower the transmission line to logical "0" for a period of time (which we will designate as T),

so the receiving side will know that it is receiving data, and so it will activate its mechanism

for reception. Let's go back now to the transmission side and start putting logic zeros and

ones onto the transmitter line in the order from a bit of the lowest value to a bit of the highest

value. Let each bit stay on line for a time period which is equal to T, and in the end, or after

the 8th bit, let us bring the logical unit "1" back on the line which will mark the end of the

transmission of one data. The protocol we've just described is called in professional literature

NRZ (Non-Return to Zero).

Figure1.8: Serial unit sending data through three lines only

As we have separate lines for receiving and sending, it is possible to receive and send data

(info.) at the same time. So called full-duplex mode block which enables this way of

communication is called a serial communication block. Unlike the parallel transmission, data

moves here bit by bit, or in a series of bits what defines the term serial communication comes

from. After the reception of data we need to read it from the receiving location and store it in



memory as opposed to sending where the process is reversed. Data goes from memory

through the bus to the sending location, and then to the receiving unit according to the

protocol.

1.11 Timer unit

Since we have the serial communication explained, we can receive, send and process data.

Figure1.9: Timer unit generating signals in regular time intervals

However, in order to utilize it in industry we need a few additionally blocks. One of those is

the timer block which is significant to us because it can give us information about time,

duration, protocol etc. The basic unit of the timer is a free-run counter which is in fact a

register whose numeric value increments by one in even intervals, so that by taking its value

during periods T1 and T2 and on the basis of their difference we can determine how much

time has elapsed. This is a very important part of the microcontroller whose

understanding requires most of our time.

Figure1.10: Physical configuration of the interior of a microcontroller



Figure1.11: Microcontroller outline with basic elements and internal connections

For a real application, a microcontroller alone is not enough. Beside a microcontroller, we

need a program that would be executed, and a few more elements which make up interface

logic towards the elements of regulation (which will be discussed next).



2- LCD INTERFACING

2.1 Pin Configuration

GND Vcc

figure 2.1: 16x2 LCD Pin configuration

3- >VARISTOR

4-> RS

5-> RW

6-> EN

7-14-> DATA LINE INPUTS

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F

C0 C1 C2 C 3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF

H ->A

1 16 2 15

4

3

5

6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14



LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most commonly used LCDs found in the market

today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of

80 characters.

2.2 DDRAM - Display Data RAM

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its

extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM)

that is not used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the

DDRAM is actually displayed on the LCD.

2.3 BF - Busy Flag

Busy Flag is a status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD

for processing, this flag is set (i.e. BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed

successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact amount of

delay. For the LCD processing. To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must

be met and The MSB of the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is

busy and will not accept next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next

command or data to process.

2.4 Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)

There are two 8-bit registers controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction register

corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g. LCD shift command,

LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be

displayed on LCD. When send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins

is latched in to the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and

hence is displayed on the LCD.

2.5 Commands and Instruction set

Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the LCD can be controlled by

the MCU. Before starting the internal operation of the LCD, control information is

temporarily stored into these registers to allow interfacing with various MCUs, which operate

at different speeds, or various peripheral control devices. The internal operation of the LCD is

determined by signals sent from the MCU.

2.6 Sending Commands to LCD

To send commands we simply need to select the command register. Everything is same as we

have done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common steps and put

them in a single subroutine. Following are the steps:

Move data to LCD port

Select command register

Select write operation

Send enable signal

Wait for LCD to process the command



3 DC MOTOR INTERFACING

In this project the d.c motor interfacing consists of two motors .One motor is used to

open & close the car door and the other is used to move the car forward. This interfacing is

shown in fig. This uses L293D IC interfacing.

3.1 Push-Pull Four Channel Driver

Description : Output currents to 1A or 600mA per channel respectively. Each channel is

controlled by a TTL-compatible logic input and each pair of drivers (a The L293 and L293D

are quad push-pull drivers capable of delivering full bridge) is equipped with an inhibit input

which turns off all four transistors. A separate supply input is provided for the logic so that it

may be run off a lower voltage to reduce dissipation. Additionally the L293D includes the

output clamping diodes within the IC for complete interfacing with inductive loads. Both

devices is available in 16-pin Batwing DIP packages. They are also available in Power S0IC

and Hermetic DIL packages.

3.2 Block Diagram

Figure 3.1: block diagram of load driver L293D



3.3 FEATURES:

Output Current 1A Per Channel (600mA for L293D)

Peak Output Current 2A Per Channel (1.2A for L293D)

Inhibit Facility

High Noise Immunity

Separate Logic Supply

Over-Temperature Protection

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS:

Collector Supply Voltage, VC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36V

Logic Supply Voltage, VSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36V

Input Voltage, VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7V

Inhibit Voltage, VINH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7V

Peak Output Current (Non-Repetitive), lOUT (L293) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2A

lOUT (L293D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2A

Total Power Dissipation

At T ground-pins = 80°C

N Batwing pkg, (Note) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5W

Storage and Junction Temperature, Tstg, TJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -40 to +150°C



4 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

4.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT:

Figure 4.1: Circuit of power supply

The power supply consists of ac voltage transformer, diode rectifier, ripple filter, and voltage

regulator. The description of the components is shown below.

4.2 TRANSFORMER:

Definition: The transformer is a static electro-magnetic device that transforms one

alternating Voltage (current) into another voltage (current).However; power remains the same

during the transformation. Transformers play a major role in the transmission and distribution

of ac power.

Principle: Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. A transformer consists

of laminated magnetic core forming the magnetic frame. Primary and secondary coils are

wound upon the two cores of the magnetic frame, linked by the common magnetic flux.

When an alternating voltage is applied across the primary coil, a current flows in the primary

coil producing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This flux induces voltage in secondary

coil.



Transformers are classified as:

(a) Based on position of the windings with respect to core i.e.

(1) Core type transformer

(2) Shell type transformer

(b) Transformation ratio:

(1) Step up transformer

(2) Step down transformer

DC power supply exists in every electronic box whether it is a computer, TV, or

equipment in the laboratory. The power supply consists of ac voltage transformer, diode

rectifier, ripple filter, and voltage regulator. The transformer is an ac device. It has two coil

windings, the primary and the secondary, around a common magnetic core. The current

flowing in the primary winding generates a time varying electromagnetic field which in turn

induces an output voltage across the secondary winding. The ratio of turns in the two

windings determines the ratio of the input voltage and output voltage. The power supply that

we are building in this experiment is a linear power supply. In other words, the circuit

functions with analog signals. In our kit, we have a small transformer which can convert

230Vac from the wall plug to 6-12 V ac.

4.3 RECTIFIER: The rectifier is based on p-n junction. One can use a single diode forming

a half-wave rectifier or four diodes forming a full-wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier. In the

experiment, we are going to use the power rectifying diode, 1N4001 or IN4007. You can read

from the specification sheet the characteristics of the diode. The most important thing to

know is the polarity of the diode. The arrow is the p-side and the bar is the n-side. A positive

voltage is needed on the p-side to make the diode conduct. IN4001 can block off large

negative bias in the hundred voltage range

4.4 REGULATOR: To make the output voltage as constant as possible, one needs a

regulator. The regulator consists of a voltage reference, e.g., a Zener diode. It can also be an

IC component with voltage reference and feedback control circuit inside.

Finally, you will characterize the performance of the power supply by measuring its

output voltage and ripple as a function of the load current. The more the current, the higher is

the ripple. Likewise, the more the current, the lower is the voltage. This is called loading.



Another semiconductor component to be used in this experiment is a voltage

regulator, 7805. “78” indicates that it is a regulator for positive voltage. There is a

corresponding “79” model for negative voltage. “05” indicates that it has an output of 5 V.

7805 is an integrated circuit. Just like the operational amplifier, the design engineer of the IC

has optimized the circuit. The regulator IC requires an input voltage at least a couple of V

higher than the output voltage in order to function properly. In a way, it is similar to the

operational amplifier; the output is limited by the power supply voltage. Your output is

always below the input. This voltage difference keeps all electronic circuits in the IC

forwardly biased, hence, functioning properly in the linear regime.

The lower circuit is a bridge-wave rectifier. There are four diodes. They are arranged

in such a way that the current always flows in the same direction through the load resistor no

matter which node of the transformer is positive. You can trace the flow of the current. When

the upper node of the transformer is positive, current flows through the first diode through the

load, which is not shown, then it flows through the last diode to the lower node of the

transformer completing the loop. When the lower node of the transformer is positive, current

flows through the third diode to the load resistor then it flows through the second diode to the

upper node of the transformer completing the loop. The current flows through the load

resistor along the same direction all the time. The load resistor must have sufficient power

handling capability. Otherwise, It may burn .The power dissipation is given by voltage square

divided by resistance.

4.5 FILTER: After the rectification process, the voltage signal contains both an average dc

component and a time varying ac component called the ripple. To reduce or eliminate the ac

component, one needs low pass filter(s). The low pass filter will pass through the dc but

attenuate the ac at 60 Hz or its harmonics, i.e., 120 Hz. It has a resistor in front and a

capacitor across the output and ground. (C-filter).

4.6 LED (Light Emitting Diodes): As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when

forward biased. Charge carrier recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side

cross the junction and recombine with the holes on the P side. Electrons are in the higher

conduction band on the N side whereas holes are in the lower valence band on the P side.

During recombination, some of the energy is given up in the form of heat and light. In the

case of semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium phosphate (Gap) and



Gallium arsenide phosphate (GaAsP) a greater percentage of energy is released during

recombination and is given out in the form of light. LED emits no light when junction is

reversed biased.

4.7 CIRCUIT OPERATION: In circuit operation, when the voltage generated by the

transformer is higher than the capacitor voltage, the current flows through the diode charging

the capacitors. At the same time, the load resistor drains current from the capacitors. When

the amount of draining matches with the charging current, the voltage is stabilized. A sudden

increase in load current will decrease the voltage across the capacitor. It will also increase the

time period during which the diodes conduct, hence, the ripple.

5. Description of Project

5.1 Introduction

The Need

Delhi, the National Capital with a population of about

12 million is, perhaps, the only city of its size in the

world, which depends almost entirely on buses on it

sole mode of mass transport.bus services are

inadequate and heavily over-crowded.. The result of

extreme congestion on the road, ever slowing speeds,

increasing accident rate, fuel wastage and

environmental pollution. Delhi has now become the

fourth most city in the world, with automobiles contributing more than two thirds of the total

atmospheric pollution. Pollution related health problems are reaching disconcerting levels.

Immediate steps are, therefore, needed to improve both the quality and availability of mass

transport service. This is possible only if a rail-based mass transit system, which is non-

polluting, is introduced in the city without further delay.

Delhi MRTS Project

With a view to reducing the problems of Delhi’s commuter,

the launching of an Integrated Multi Mode Mass Rapid

Transport System for Delhi had long been under

consideration. The first concrete step in this direction was,

however, taken when a feasibility study for developing such

a multi-modal MRTS system was commissioned by

GNCTD (with support from GOI) in 1989 and completed

by RITES in 1991.



My Prototype of metro train

I have made the prototype of Metro train using Microcontroller 89C51.The basic function of

this project is given later. I have used a toy car to implementing it which has two DC motors.

One is used for opening and closing the door and other is used for moving the car forward.

The complete description of project is given below.

5.2 Circuit Diagram of Metro Train Prototype

Following figure shows the complete Metro Train Prototype.

Figure 5.1: diagram of Metro Train Prototype



5.3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

5.3(a) Components:

Component Name Quantity

1. Power Supply Section

plug with wire 1

Step down transformer (230v/12v a.c) 1

1N4007 diodes 4

LM7809 1

LM7805 1

100 μF 1

ON/OFF switch 1

Red LED 1

1K Resistor 1

Microcontroller Section

Microcontroller IC (AT89C51) with base 1

Crystal Oscillator (11.0592 MHz) 1

Capacitor (30pF) 2

Capacitor (10µF) 1

Resistor (8.2K) 1

LCD Connector 1

2. Buzzer 1

3. LCD(16x2) 1

4. Load Driver (L293D) with base 1

5. A Car (toy-driven by a DC motor) 1

6. General Purpose Card 4

7. Single Core Connecting Wires

8. Reset Switch (Push-on) 1

9. Old and Rough CD drive for making Door System 1

(We are to use only motor and Pulley system for door)



5.3(b) Softwares used:

1. Keil µVision3.

2. Top-View Simulator

5.3(c) Equipments used:

1. Soldering iron, solder, flux.

2. Hex Blade

5.4 Procedure of building the Prototype of Metro Train

Step 1: Circuit diagram of the proposed system is designed and finalized.(Refer to Figure 6.1

)

Step 2: All the components and software platform to be used are selected which are also

mentioned above.

Step 3: All the hardware components are soldered on their respective printed circuit boards

with the help of soldering ion, solder and flux according to the hardware schematic shown in

the Figure

Step 5: Code/program of the proposed system is developed using assembly language with the

help of software platform (Keil u vision3).The coding could be seen in section

Step 6: The hex code of the program being created by the software platform is burnt into the

flash code memory of our microcontroller IC 89C51.

Step 7: Testing is done at various levels to finalize the appropriate program for the most

proper working of the system

5.5 General Working

When the power is turned on a message (“welcome to metro”) is displayed on LCD.

Then a message “Current station is Kishan Ganj” is displayed and door is opened also.

A buzzer is also turned on when door opens. After some delay the door is closed and car is

started to move forward. A message “current station is Kishan Ganj” is displayed also on

LCD. After some delay a message “next station is Pratap nagar” is displayed. After

some time the train stops and a message “ current station is Pratap nagar” is displayed. This

process is continued for five stations. In the end a message “End of line” is displayed on

LCD. This whole process is repeated until we turned off the power supply.



6. FUTURE SCOPE

The new cars would feature the following:

Stainless steel exteriors instead of an aluminium car body.

Thinner, stronger stainless steel seats that offer more leg room. Each car would have

64 cloth-padded, taller seats with seat-back grab handles.

A total end to carpeting. Floors would be rubberized.

Interactive maps on LCD screens that would also likely display advertisements

Automated station announcements. So no more "Judishuwary Square".

Security cameras on all rail cars.

The 7000 series won't be ready for service for at least five years. The latest models are in the

6000 series, which were introduced last year.



7. REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY

“THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM” by Muhammad

Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay.

“The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER” by K. J. Ayala.

"Advanced Microprocessors and Microcontrollers" by B.P. Singh & Renu Singh.

"Let Us C" by Yashwant Kanitkar.

"Data Structure through C" by Yashwant Kanitkar.

NET LINKS:

1. www.aaizlwel.com

2. www.8051projects.net

3. www.encyclopedia.com

4. www.wikipedia.com

http://www.aaizlwel.com/

http://www.8051projects.net/

http://www.encyclopedia.com/

http://www.wikipedia.com/



Coding:

C Language Code

#include<reg51.h>

void lcd_data(char[]);

void lcd_ok(bit);

void delay(unsigned int);

void delay1(unsigned int);

void lcd_code(char);

void check();

void lcd_init();

sbit rs = P2^0;

sbit rw = P2^1;

sbit en = P2^2;

sbit busy = P1^7;

sbit mot1 = P2^3;

sbit mot2 = P2^4;

sbit door1 = P2^5;

sbit door2 = P2^6;

sbit buzz = P2^7;

#define lcd_port P1

main()

{

char index1;

char stations[][16] = {{"Kishan Ganj0"}, {"Pratap Nagar0"}, {"Shahadara0"},

{"Indraprashta0"}, {"Rohini West0"}};

mot1 = 0;

mot2 = 0;



buzz = 1;

door1 = 1;

door2 = 1;

lcd_init();

lcd_code(0x01);

lcd_data("Welcome To Metro0");

delay1(1000);

lcd_code(0x80);

for(index1 = 0; index1 != 5; index1++)

{

lcd_code(0x01);

lcd_code(0x80);

lcd_data("Current Station:0");

lcd_code(0xC0);

lcd_data(stations[index1]);

delay1(200);

buzz = 0;

delay1(200);

buzz = 1;

//------------------------------Door Open

door1 = 0;

delay1(500);

door1 = 1;

//------------------------------Door Open

delay1(3500);

//------------------------------Door Close



door2 = 0;

delay1(1000);

door2 = 1;

//------------------------------Door Close

delay1(300);

mot1 = 1;

mot2 = 0;

if(index1 < 4)

{

delay1(2000);

lcd_code(0x01);

lcd_code(0x80);

lcd_data("Next Station:0");

lcd_code(0xC0);

lcd_data(stations[index1+1]);

delay1(2000);

mot1 = 0;

mot2 = 0;

lcd_code(0x01);

}

else

{

lcd_code(0x01);

lcd_data("End Of Line0");

delay1(1000);

}



}

}

void lcd_data(char ch[])

{

int index1;

for(index1 = 0; ch[index1] != '0'; index1++)

{

check();

lcd_port = ch[index1];

lcd_ok(1);

}

return;

}

void lcd_ok(bit mybit)

{

if(mybit)

{

rs = 1;

}

else

{

rs = 0;

}



rw = 0;

en = 1;

delay(1);

en = 0;

return;

}

void delay1(unsigned int itime)

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i = 0; i < itime; i++)

for(j = 0; j < 500; j++);

return;

}

void delay(unsigned int time)

{

int i = 0;

for(; time > 0; time--)

for(; i < 353; i++);

return;

}

void lcd_init()

{



lcd_code(0x38);

lcd_code(0x0C);

lcd_code(0x01);

lcd_code(0x06);

return;

}

void lcd_code(char ch)

{

check();

lcd_port = ch;

lcd_ok(0);

return;

}

void check()

{

rs = 0;

rw = 1;

while(busy == 1)

{

en = 0;

delay(1);

en = 1;

}

return;}

Documents

Training Report on Embedded System