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INDIAN RAILWAYS

INTRODUCTION: -

Indian Railway is the state-owned railway company of India,

which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the

Ministry of Railways of the Government of India. India boasts one of the worlds largest

railway networks in the world. Every day, 20million people travel around the country in

hundreds of trains running between various stations smoothly and safely. The formal

inauguration ceremony of IR was performed on 16th April 1853, with the first

passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of

36 km, on 15th August, 1854.

SNAPSHOTS:- It encompasses 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028

kilometers of route length and a track length of 111,600 km.

It is one of the world's largest commercial or utility employers, with morethan1.6 million employees.

It moves 2 million tons of freight & 20 million people daily across the county

with the help of 200,000 (freight) wagons. 7,000 passenger trains across the country services 20 million people to their

destinations.

Mr Vinay mittal is the current Chairman of Railway Board.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:-

IR is a department owned and controlled by

the Government of India; the Ministry of Railways IR is administered by the

Railway Board, which has a financial commissioner, five members and a chairman.

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Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a

single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic

interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic

radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between

neighboring pair In balanced pair operation, the two wires carry equal and oppositesignals and the destination detects the difference between the two. This is known as

differential mode transmission. Noise sources introduce signals into the wires by

coupling of electric or magnetic fields and tend to couple to both wires equally. The

noise thus produces a common-mode signal which is cancelled at the receiver when

the difference signal is taken. This method starts to fail when the noise source is

close to the signal wires; the closer wire will couple with the noise more strongly

and the common-mode rejection of the receiver will fail to eliminate it. This problem

is especially apparent in telecommunication cables where pairs in the same cable lie

next to each other for many miles. One pair can induce crosstalk in another and it is

additive along the length of the cable. Twisting the pairs counters this effect as on

each half twist the wire nearest to the noise-source is exchanged.

Providing the interfering source remains uniform or nearly, so over the distance of

a single twist, the induced noise will remain common-mode. Differential signaling

also reduces electromagnetic radiation from the cable, along with the

associated attenuation allowing for greater distance between exchanges.

The twist rate (also called pitch of the twist, usually defined in twists per meter)

makes up part of the specification for a given type of cable. Where nearby pairs

have equal twist rates, the same conductors of the different pairs may repeatedly

lie next to each other, partially undoing the benefits of differential mode. For this

reason it is commonly specified that, at least for cables containing small numbers

of pairs, the twist rates must differ.

In contrast to FTP (foiled twisted pair) and STP (shielded twistedpair) cabling, UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cable is not surrounded by any

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-mode_rejection_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(metal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(metal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-mode_rejection_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuit

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DISADVANTAGES:-

Twisted pairs susceptibility to electromagnetic interference greatly depends on

the pair twisting schemes (usually patented by the manufacturers) staying intact

during the installation. As a result, twisted pair cables usually have stringentrequirements for maximum pulling tension as well as minimum bend radius.

This relative fragility of twisted pair cables makes the installation practices an

important part of ensuring the cables performance.

In video applications that send information across multiple parallel signal wires,

twisted pair cabling can introduce signaling delays known as skew whichresults in subtle color defects and ghosting due to the image components not

aligning correctly when recombined in the display device. The skew occurs

because twisted pairs within the same cable often use a different number of

twists per meter so as to prevent crosstalk between pairs with identical numbers

of twists. The skew can be compensated by varying the length of pairs in the

termination box, so as to introduce delay lines that take up the slack between

shorter and longer pairs, though the precise lengths required are difficult to

calculate and vary depending on the overall cable length.

2. ANALOG AND DIGITAL MICROWAVE LINKS:-

Microwave link:-A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam

of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or databetween two locations, which can be from just a few feet or meters to several milesor kilometers apart. Microwave links are commonly used by televisionbroadcasters to transmit programmes across a country, for instance, or froman outside broadcast back to a studio.

Mobile units can be camera mounted, allowing cameras the freedom to move

around without trailing cables. These are often seen on the touchlines of sportsfields on systems.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_lineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew

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Properties of microwave links:-

Involve line of sight (LOS) communication technology. Affected greatly by environmental constraints, including rain fade. Have very limited penetration capabilities through obstacles such as hills,

buildings and trees Sensitive to high pollen count Signals can be degraded during solar proton events.

.Uses of microwave links :-

In communications between satellites and base stations

As backbone carriers for cellular systems In short range indoor communications Telecommunications, in linking remote and regional telephone exchanges to

larger (main) exchanges without the need for copper/optical fiber lines.

TYPES OF SYSTEM :-

Following multichannel radio system is working on Indian Railways:

(a) UHF: 12, 24, 60,120 channel analog &10, 30, 120 channel digital

(b) Microwave: 60,120,300, 960 channel analog and 2 Mbit, 8 Mbit, (34+2) Mbit

digital.

UHF ANTENNA:-

The UHF antenna shall be of following types:(a) YAGI ANTENNA:-

These are directly fed antennas providing a gain of 8-12 dB

depending on the no of elements and frequency.

(b) CORNER REFLECTOR ANTENNA:-

These are used with dipole feeder, providing a gain of 10-15 dB, depending

upon the size and frequency.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_fadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_proton_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_proton_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_counthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_fadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation

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(c) GRIDPARABOLIC ANTENNA:-

These antennae are used with dipole feeder and grid parabolic reflector. The

gain provided by these antennae is in the range of 12-25 dB depending upon

the size and frequency.

UHF FEEDER CABLE:-

(a) Flexible coaxial copper cable, air or dielectric types of approved specification

shall be used as the feeder cable for UHF specifications. Either 7/8" or 11/8

diameter cables are generally recommended for UHF frequencies.

(b) Flexible coaxial jumper cable of about 1M length shall be used at either end of

the main feeder cable to connect the antenna and the radio equipment.(c) The characteristics impedance of the feeder cable shall be same as that of the

radio and antenna.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDER CABLE:-

The selection of the feeder cable shall be passed on the following characteristics: Impedance

Frequency Band Attenuation Power rating Size & Weight Flexibility Cost

MICROWAVE ANTENNA:-

The microwave antenna may be of following types:

(a) STANDARD PERFORMANCE ANTENNA (SP):-

These are economical type of antenna suitable for low

density routes.

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SELECTION OF THE ANTENNA:-

The selection of the antenna shall be based on following factors: Frequency Band

Gain Half Power Bandwidth Front to Back Ratio VSWR Cross Polarization Discrimination Size and Weight Wind load Maximum sustainable wind speed The beam deflection thereof Economy

3. OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES:-

Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of Ofc Communication

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OPTICAL FIBER CABLE:-

Fig.3.2 Optical Fiber Cable

Limitations of copper network:- Copper is costlier and scarce material. Fault prone Maintenance difficult Vulnerable for EMI

Installation time consuming

Advantages of Optic Fiber:- More Bandwidth - Thousands of Channels Low Loss - 0.5db per km Less number of Repeaters Electro Magnetic Immunity Small size & Light Weight - Easy to handle Greater Safety - No Electric Hazards Higher Security

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OFC Applications:- Telecommunication Network Junction Network & Long Distance Network Submarine cable

High EMI areas Explosive environment Computer links & Local Area Network Cable television Medical Field, Automobile Field

OFC Construction:- Centre Core Glass More RI 8-10 micrometer

Light is transmitted through the core Cladding Glass Less RI 125 micro meter

Outside optical layer that traps the light into the core by Total Internal

Reflection and guides the light along the core

Primary Coating Protection & Identification of Fiber

Principle of Working:-

Fig.3.3 Total Internal reflection

TIR is achieved since Core and Cladding having different Refractive Indices.

Core RI 1.48Cladding RI 1.47

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Fig.3.4 Centre Strength

Centre Strengthening Member GRP, FRP Loose Tube Buffers 2.4 mm Dia, Fibres are placed inside along with jelly. Primary Strength Member Aramid Yarn Inner Sheath Black Outer Nylon Sheath Orange

Propagation of Light inside the Fiber:-

Fig. 3.5 Propagation of Light inside the Fiber OFC Types:-

Single Mode Fiber Multi-Mode Fiber Plastic Optic Fiber

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OFC Sizes:-

6 Fibers 12 Fibers 24 Fibers 48 Fibers 96 Fibers

Standard drum length is 2000M +10% 0r 4000 m

4. DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING EQUIPMENT PRINCIPLE OF DIGITALMULTIPLEXER:-

All digital multiplexing equipment shall be based on 2048 Kbps; PDH8.448/34.368Mbps, SDH (STM -1, STM -4, STM 16 or higher) 10 Mbps, 100

Mbps, 1 Gbps (Ethernet) based hierarchy.

MEDIA OF TRANSMISSION :-

Digital UHF/MICROWAVE relay system

Symmetric cable pairs / HDSL modems Star quad cable in 25 KV AC electrified areas Optical fiber

PRIMARY MULTIPLEXING EQUIPMENT:-

(a) This equipment shall multiplex 30 analogues and/or data channel to 2048 kbps

ITU compatible digital stream on transmit side and on receive side, it shall DEmultiplex ITU compatible 2048 kbps digital stream to 30 analogue voice /data

channels.

(b) Following type of primary multiplexers is in use.

TERMINAL MUX :-

It shall have one 2048 kbps port each for Trans and receive side and shall be used

as end multiplexer.

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PRIMARY DROP/INSERT MUX:-

This shall have at least two 2048 kbps ports (P1 and P2 port) each for send and

receive side. It shall be possible in drop/insert any channel to P1/P2 port or make

a time slot through P1 port toP2 port and vice versa.

DROP/INSERT MUX WITH CONFERENCE FACILITY:-

Its function is similar to drop insert MUX described above with additional facility

of at least 3 party conferences between any combination of time slots of either P1

port or P2 port and voice interface.TYPE OF INTERFACE CARDS FOR THE PRIMARY MULTIPLEXER:-

Following types of interface cards are provided in primary digital

Multiplexer

- 2W speech card with E&M Signaling

- 4W speech card with E&M signaling

- Exchange end interface cards- Subscriber side interface cards

- Hotline interface cards

- Magneto telephone interface cards

- Conference circuits, omnibus voice circuits

Data interface cards of various types like:-

(i) G703 co directional/contra directional

(ii) V.24/RS232C interface

(iii) V.35 interface

(iv) NX64 Kbps data interface cards etc.

Second Order Multiplexing Equipment:-

This equipment shall convert four 2048 kbps tributary signal into a 8448kbps digital signal and vice versa with positive justification.

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Third Order Multiplexing Equipment:-

This equipment shall convert four 8448 kbps tributary signal into a

34368 kbps signal and vice versa with positive justification .

Third Order Skip Multiplexer:-

This equipment shall convert sixteen 2048 kbps tributaries signal into a 34368 kbps

signal and vice versa with positive justification.

Third Order Drop Insert Multiplexer:-

This equipment shall be used for dropping inserting either 8448 kbps

Tributary or 2048 kbps tributary from/to 34368 kbps main tributary signal

And vice versa with positive justification.

All digital multiplexing equipment shall be as per approved specification

Of RDSO.

REQUIREMENT OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE:-

(i) The overall system performance with the proposed transmission media shall be

so designed and ensured that it meets ITU-T parameters. The system availability

shall be at least 99.5%.(ii) The characteristic of complete circuit shall be measured on the basis of audio

frequency 4W/2W interface in respect of characteristic and parameters defined in

ITU-T G.712.

SYNCHRONOUS TRANPORTIt convert optical signal to electrical signal and electrical

signal to optical signal with 155mbps speed

Fig. 4.1 MODULE (STM-1)

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DDFIt is use for E1 Termination for 63 E1

Fig. 4.2 DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME

Fig. 4.3 FIBER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Fig. 4.4 WEBFIL MUX

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Fig. 5.1 Network Management System

Fig. 5.2 Network Management System

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PLANNING AND SYSTEM DESIGN:-

Optical Fiber communication system shall be provided for followingTypes of communication needs:-(a) Control Communication with emergency communication

(b) Administrative voice and data communication.

(c) Both for control and long haul communication backbone for mobile train

Capacity of Fiber Optic System:-

a) For Control Communication application, SDH System having capacity of STM-1

shall be used. Generally, one E1 shall be used for various control applications.

b) For Long Haul Communication, SDH System with capacity of STM-4 or above

shall be used.

PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF OPTIC FIBRE CABLE ROUTE:-

Following main items of work shall constitute the survey. Selecting the route in general. Deciding the number of drop and insert locations. Deciding the size and assessing the length of cable required. Working out the requirement of circuits which are to be provided in the cable. Working out the requirements of heavy tools and plants depending upon the

nature of the territory, availability of roads along the tracks, etc. Assessing the special problems of the section such as type of soil, long

cuttings, new embankments, water logged areas, types of major bridges,

major yards. Collecting details of the existing telecommunication facilities andthe additional requirements due to electrification and preparing tentative

tapping diagrams. Assessing the number of track crossings and other protective works required

to be done. Avoiding burrow pits and areas prone to water logging.

Avoiding soil made up of cinders, coal ashes, etc.

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PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM:-

DEFINITIONS:-

A method or technological gadget to give information to publicabout status of Train running /rescheduling /accident etc. to the passenger in

Person or remotely . Status of Reservation either on Public Telephone lines or on

Internet

INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM ( IVRS):-

Interactive Voice Response System, the technical system giving the

information of Train Running, Passenger PNR etc. on a PSTN / Mobile Network

through a centralized data base, which is at present maintained at Divisions / HQ./

CRIS or through NTES servers.

PRERECORDED ANNOUNCEMENT AND AUTO ANNOUNCEMENT

SYSTEM:-

It is an IVRS System, generally provided as standalone system, to

give the information to public on PSTN Telephone either for Train Running

Information or to work as Announcement System in Platform with suitable

interface to PA system.

TRAIN INDICATOR:-

It is a display device which gives the information regarding

running of Train Arrival / Departure timing and Platform No. etc. The system is

either operated locally at a particular station or can be fed from Central location.

They are mainly provided at Platform and Public utility location.

COACH GUIDANCE SYSTEM:-

It is a display device, which indicates the position of each coach

from engine with description of train number and Coach Position.

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i. Manual Input data by taking the position from the Control office and feeding

to NTES terminal.

ii. Manual feeding of the data on the respective location at the Control office

where the input terminals are provided for periodically updating the Traininformation by obtaining the data from the Control office.

iii. By taking the input automatically from the "Control Charting System".

ON LINE TRAIN INFORMATION SYSTEM AT STATION :-

At the individual station, where the system input is fed by the Stationmaster/

Supervisory Staff at stations "as standalone system . The information is up datedperiodically. When any predefined number is dialed the caller gets the information

of the train for fixed duration.

TYPES OF DIFFERENT DATA NETWORKING USED IN INDIAN RAILWAYS:-

The various applications are utilised to meet present and future

challenges and to fulfil the complete information and accountable of the IndianRailways business. The main few systems data network systems are as under:

1. Passenger reservation system ( PRS )

2. Unreserved ticketing system ( UTS )

3. National train enquiry system ( NTES )

4. Freight operations information system ( FOIS)

5. Crew management system

6. Management information system ( MIS )

7. Material management information system ( MMIS )

8. Coaching operation information system ( COIS )

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Beside this above coach guidance, boards, train time displayboards and digital clocks are also introduced in Indian Railways for betterinformation to the passengers.

1. PRS: - Passenger reservation system used in the Railway for advancereservation all over India in the existing running trains. Basically this systemwas connected between five major cities of India known as Pandav havingmain servers there.

Fig. 6.1 Passenger reservation system

2. UTS: - for the accurate and quick booking of Railway tickets UTS system isbeing introduced at several stations of Indian Railways resulting a fast bookingof tickets and collection of fair.

3. NTES: - using a centralized train information system and NTES is introducedfor easy enquiry regarding train positions from anywhere by dialing a BSNLnumber.

4. FOIS: - this system is a intranet networking within India to keep theinformation of goods cargo all over India by using a master computer at RailBhavan and many nodes throughout Indian Railways.

5. Crew management system crew management system and managementinformation system and other material management information system are

used for Railways different management system.

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1) Cisco-Switch and Router

Fig. 6.8 Cisco-Switch and Router

2) WAN-Port Architecture

Fig. 6.9 WAN-Port Architecture

3) Connection

Fig. 6.10 Connection

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OTHER DETAILS AT GLANCE:-

Any data network requires the following factors for smooth running of the system:

Network security : only the intended receiver should receive data sender. This is

achieved through encryption at various levels. The various data encryptionstandard are IP sec, DES, 3DES, AES, private/public key.

Access control : the access control protocol performs three function authentication,

authorization and accounting. Authentication is the process of identifying and verifying a user. Only

authorized personal should be permitted access to use the network

resources. This is achieved through password protection.

Authorization determines what a user can do after being authenticated.

Accounting is recording what a user is doing or has done.

Network protection: all computers on the network should be protected against

viruses by installing suitable antivirus software because virus can also slow downthe network speed apart from affecting the computer network. All the servers

should be protected by firewalls.

Network scalability: it should be possible to add new network devices either at

existing locations or at new locations by extending the WAN. Therefore network

components should be selected to permit scalability. At least 25% spare equipments

like modems, Hubs, UPS, switches, LAN extenders PCs to be arranged for efficient

maintenance of the network.

Network convergence: a single data network can support many applications

through selection of proper network devices like routers etc. It is better to have

separate n/w for management information systems and for critical applications like

PRS, FOIS, UTS having financial databases and transactions. Hence the operation of

these systems is required to be very carefully and in a very coordinate manner.

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CONCLUSION:-

In this project I have studied few types of data networks

functioning over Indian Railways and year-by-year rapid expansion of the networks

taking place to fulfill the present demands in the business by using different types

of software. Besides these more and more data systems are used in passengers

information system like interactive voice response system (IVRS), computerized

announcement system, train indicators, coach guidance system and online train

running information system are still more to study. These are very interesting

subjects towards computer application for public amenities.

Further the advancement of data communication to be

achieved by Indian Railways through very small aperture terminal (VSAT)

networks which is used through satellite communication system. Therefore, as

mentioned above is a small study of different type of software/data communication

systems in Indian Railways. It is hereby concluded that it will be a small clear light

to familiar with the digital/data communication in Indian Railways.