Training Musketry and Rifle Exercises 1917

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TRAINING, 11UXKETRY,

RIFLE EXERCISES.

1917.

ple @!huri!g :

ALBERT J. MWLLETT. QOVEBXXENT P&INl!ER, P E L B O W W .

c.1600.

A



CONTENTS.

raaxIn8lnumons .. .. .. .. -. 6

c a b pm L-

Part I . - 8 y l l a b r u of Training .. .. .. 9Part I I . 4 o n i o r Cadet Musketry Coarse .. .. 12Part III . - -Gyhb us of Examinations .. .. 16

n.-R a e Exercinss .. .. .. .. - 2 4

ClMPmB In.-

CareofdrmJ ..-TEE IV.-

.. .. .. .* 34

Mmkotry Exorcinoe-Aiming Instmotion

.. ....

..&!2

Firing Instruction .. .. .. .. 48Teste of Elementary Training .. .. .. 66

CHlPTEB v.-pleliminsry Training and Range Rsot ioes - 68



6

INSTRUCTIONS..

The scheme of Universal Training provides for thetraining of the Seoior Cadets to take the place in part of

the recruit training of the soldier, consequently thistraining should be so conducted that the cadet on his

transfer to the Citizen ForceswiU

be fi t ted to take uphis new duties and have reached a standard from whichthe training of th e Citizen Forces can be continued.

A thorough grounding in the elementary work, togetherwith the development of a soldierly spirit, k essential as afoundation for the bigher training of the soldier, and officerscharged with th e t raining of th e Senior Cadets should realizetheir great responsibility in the power that they have overthe ultimate success of th e training of the Military Forces.The Senior Cadet is handled at the most impressionableage, and a badly trained cadet w i l l no t become an e5c i en tsoldicr.

The training of o5cers and non-commissioned 05cersis one of the most important duties of urea officers, whoshould afford every opportunity to the young trainees to

learn to assume the responsibilities of leadership and forthe development of their init iative. I n both brigade andtraining areas classes of instruction for 05cers and non-

commissioned officers should be held frcquently.The syllabns of training authorized for th e Senior Cadets

covers the time available at compulsory parades, and thework of alternative parades will he arranged by area officers

L.



6

on similar lines, an d i n accordance with t h e local require-

m ents. The syllabus lays down the su bjects fo r instruc-tion, the exte nt of the work t o be covered, and thepropo rtion of the time to be allotted in each year of training.

Detailed programm es of the work to be ca rried ou t duringeach qu ar ter will be draw n up, showing separa tely for eachquo ta, with direct referenoe t o th e text books, t h e particularinstruction t o be given on each parade, an d the t ime t o be

devoted t o it. These will be prepared by area 05cers, andwill provide for progressive instruction throughout the year.Previous to each quarter they will be submit ted to theBrigade Major, together with the programme of parades,and when approved will be posted up in the area ofice.0 5 c e r s and non-commissioned officers ar e to be encouragedto refer to them, an d prepare the work beforehand for each

parade.I n order th at instruction may he progressive, it is necea-sary th a t each quo ta of th e Senior Cadets should be trainedseparately. The quotas will therefore be allotted to sepa-rate companiea, platoons, or sectiom.

Thorough instruction in th e elementary stages cannot begiven to large num bers a t a time, a nd parades will be r e plste d according to the available number of e 5 c i e n t imtruo-

tors. Small squads are eesential fo r individual instruction,which is the basis of successful rec ruit training. I n th ecase of c i q and town areas, Brigade Majora are to arrangefor N.C.O.'s of th e Iustructional S taf ft o assist in th e trainingof areas other tha n those t o which they are attached, andfor this purpose parades of neighbouring areas may be heldon differentdays of th e week.



7

The work on parade should be arranged with as much

variety as possible, and every endeavour made to avoidmonotony with its a t t endan t loss of interest. Lecturcttesshould be frequent, but should not be of more tha n tenminutes' duration, and th e reasons for the various exercisesand movements should be clearly explained to the cadets.

Drill in close order is of first importauce in producingdiscipline, cohesion, an d th e h abits of absolute and instant

obedience t o th e orders of a superior, h u t its results will benegatived if th e work is allowed to be slackly carried out.Periods of close order d d l should be short, bu t during theseperiods str ict discipline m us t be enforced.

Special care is t o be taken t h a t th e preliminary instructionin musketry is thorough. Un til th e teste of elementarytraining (Musketry Regulations, Psrt I., Sec. 64),* appli-

cable to the ,310rifle have been passed, Senior Cadets &reno t t o be allowed t o fire full charge ammunition on the range.During preliminary in struc tion frequent use should be madeof th e m iniature range'; and the lessons of aiming, pressingthe trigger, declaring the point of aim on discharge, &e.,should be the re practically illustreted. M iniature rangepractice is provided in the Musketry Course for OU

quotas.Physical Training is of great importance and actualpractical work will be done ; lengthy explanations of th eobjects and effects of exercises are unnecessary. M arcbingand running training will be carried out in conjunctionwith the formal graded lessons of the exercises.

Thas b t a wpUCPble aremprhted In ChqptarIV.



a

Organized games are valuable for producing physical

dic iency, and may with advantage be introduced into thephysical training periods of instruction.

In the conduct of an area i b is not to bo forgotten that theadministration is a means only to one end-e5ciency oftraining-and that the work of an area is judged not on itsadministration or paper results, but on the efficiency a bkind by the cadets.



9

CEL4PTER I.

P A R T I.

SYLLABUS OF TRAINING.

BHOWINO NUMBEROF R O V R ~TO BE ALLOTTED FOB

EACH YEAR O F TRAINMQAT ComuLsonY PARA DE^.

Number 01 HOLMAllotted.-2ndYew-12.

8

10

10

8-

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10

Number of Hours Allotted for COI ,ulsory Parades--ccnld.

Amskctiy Rel"ln1lons. Port I.1900 (R epr i n t 1914 The-retlonl and P&tlonl &meWO", sea . 3 5 5 4 ; cnro 01Arms ~ c E B .0 10 and 11;Teste' ot E1oll;ent;ry Tm1n-lug Se-. 83 nod 84.

U d t u m Rnnge Pmblcc, AIM-retry Course Scnlor CDdetB.snd A1uaket;y Eegulatlons.Part I., seos. 7 z 7 9 .

Nore,-Those portlorn of thellmketry Roqulntlonn, Part

I., 1908 (Repilnt, 1914)quoted nbove, wlilch are Dp-licnbls to 50nIor CRdGt

!Ydp~~l.ioghave bcen rlnted Inthis book wlth mo~i8catioru101 the ,310. duc.

Instruction in Extended Ordor Drill will not he givenduring the f i s t year of training.

Instruction in Company Drill will not be given during the

first and second yearsof

training.



11

The full range practices of the Musketry Course will he

fired in th e third an d fou rth years of training only.It is not intended that the allotment of hours given in

this Syllabus is t o be rigidly adhered t o if local circum stancesrender an alteration necessary, but it will not be departedfrom unless good and s a c i e n t reason can be shown for anyalteration th a t may be made.



12

PART 11.

SENIOR CADET NUSEETRY COURSE.

MUSKETRYTRAININQBOR SENIORCADETS.

First and Second Years of Sm'ce.

1. Theoretical Instruction, in accordance with MusketryRegulations, Part I . , 1909 (Reprint 1914), Chapter IV.,Sections 36-54. The tests of elementary trainin g laid down

in Musketry Regulations, 1909, P a r t I., Section 64, as far a sthcse are applicable to the ,310"rifle, shall be passed bySenior Cadets before they are allowed t o fire full chargeammunition on the range. Those tests applicable arereprinted in Chapter IV.

2. Miniature Practice-Thirty rounde on 25 yard8 rangewhere facilities exist.

Third and FourLh Years of Serkce.As above, and-

INSTRUCTIONILIP RACTI CES .

2 I , ... 3 Application ,, 200 64

6

_I



1 3

Classification.

In the 25 rounds fired, those who obtain-80 points and upw ards .. Marksmen45 ,, ,, .. Qualified

Notes.

1. N ot more tba n 15 rounda are t o be fired on any one day.2. Every cadet must “group” before proceeding to

Practices 3, 4, and 5.3. To further encourage shooting, 50 rounds of ammu-

nition per cadet, in addition t o the above 25 rounds, will beallowed for additional practices and matches, to be issueda t th e discretion of th e A res Officer.

4. (i) After each grouping practice, details will proceedto the targets t o see their groups measured. Each groupwill be analyzed, an d th e cadet given instructions regarding

his group. If i t is impracticable to proceed to the targets,tbe group may be marked by means of small spo ttiug discs.

(ii) The groups will be m easured w ith wire rings 4, 8, an d12 inches in diameter, counting 25, 20, and 15 points res.pectively ; 10 points will be allowed for a 12-in.group withone wide shot.

. .

(iii) Tlie ring which will contain EII th e shots will be re-

corded as the measure of the group. A shot mark is in-cluded within a ring when it cuts the circumference of thelargest circle which can be described within that ring bymeans of E p o n d held a t right angles to the target.

(iv) All shot marks found on a target will be included inthe group to be measured. No p a n t s will be allotted to a

group unless there a re five shot m ark8 a t least on the target.

If more than five shot m arks are found on the target therewill be no score, and t h e practice will be repeated.

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(v) When the ring is placed to include all the shots, thecentre of the ring will he taken as approximately the pointof mean im p a c t; its d istance horn, and direction withreference to the point aimed a t will be recorded, e.g., I

inchcs, four o’clock.6. (i) M ethod of scorine and sienalline :-

I ,

slgonl. Xlethods Of Signolllng. value al

I l i t .

Bull‘s-eye or figure .. Polishcd mota1 orwhite

disc 4 pointspluccd on shot holeIoner (remsindor of Bhck diso waved twico EUOSS 3 *,

innor circle) tho faoa of the target sndplnocd on tho shot hole

Outer (rcmainder of Polished m et sl ar whit0 diso re- 2 .,olcmantarp targat) volved in front of the targator msgpio (remain. snd then placed on the shotdor of large oirole hole0” figure target)

Outer (remsindor of Black diso moved vertically up 1 pintfiglue target) and down the left of the targct

and then olaced on thc ahothole I

Richochot or mise ,. Red and white 00g shown on the Nilearn0 side 8 8 the direction ofthe miss. If the direction o m -not ho doterminod the fi&gwillbe waved ~ W O B B the faoo oftho tnrgct -

(ii) When for any reason i t is found t o be impracticable tosend t h e firers into the gallery after a grouping practice, thefollowing signals may be used :-

Bull’s-eye signal denotea a 4-in. group.Inne r signal denotes a 8-in. group.Magpie signal denotes a 12-in. group.Outer signal denotes a 12-in. group , ivith one wide shot.



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W hen the signal has been made, after a sho rt pause, th epoint of the pole will he placed on the point of mean impa ctof th e group.

6. Attention is directed to the following extract fromAustralian M ilitary Regulations :-

A.M.R. 1213. An officer (or a non-com missioned officer

of the Instructional S taf f) must be present a t targetpractice and exercise th e utmost vigilance t o preventaccidents, observing that each senior cadet handleshis rifle with the care necessary to prevent thepossibility of danger to h im~el fand others. Theamm unition mu st be retained ia th e possession of th eofficer (or non-commissioned officer of th e h t r u c -

tional Staff), only the requisite number of roundsnecessary for the practice being ieaucd, and a t t h econclusion of the practice every precaution must betaken that none remains in a cadet’s possession.drms must be examined before the practice com-mences, also a t the conclusion of the iiring at eachrange, and before leaving the ranges. The officer

(or non-commissioned ofIiccr of the InstructionalStaQ in charge will be held personally respousiblet h a t all target practices are in every respect regu-larly carried out at an authorized rille range, andth a t the necessary flags, discs, &e., are provided andin order for use. No sen& cadet is to be permittedb act as a marker u d c r any circumstanoes wha4ever.



16

PART111.SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATIONB.

ORFOR APPOINTMENT AND PROMOTTONOFFICERS AND

NON-COHXISSIONEDOEFICERS OR SENIORCADETS.

I .

Emmination up to the rank of 2nd Lieicutmant.

1. Boards will be appointed as directed in A.M.R. 1217.Promotion will be by competitive examination.2. Examinations will be practical and oral only.S. At the conclusion of the examination the Board will

forward $0 the Battalion Commander the results showingthe names of all the candidates in the order in which theypassed for each rank.4. The results of the examinations of th e candidates who

pass will he published in Battalion O rders.6. In recommending successhl candidates for com-

missions as 2nd Lieutenants, Battalion Commanders willcertify on A.M. Form A22 th a t the prov isions of A.M.R. 1217have been complied with.6. In the examinations for the appointfnent and pro

motion of officersand N.C.O.’s, th e B oard in assessing mark8will give p ar tic d ar consideration t o th e power of commandshown by each candidate.7. The subjects of the examination for the various ranks

an d t h e maximum m arks allotted to each will be :-

(a) Regimental duties (60marks) for ran ks of CompanySergeant-Major, Company Quartermaster-Ser-

geant, and 2nd Lieutenant



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(a) Drill (100 marks) for all ranks up t o 2nd Lieutenant.

(c) Physical training (100 marks) for all ranks up t o2nd Lieutenant.

To pass candidates will be required to obtain 50 per cent.of the maximum marks for each subject.

(a) REGIMENTALDUTIES.

Far rank of Company Sergeant-Major and Company Qwr-&rmstcr-Sergeant,

Subled. Text Bmb.

Organization and training of Australian Military Regula-Senior Cadets ; appoint- tions, 1206-1219, 1235-ment and promotion of 1240.Senior Cadets to be nou-

commissioned officers andofficers ; discipline

For rank of 2nd Lieulcnunt.

Registration ; inspection Australian Military Regu-and medical examination; lations, 364-371, 374-5,exemption ; organization 377-8,773-783, 785-790,

and tTaining of Senior 792,1206-1249.Cadets; appointm ent an dpromotion t o be non-com-missioned officers andofficers; officers gene-rally ; discipline ; uni-fo rm and equ ipment ;competitions

0.1600.--2



_ _

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(a) DRILL. . . . ,,

Fo r. rank of Corporal.Snbbleot

Squad drill without arms

Squad drill with arms andRifle Exercises

Chapter 11.Firing Instruction' , '

.. Training, Musketry, and Rifle

Exercises, . Senior Cadets,Cliaptcr IV., Sec. 45 to end

Care of a r m .- ..

Section and platoon drill Infan& Training, 1914,Secs.

and extended order drill 75-60, 90-96.

For rank of Sergeant.

Text B & b .In fan try Training, 1914,Seas.

1L'ifi

Training, Musketry, and RifleExercises, Scnior Cadets,

As fof Corporal and-

Musketry Exercises .., , .

Musketry Course, SeniorCadets, and PreliminaryTraining and Range Prac-tices

Acting as Section andPlatoon Commander inCompany Drill

Training, Musketry, an d RifleExercises, Senior Cadets,Chapter IV., Secs. 36-43

Training, Musketry, and RifleExorcises, Senior Cadets,Chapter I., Part II., an dChapter V.

In fa ntr y Training, 1914,Sees.81-89.



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For rank of Company Sergunnt-Major and Company

Quartermaster-Sergeaal.As for Sergeant, b u t of a higher standard .

For rank of 2nd Lieutenant.Subleot. Text B o o k s

h for Company Sergesnt-Major and QuartermasterSergeant and-

Company Drill .. .. In fa nt ry Training, 1914, Secs.81-89.

Quard and Sentry Du ties M anual of Ceremonial 1913,Secs. 127-131, 133.

(c) Parsrca TRAININQ.Text Book.-Manual of Physical Training, 1909

(Reprint, 1914).Subleoh TeztBmk%

For rank of Corporal .. Section Vii. An elementaryknowledge of COUPS ofExercise A, B, and C.

For rank of Sergeant .. Section vii. An elementaryknowledge of groups ofexercises A, B, C, F, and H

For rank of C.S.M. and As for Sergeant, but with aC.Q.M.S. more detailed knowledge ofthe groups of exercisesspecified

For rank of 2nd Lieutenant Section vi. Class arrange-ments. Section vu. Agood knowledge of thegroups of exercises specifiedfor rank of Sergeant



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n.Eramifflalions f o r the ranks of Lieutenant, C@ain, and

Major.

1. The examination will be practical and oral.

2. The Boards appointed by the District Coumnndantunder A.M.R. 1224 will be composed of one or more officersof the Permanent Forces and an Arca Officer.

3. Examinations will usually be held twice in each yearin the various localities.

4. W hen there is more th an one candidate a t any locality,arrangements will be made so that, while t h e examinationin th e oral test is being conducted, candidates will be unableto communicate the nature of the question to oneanother.

6 . The names of the officers who pass the examination,the rank for which they were examined, together with themarks obtained in each subject and th e aggregate, will bepublished in D istrict O rders.

6. To pass, 05c cr s will he required to ob tain not less th a n60 per ceut. of the m aximum marks for each subject. To

obtain '' Special Mention"

an officer must pass in eachsubject at one examination and obtain not less than .8Marks in the aggregate.

7. The subjects of the examination will be :-

( a ) Regimental duties.

(b ) Drill and field training .( 0 ) Map reading.( d ) Physical training.



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8. The maximum m arks allotted for each subject will be

100.

9. The following certificates will be accepted in lieu ofexamination in the subjects for which the certificates weregiven, for promotion to t h e ne xt higher rank only :-

Drill-A " passed " certificate obtained within tw oyears of th e da te of examination a t a School of I u -

struction for In fa n try in lieu of the examination in" Drill." . .

Map Reading-A I' passed " certificate obtaincd withinfive years of the da te of examination a t a School ofInstruction in Map Reading and Field Sketching inlieu of examination i n ''Map Reading."

(a) REOIMENTALDUTIES.

For rankv of Lieulenant, Captain, and Major.

Defence Act and Regulations-An cxarnination in know-ledge of tlie Defence Acl, a s far as i t rclates t o the training

and efficiency of Senior Cadets, and the Regulations for theorganization and training of Seluor Cadets, to consist oforal questions and answ ers. The questions will be preparedfor each examination by the President of the Board onParts V. , XII., XIII.,SXIV.,.and XV. of the DefenceAct and Austrrtlian Milita Regulations 208: 301, 302,364-371, 374-378, 773-790, 792-796, 860-864,

1206-1249.



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(a) DRILLAND FIEWTRAINIXQ.For rank of Tieutenant.

Soblea. T e n Bmhk

Squ ad drill without mm8 .. Infantry Training 1914, Secs.10.46_ _ __ .

Squad drill with a m and Training, Mvsketry and Raed e exercises Exercises, Senior Cadets,

Chapter 11.Section and platoon drill In fa n try Training, 1914,Secs.

and extended order drill 76-80, 90-96.Com pany drill .. .. In fa n try Training, 1914, Secs.

81-89.Care of arms, M usketry In - Training, M usketry an d Rifle

struction an d Rifle Exer- Exercises, Senior Cadets,cis- Chapters II., III . , and IV.

Theory of Rifle fire and Musketry Regulations 1909,

its practical application, P a r t T., Secs, 17-35, 65-68.Visual training and rangingM usketry Course, Senior Training, M usketry, and Rifle

Cadets, and Preliminary Exercises, Senior Cadets,Training an d Range Prac - Chapter I., P a r t II., an dtices Chapter V.

Ceremonial - .. Manual of Ceremonial, 1912,Secs. 67-69, 127-131, and133.

For rank of Captain.As for Lieutenant and-

Battalion Drill .. In fa ntr y Training, 1914,Secs.97-99.

Training in Field Operations In fa n try Training, 1914,Se&

107-113.



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FOTrank of Major.

As for Captain, but of a higher standard.(c) MAP READINQ.

For Rank of Lieutenant.

The exam ination will include a few simple practical test6

IIin-Setting a map.Definition of term s used, IConventional signa,Recognition of hill features.Identifymg observer's posit.ion on a map,Measuring distances.

For ranks of Captain and Major.

As for Lieutenant, b u t of a higher standard.

(a) PHYSICAL TRAINING.Text Book.--Dlanual of Physical Training, 1908

(Reprint, 1914).Subjeet. Text Book%

For rank of Lieutenant . . Section vi. Class armnge-ments . Section vii. Agood knowledge of groups

of cxercises A, B, C, F, Q,and JPor rank of Captain .. As for rank of Lieutenant with

a more detailed knowledgeFor rank of Major .. A good knowledge of Section

vi. Class arrangements.Section vii. All groups of

exercises, excluding'

groupsD, E, and K i

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CB4PTER 11.

RIFLE EXERCISES.

1. General Rda.

1. Cadets, before they cpqm ence tbe Rifle Exercises, aret o be taught tlie names of the~di f fereo tparts of t)e rifle,an d the care of arms.

The instructor will always be provided with a .riflewben a t drill, in order . th .bt .be.msy gbpw the cadet therequired positions aud motions. Such rae tical iostrnctionwill, &a fa r as possible, be qubstitutqd for the detail givenin the text.

2. Drilling by numbers will'be restricted to the in.struction of recruits, and will be used as little as possible.

3. Thk cadet having been thoroughly instructed in therifle exercises by numbers, wil! be tau gh t to perform themin quick time, tbe worda of command being given withoutthe numbers, and executed as detailed in the followingsectious, y i t h a piu se of one beat of quick time between

. .each m otioq.

4. The rifle must be carefully handled, especially when

coming t o the Qrdw. . , '



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6. The rifle exercises are of.specia1 impoftance as beingrequired on paradc in close order and for t h e ordinaryroutine of peace. . .

They mlist be thoroughly tau gh t and be carricd out withsmartness and precision. . . .

, , . . . . . . 2. The Ordq. .- The &deb Will fall in a directed i n ' Infantry Training,P a r t I.,8! 27.,with tlie rifle held porpendicularly a t his rightside, the b u t t oa th e groucd, i ts toe in h c ivith the toe ofthe .righ t foot: .The righ t arm. to be slightly bcnt, tlie handt o hold the~ t i f l elightly, back. of the hadd to thc r ight ,thumb againat the thigh, h g e r s s lanting towards the ground.

. .When each cadet has got his dressing, he mill s ta nd a t

ease.

3. Stand-at-Easefrom the Order.

1Keeping the leis straight, carry the left

( f o o t about 12 inches t o the left so tha t the&eight of the body rests equally on both

" n a feet. , .Atthe same t i h e incline the muzzle of. Eau& the rifle slightly t6 the f ro nt with the r ight

band. aim close . t o ' die si&. tho lef t armt t o be'kept in the position of aUenlion.

. ~ . . .'4. The Attention ,fhmStand-at-Ease

The left foot 'will be brodght up to the

%?&.. {right, and the rifle rcturned to tlie Order.

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6. The Slope from the Order.

Give the rifle a cant upwards with theright hand, catching it with the left hand

Slope A r m - behind th e backsight, and t h c right han d a tOne.

the small of the butt, thumb to the left,elbow t o th e rear.

Carry th e rifle'across th e body, an d place i t

flat on th e le ft shoulder, trigger-guard out-wards from th e body. Seize th e b u tt withth e left hand, the first two jo ints of th e fingers

T w o . grasping the outside of th e bu tt , tlie thum babout 1 inch above the toe, the upper partof th e left arm close to t h e sido, th e lowerpact horizontal, and th e hecl of t h e b u tt i n

line with the ccutre of the le f t thigh.I

Three. Cut away the right hand to t.he side.

6. The Order from the Slope.

Bring the rifle down to a perpendicularposition a t the left side to the full ex ten torderArms-of the arm, at the same.t ime meeting it

One.with the right hand in line with the leftahoulder, arm close t o th e body.

Bring the rifle to th e right sidc, seizing i t a tT w o . th e same time with th e lef t han d just below

th e foresight, bu tt just clear of the ground.

Place the butt quietly on the ground,T h r u .

i 'cutting the lef t hand away t o the side.



n

7 . The Present from the Slope.

Present A r m I Seize th e d e with the r ight hand a t the-One.

Two.

in front of the centre of th e body, guard t othe front, holding i t l ightly a t th e full extent

of th e right arm , fingers slanting downwarcb,and meet it smartly with the left hand im-

Three. mediately behind the backsight, thumbpointing towards the muzzle ; a t t he sametime place the hollow of the right footagainst the left heel, both knees straight.The w eight of th e rifle to be supported by th e

left hand .8. The Slope from tlu Present.

Bring the right foot in line with the leftplace the rifle on the left shoulder as

described in the second motion of the Slope

from th e Order.

Two. Cut away th e r ight hand t o t h e side.

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9. Inspecting A r m on Par&.

1. The Cadets 'will stand a t the Or&.

Cint the rifle, muzzle leading, with theright hand smartly across the body, guardto the l e f t and downwards. the barrel cross-ing oppositc the point of the left shoulder,

and meet it a t the same time with the lefthand closc behind th e backsight, thum b an dfingers around th e rifle, the left wrist to be

For opposite the leftbreast, bo th elbows close toth e body. Passing th e right ha nd over the

(outs ide of th e but t , place the th um b in theport~rms,loop of the lever and with a sm art forwardjerk open t h e breech and grasp the b ut t mid-way betwecn heel and small, first two jointsof the h g e r s on the ontside and t he thum bpointing towards the muzzle.

NoTE.-A squad , beforc bcing inspected,will receive the command Rcor Rank, Om

,Pace Step Back-March.

Place t h e forefinger of t h e right handround the trigger, remaining fingers under

Ense- the lever, press t h e trigger w ithout touchingSprings. the lever, press th e lever home to th e catch,

the n seize th e small of t he b u t t wi th the righ thand.



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. 'Order Alms-{ ,Holding, th e rifle. firmly with th e left ha nd ,

One. seize it m t h th e r ight hand below th e band.As in th e second motion of the Order from

'too. (.the s lope.

{ As in the third m otion of th e Order fromThree' the Slope.

2. When arms arc inspected a t th e port only, as in in-specting a platoon on parade, th e ofEccr or non-commissionedo 5 c e r will see th a t th e cxterior of the rifle is clean and freefrom ru st ; th a t t h e breech an d action ar c clean an d in goodorder ; th at the s ights are a t zero ; and tha t no parts aroloose or damaged. H e will hero an d thcre examine th e boreof a rifle to sec th a t i t has been cleancd a nd oiled an d is free

from obstructions.

Each cadet, when the officer haa passed the file next tohim, will, without fu rth er word of command, ease springs,order a r m , and stand at m e .

When the inspection is complctcd, the ranks will beclosed on th e comm and Close Ranks-March, when t he rcai

ran k will. take one pace forward.Bo th ranks, being a t th c port, will come to

tbc position for loading with the muzzle soinclined as to enable the officer to look

Arms. through the barrel , the thumbnail of theright hand being placed in the breech so 8s

to reflect light in to t h e barrel.

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30

The cadet, when th e officerha s passed the n ex t file to him,nil1 ease springs, order arms, and stand at ease.

NOTES.-(i) If i t is necessary t o exam ine arm, the cadetswhen in the position of for impection, port arms, d l becautioned to remain a t the port. Ranks will be closedwhen the examination has been completed.

(ii) I n ordering arm s from the examine, th e first motionis t o seize t h e rifle with th e righ t han d between th e back-

sight and the band, a t the same time bringing the l e f t footback to th e right. W ith th e second mo tion th e rifle will bebrought to th e order, t h e left hand being cu t swa y to th eside.

10.Paying Compliments with Arms.

When a cadet, carrying a rise passes or addresses an officer

he will do so at t.hc Slope, an d will sa lute by carrying th e righthand smartly to the small of th e b ut t, forearm horizontal,back of th e band to th e front,'fingers extended, saluting a tthe same number of paces before reaching the offioer, andcutt ing the hand away, as directed when saluting withoutarms.

I n passingan officer the cadet will always turn his head

towards him in th e same manner a s when unarmed.A cadet, i f halted when an officer passes, will turn towards

him and s tand a t the Order.

Sentries, when saluting otherwise than by presentingarms, will carry the right hand to the small of the butt aadirected above.



7

31

11. TIke fra i l f r o m the Order.*

By a slight bend of .the right arm give t h erifle a ca nt forward and seize i t a t the point of

balance, bringing it a t once t o a horizoiitalposition a t th e right side a t the full ex ten t ofthe right arm , which should hang easily fromthe shoulder, fingers and thumb round the

rifle.

12. The Order from the Trail.

Raisin" tlie muzzle, catch the rifle beloworaer-Arms {tlie band: and come to the Order.

13. Short Trail f r om the Order.

Raise the rifle about 3 iiiches from th eground, keeping it otherwise in the position

14. Use of the Short Trail.If standing with ordered arm s, and directed t o form fours,

t o close to the right or lef t , t o f te p back, or to takc anynamed number of paces forward, men will come to theShort T'rad.

* The trail Is not to be wed Lo close order drill. It all1 bc uud when

repolled101 moyemon+aIn the Beld In both CIOBB and extended ordor.



1

.32

15. The Changefmm'the Slope.

Change Seize the butt of the rifle with the rightA r m - hand, back of the hand up, a t th e same t ime

One.{

slipping th e l e ft hand up to the small.

1Carry the rifie, turning the trigger-guard

outwards, on to th e right shoulder, bringingit well to th e f ront so as t o clear th e head,

which is t o be kep t quite steady.Three. Cut the left hand t o th e side.

To I' Change Arms " again, reverse the above motions.

16. To Change Armsfrom fhe Trail.

Bring th e r iae t o a perpendicular positionin h o n t of t h e right shoulder, trigger-guard '

22: [' to the front, upper part of th e arm close to

One. the side, forearm horizontal, hand in lineIwith t he waistbelt.

Pass th e rifle across th e fron t of th e body,catching it with th e le f t han d at t h e pointof balance, at the same time cutting theright hand smartly to the 8ide. In thisposition the rifle is to be held perpendicularand opposite the left shoulder, trigger-guardto the bou t , U per pa r t of t h e left a rm closeto th e side, lePt forearm horizontal, hand in

Two. line with th e waistbelt.

Three. Lower the rifle to thg full extent of th e{l l e f t arm a t t he trail.



33

17. Slinging A r m .

!he sling of tho riflehaving been loosenedt o t h e full extent, th e cadet will pass his headand right arm between the sling and rifle,muzzle upwards, rifle hanging diagonallyacross the back.

18. czlound&y and Taking up Arms.

Place the rifle gently on the ground a t theright si&, trigger guard to the right, muzzlepointing in the same direction as the rightfoot. The right hand will be in lino mith

A'm' the toe as it places the rifle on the ground.Then return smartly to the position ofi,atlention.

Bend down, t&ke up th e rifle, and re tu rnT$kr ( to the order.



.

CHAPTER'III.i .

Edracts j.04 M w k e i r y Reguhtimis, 1909, Pa r t I. (Reprint1914), with Modijications jor .310-i?~.Cadet Rijle.

' Note.-The nu mber of th e pa rag rap hs and, section8correspond w ith those used in th e .Musketry Regulations,P a r t I.

CARE OF ARMS.

Section 9.-General Instructions.,84. Area officers a re responsible for th e condition of the

arms on their charge, and for instructing th e cadets in th ecare of and method of cleaning the r a e s a l lotted to them.

85. Wear in the bore of Q rifle is due to three causes :(a) t h e friction of the bullet ; (6)the heat generated whenammunition is fired ; and (c) the friction of th e p d - th ro u g h

gauze when the bore is being cleaned.Undue wear is caused by improper and unnecessary u8eof the pnll-t.hxough gsuze.

86. When a rifle harrcl is new, the interior of the borecarries n high polish, and this is a great safeguard againstrus t and metallic fouling, bu t it m ust be recognised that, asth e bore becomes worn,this polishd d i m i i h . Efforts t orestore it with wire gauze on the 'pd-through result inunnecessary wear. A t the same time it must be clearlyunderstood th at , in a well-cared-for rifle, while th e brilliancyof th e polish will diminish, th e lauds of th e bore shouldatillbe bright and free h o m all stain of rust or fouling.

87. The pull-through is made w ith three loops : the first(i .e . , nearest the weight) is for the gauze when used ; thesecond for the flannelette ; th e third is provided merely 8s



35

a means of withdrawing the pull- though in case of a

jamb ; neither flannelette nor gauze should be placed inthis loop. When signs of wear appear a new cord shouldbe taken into use, to avoid the risk of the pull-throughbr ea kn g in t he rifle. If a breakage does occur, no a t t emptshould be made b y t h e cade t to remove th e obstruction.

88. Use of the Pull-throiqh.-In order to ensure thegradual compression of the flannelette, drop the weight

through the borefrom breech to muz& The pull-throughshould be drawn through in one motion, otherwise th e spo twhere the flannelette is allowed to rest, while a fresh gripof the cord is being takcn, will not bc properly cleaned.Very great care must be taken not to allow the cord torub against the muzzle, otherwise a groove, technicallyknown as ‘‘ cord wear,” will be cut, which in course of time

will destroy th e accuracy of th e r a e .Only rcgulation flannelette is to be used. When cleaningor drying the bore after washing out with water, a pieceof d ry flannelette large enough to fit th e bore tightly (a bout4 inches by 2 inches) should be placed in the second loop ofth e pull-through.

For oiling the bore, U slightly smaller piece of oily

flannclctte, which will fit the bore loosely, should be used.Carc must be taken not to nse too much oil, a s it will besqueezed out of the flannelette a t th e entrancc t o the boreau d will run dow n into th c action when th e rifle is placed inth e rack, and m ay the n cause miss-fires. ’ ’

89. Grit must be rcmoved from the pull-through beforeuse.

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91. No oil other tha,n Russian petroleum should‘be allowed

to remain in the bore. The innction of th is oil is to coverthe bore with a vaterproof film, and t h i s prevent moistureattac.king the steel and forming rust. It must be wellworked into tho flaunclettc with the fingers, othenvise itwill bc scraped off-by tbc breech end of the barrel. Whenpara ffin has bcen used, all traces of i t shou ld be thoroughlyremoved and the bore coated with Russian petroleum, forparaffin, though an efficient agent for removing rust, does

no t prevent its formation.92. No gritty or cutting material, such as emery powder

or bat.11 brick, is to be used for cleaning any pa rt of the rifle.

Section lO.-Instruetions for Cleaning.

93. In order th at the “ Instruc tions for cleaning ” may heunderstood, i t is essential t h a t the causes of fouling in rifle

barrels should be briefly explained. Fo uling may be said tobe of t w o kiuds :-(a) Internal-probably caused by th eforcing of gas or harmful material into the pores of t h emetal ; (b )Superficial-caused by th e deposit in the borc of

the solid products of combustion of th e charge and of th ec+p com position.

The resn lt of ncglcct in either case is the same, viz., thc

formation ofN S ~

in the bore, and, as a consequence, corrodedbarrels, calling for the excessive use of wire gauze, or evenmore drastic treatm ent, thereby causing unnecessary wear.

Intern al fouling can be removed satisfactorily by tb e useof boiling xater (see para . 101). If for any reason thismethod of.cleaning can no t be used, th e baii-el will “ swcat,”and a hard black crust of fouling will appear in the bore.



37

This will tu rn t o red r ust if no t removed, and th e rifle will

then require repeated cleaning w ith flannelette for a time,which will vary according to climatic conditions and thes tate of th e bore.

Superficial fouling is readily removed when warm by theuse of a pull-through and flannelette, bu t if it is allowed t oremain long in th e barrel, it will become h ard a nd will havem corrosive effect equal to th a t produced by internal fouling.

96. Daily deming.-The outside of the rifle will be cleanedre y la rl y , all par ts of t he action wiped with an oily ra g ; th ebore of th e rifle will alw ays be le f t oily-once a week this oilwill be removed and th e bore re-lubricated. I n the case ofrifles that have once become rusty, the bore will be dailywiped o u t with flannele tte and re-'oiled. For daily cleaningafter firing, see para. 99.

97. Cleaning before firing.-The ac tion will be wiped withan oily rag , and all traces of oil will be removed h o m thebore a nd chamber by the m e of a p d - t h r o u g h which h a s nogauze on it.

Neither the cartridgc nor the chamber of the rifle are,on an y account, t o be oiled before loading, nor is any otherform of lubricant t o be used w ith a view t o facilita te th eextraction of th e em pty case. Such a procedurc is liableto injure th e rifle.

98. Cleaning after firing.-Arms dl be cleaned imme-dia tely after firing. The fouling can be easily removedwhile it is still warm, and before it has had time to set Lard.while the less the time that is allowed for the fouling to

exercise its power of absorbing moisture from the air, the

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38

lees chance there ia of rust forming. Tf it is impossible to

olean th e rifle at once, an oily rag shou ld be pulled throughthe bore, and the riae should be cleaned at the earliestopportunity.

99. The bore.-The following method of cleaning the boreshould be adopted :-

Place a tightly-fitting piece of dry flannelette in thesecond loop of the pull-through (see para. 87), and

draw it throiigh till the bore is clean. Finally oilthe bore with a loosely fitting piece of flannelette,using enough oil t o cover the bore thoroughly.The rifle will be cleaned in this manner for threeday8 following th a t on which it waa fired.

100. After &ins blank &m unition, special care should betaken that the cleaning is thorough, as, although there in

no friction between bullet and bore and so no, internal foulingor " sweating," thero is greater accumulation of superficialfouling from blank than ball cartridge, there being no bulletin blank ammunition to scow the fouling left by thepreceding round. The S i n g also is in most casea moreprolonged, and a greater interval m nst mually elapse beforeth e r a e can be thoroughly cleaned. W hen blank firing

precedes practice with ball, th e riflea will be carefully cleanedbefore ball prac tice commences.

101. An effective meam of cleaning the bore, whetherfiring has taken place or not, is found in the m e of boilingwater. Before boiling water i n wed superficial fouling an dgrease shouldbe removed. About five or six pinta should bepoured through th e bore from the breech, using a funnel to



39

preceiit ifs ciiferiiig the action. The rifle should then be

thoroughly dried and the bore oiled. N ot only does t h eboiling water remove the fouling, but the expansion of themetal due to th e he at of the water loosens an y rust there m aybe and makes i t easily removable.

102. The appearance of metallic fouling or " leading "

should be matched for. It is caused by a portion of the

bullet being left on the surfaceof

the bore, and appears asa whitish streak on the lands, or as a slight rongliness on

the edge of the grooves. If it is deposited near tliemuzzle or the breech it is visible to the eye when t,he boreis clean, bu t in the cen tre of the bore i t can only be #detectedby the use of the gauge plug. It is a cause of inaccuracy,and if a rille, for no apparent reason, shoots badly, itspresence should be looked for as a possible explanation.The cadet will make no attempt to remove it himself,but w d hand his rifle to the sergeant instructor, or otherq u a li e d person, to be cleaned.

103. The action and oatside.-Wipe th e inside of the body,as far as practicable, the block and the cartridge chamberwith an oiled rag, t o prevent rust and remove dirt ; also rub

the outside of the barrel. Close th e breech by pressing the .trigger.

The inside of the action will be denned when necessaryby a n armourcr.

The back sight should be kept thoroughly clean and welloiled, particular care being taken th a t th e elevating screwdoes not become clogged.

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'The back sight should dw ay a be loitered gently.

The stee1,sight pro tector should be removed and the inaiderubbed with an oiled rag t o prevent th e formation of rust.

. . . . . . . , . . .

104. The instructions rekhrding the use bf an ,oily ragfor cleaning the action and outaide will not q p l y in dustycohtr ies , where all parts of the act ion will be kept dryand clean.

. . . . . . . . . . .105. Clea&g .:22-inch r<flesand aiming tubes.-& i foul

;&e sho0t.s perp inaccuiately i t is of the utmobtimpoitano6,from cbnsideratiohs. Of safety, that the barrel should befreguen tly wiped ou t during use.

i ' The rod an d brush should be inscrted from the breech end.Under no circuinstances should tbey be inserted from theIhuzzle, as the friction of the rod is liable to enlarge thebore arid make the muzzle beU-mouthed, thus causinginaccdacy.

. . . . .

Section l l j - Ins t ry t io i l s f o r ,Care ,of 8ry.s: ,,.. idb. . W e n the r i e d is not:in use, th e lkaf arid dido of thebaoksight.shduld:be lowered t o avoid the risk of damagefrom a blow or faU.

107. The mainspring should never be allowed t o remainaompresscd, except when the riee is loaded, as the springwill thereby be weakened. The position of the ,indiCatP;?shows wheth6r tHe m ainspring is oomprcssed or not. I

111. Care should be taken t o prevent the browning beingrubbed off t h e rifle.



112. No non-commissioned officer or cadet is permitted

to tak e to pieccs any portioq ~f tb e action, nor k he allowedto loosen or tighten any of th e screws.

113. I n dqst 1ccaliti.p it may be foynd necessary tocover the muzzf, and action with a cover of khaki or othersuitable materia!, t o prevent t h e dvst gaining acccss t.o theintcrior of th e rifle, b u t anyth ing in th e nature of a plug

'in t h e muzzle is ,expragsly prohillbed.

115. The oil will only be removed from the bore of therifle :-

i. Immediately before G i g .ii. For inspcction.iii. .For $arqdea and duties ne m ay be ordered.

',

In all cascs it millhe reR1aced as 80911(ts possible.Note.-The greatest c a h muat ,be taken to prevent the

barrel beiag,bent or dented, &B oither wonld be detrimentalto aqcurote shooting: A 'rifle mnst-uev6r be used forcarrying weights, o r f o r a n y unauthorieed purpose. ' Placingrifles forqibly in a raok, or lea6n& them cnreJessly airinsta w d or a fence BO . t ha t t hey f d down d l .geed 'cameserious damage to t h e ' b m d , e s p ~ a l l yat t h e q u e l e . .

Care m ust be taken n o t tom th e muzzle into the ground ;should this be done accidentdy, th e dirt must $e removedat-once; for id th e rifle h e fired iviith an y obstiuction + t h emuzzle t h e barrel mill probably Wit.

The foresight mu& be carefully protected from beinghjured ; and tho rifle should never he carried mith the leafOf th e back eight raised.



42

CHAPTER IV.

[Z z l r n c t s f ro m Mirskelry Regulations 1909, Part I . (Reprint1914), z o i 0 ~Modifxat,ionsf o r ,310 inch Cadet R i j e . ]

flde.--T!.ic number of the paragraphs and sections corres-pond with those used in th e M usketry Regulations, P a rt I.

MUSKETRY EXERCISES.AIMIN@ INSTRUCTION.

Section 36.-Slages of instruclion.

198. Aiming will be taught in stages, as follows:-

Explanation of the theories of sighting, elevation, anddellection.

Nethod of adjusting the sights.IJxplanation of aiming with th e backsight and foresight.Aiming with scrupulous accuracy from a rest.Demonstration of results of inaccuracy in aiming.Aiming combined with trigger pressing.Declaring point of aim at moment of discharge.Aiming from a rest a t figures and ground.

Aiming a t indistinct targets described by word ofmouth.Aiming off, making allowance for deflection as ordered.Rapid adjustment of sights in accordance with orders.Rapid alignment of sights.

It is immaterial whether the instruction is given in theabove order, but further training should be deferred until

the eye is shown t o be accura te in aiming. Ample time



43

should be devoted to trigger pressing and declaring the point

of aim on discharge ; this instruction may convenientlybe given indoors.199. Aiming instruction sbould proceed simultaneously

with firing instruction, short lectures and questions beingincluded.

8edim SI.--ACCUT~CYin aiming.

200. Especial care will be taken that the sights of an y

rifle used in aiming instruction are in perfec t order.201. The aiming m ark in th e earlier stages will be a special

aiming target" placed a t a d istance no t exceeding 100 yards,but when the habit of accuracy has been acquired servicetargets will be used and care will be taken th a t there is nofalling off in-accuracy owing to th e shape and comparativeinvisibility of these targets.

202. The instructor m ust inspect th e sights frequently toensure t h a t they are correctly ad justed in accordance withhi orders.

He will explain the fol lowing rules, and demonstrate theresults to be an ticipated from common exrors in aiming :-

i. The backsight must be kept upright.ii.

The le ft or righ t eye, according to th e shoulder fromwhich the cadet shoots, must be closed.E.Am must be taken by aligning the sights on th e

centre of the lowest pa rt of the mark, the top of

the foresight being in the centre of, and in linewith. the shoulders of th e U or V of the hack-



44

203. When these principles have been mastered, t h e

instructor will loosen the sling, adjust the sights for a n ygiven range and aim from the rest a t the target, taking carethat his eye is immediately above the butt-plate. It willbe convenient to use a sandbag aiming rest to steady thehead du ring th e aiming. Having aim ed, he will call on eachindividual to observe the correct method of aligning thesights on a mark. Each cadet will the n a c t similarly, when

the instructor will verify the aim, point out errors, andexplain how thcy would have affected th e accuracy of th eshot, an d how they are to be avoided. H e should occasion-ally call on a cadet to point ou t any errors which m ay ha vebeen made by his comrades.

204. Ezlrewie accuracy of aim must be insisled an evenduring the f l l s t lesson.

Section 38.-Common faults in aiming.

206. The most common faults in aiming are :-

i. Taking too much or too little foresight into the U of

V of the backsight.

It should he explained th a t a h e or half sight will cause th ebullet to strike lower than when th e correct sight is taken.

. The following method will be found useful t o guide a cade tin taking the correct am ount of foresight :-hy th e edge ofa piece of paper on the upper edge of the backsight cap,when the sight will appear a s shown in one of th e subjoined





46

Sedion aO.-Aiming a t the ground, and marking douma n enemy.

210. The eyesight m ust be gradually trained in aiming atfigures or other service targets and a t ground which m ightconceal an enemy. For this latter purpose a cade t willbe directed to show himself for a few seconds a t differentranges. The squad will then aim from rests a t the ground

which th ey believe to he occupied. After a short interval th ecadet will stand up, when errors will be corrected andcriticised.

211. Fu rthe r practice will be given in aiming a t ill-definedtargets described by word of month.

Seetion 41.-Aiming off f o r w i n d .212. The use of th e windgauge will be explained, h u t it ia

not to he regarded a s th e norm al m ea m of making allowancefor wind under service conditions.

213. The cadet should be t au ght t o discriminate betweenmild, fresh, and strong winds, by the effect which they

exercise on natural objects, and t o note th e direction of th ewind as front, rear, right angle, or oblique, by turning hiaface full towards th e wind.

214. The approxim ate allowances in elevation or deflectionfor these winds a t decisive range will be ta ugh t. Practicewill be afforded in aiming off a full-length figure targetaccording to th e range, and th e strength an d direction of t h e

wind, actual or supposed.



47

215. The cadet should be accustomed to make deflectionallowance with rcftrcncc t o the breadrlr of t h e target, the f u l l

length figure target being rntbcr IC% t h a n 2 feet wide. Suchpractices should be limited to 300 ynrda, but in adclitionthere must be practice i n aiming OB a t all ranges uccbrdingto orders, the nllorrunce bcing indicated if possible byreference to the breadth of tL c tnrgct, or i i i t c r w k iii a 'formation, or by selcction of nn auxiliary airniilg pcini . Ifthi.? is not possible, it inlist be expressed in feet or ynrda.

216. I n such exercises it is necessary to employ a cadet:at the target to indicate the correct point of aim with a

marking disc after each aim taken b y the cadet. Theamount of allo%mce maded be observed by theinstructor;with an aim corrector, unless a n aiming rest is used.

Seclion 43.-Rapid adjustment of sights.

219. Instructors d Irequently test their squads insetting their sights rapidly and accurately. Theyd giveorders for aiming or firing a t definite targets, but withoutnaming t h e range, a n d require their squads to adjust theirsights before they bring the ri5e t o th e shouldcr. T he -careful adjustment of sights will th us become instinctive.

220. Adjustment of sights will also be practised in con-nexion with m ovement of th e 6rer or the target.

221. W hen there is time, the sights mill be adjusted forevery alteration in the range, and aim will be taken a t th elowest part of the mark, but frequent small changes ofsighting lead as a rule to loss of f i e effect, and m ay beavoided by aiming up or down.



. . 48..

FIRINOINSTRUCTION.

Section 45.--I~istructors.

227. Instructo rs will teach by force of example ra therthan by word of mouth, and be careful t o refrain from anyfo rm of comm ent which m ay discourage cadets. w o r d s of

command are seldom required except in collective firinginstructions, all motions of firing being perform ed inde-

pendently, and each cadet being required to use his ownjudgment as muoh.as possible. Fau lts m us t not., however,be overlooked or allowed to become formed habits ; th eessential poin ts of th e firing positions a re to be insisted uponfrom th c beginning, a s th e foundation of fire discipline.

228. I n the early part of training, squads Will not, as a

rule, consist of more th an seven men, who will be assembledround the instructor in a semicircle. The instruc tor willexplain th e uses of th e different firing positions and illustratethem t o the squad. Cadets will practise the motionsseparately until able to combine them, and assume eachposition rapidly and without constraint.

229. The position of each individual mill be corrected

in turn ; th e regulation positions may be varied if physicalcharacteristics render them unsuitable. in any case, butawkwardness in the first stages of instruction will not beaccepted as an indication that the regulation positionrequires modification.

230. The instructor should stand abou t five paces from th ecade t and t o his right front while correcting his faults.



49

Seclion 46.-Fiiing rest.*231. The firing rest will be he qu en tly employed in earlytruction t o enable th e cade t t o supp ort the riile and rest

is muscles, whilst the instructor modifies, or corrects, hisAn incorrect position, however, usually arises

ant of accuracy in t h e preliminary actions whichit is to these th a t at tent ion m ust be given,

or a faulty position once acquired cannot easily be cor-

Section 47.-Trigger pressing.

232. Before he is permitted to practise snapping, thewill be given several lessons in the correct way of

ssing th e trigger. The rifle will be rested on sandbagsin an aiming rest , a n d th e cadet will be seated with his

on a table. Tho instruc tor will first tak ecan move his trigger h g e rof the hand and arm.

233. The instructor will explain (i) that the direction 1:the pnll-off is diagonally across the small of t h e b u t t ; .,I,

that the first joint of the. forefinger should he placed ~ !

lower part of the trigger ; and (iii) t h a t in order :

!rth e trigger.

/j$=I,,,

For descrlptioo 01 rest IW Part U. of Mluskotry Regulatlom. 1000.

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234. In order that he may learn from experience thepressure required to release the cocking-piece, the cadetwill also be directed to place his forefinger under th a t of theinstructor, hut without exercising pressure, whilst tho in-structor ea m es out th e motion. Then, to enable theinstructor to ascertain whether the method is understood,the cadet will place his finger over that of the instructor,

and exert th e pressure. Finally, th e cade t will himselfpress the trigger, whilst th e instructor uses th e aim corrector,The main object is to release t h e spring without disturbingthe aim.

235. Special care wil l be taken that the breathing istcstrainod while p ressing th e trigger, and the cadet is alwaysto say after the spring is released whether t h e aim mas main-

rsjned t ruly a t the moment of snapping. If not, he muststate definitely the direction in whioh the rifle was pointeda t t he momen t of discharge.

236. From time t o t ime th e instructor will test the a band steadiness of each cadet with a n a im corrector, and, dnecessary, fur ther lessons i n trigger pressing will be given,

Practice with miniature cartridge may advantageously begiven, to develop steadiness until range practice ia begun.

237. Trigger pressing requires most careful individual

instruction, during mhieh the necessity for determinationa n d strong personal effort will be impressed on the mind ofevery cadet.

239. The use of the sling for steadying tho rifle duringfiring is not t o he taught.



51

Section &.-Firing standing.

240. The standing position will as a rule be used on serviceo fire from breastworks, high walls, and cover, such as

grass or standing corn, or to t ake a snap shot, whenadvancing, so th a t th e pace of th e advance is not m aterially

2.41. It is a convenient position for elementary instrnc-

tion, b u t when cadets have acquired facility in handling t hewill be practised for the most part in the proneposition in the open, and occasionally in the kneeling posi-tion, or lying bchind cover.

242. To load.-Turn half right ; carry t he loft foot t o theleft and slightly forward so th a t the body is equally balancedo n both fect. Bring th e rifle to the right side in front of th e

hip, with the muzzle pointing upwards, small of t h e b u t tjnst in front of the h ip , and g a s p th e s tock with the le fthand immediately in front of the trigger-guard.

Placing th e thumb of the r ight hand inside th e loop of th elever, open th e breech by a smartforwardjerk, p u t a cartridgein the chamber, and press it home with the thut:l'i ; thenpress th e lcver home t o th e catch and remain sleatly.

243. T o unZoad.-As whcn loading, b u t af ter oponing thebreech, press tho trigger, press th e lever home t o th e catch ,lower the hacksight, tu rn th e steel sight-protector a n d ordcrarms.

244. To adjust the back sight.-Hold th e riflc a t t h e loadingposition so th at the l ines of th e backsight can be clearly seen,

an d raise the leaf by placing th e thum b of t h e left hand on

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the milled underportion. Then with th e thum b and fore-

finger of the righ t hand ro ta te th e milled screw until the lineon the slide is level with the line on the leaf, giving theelevation fo r the distance named. Remove the left thum b.

246. T o Zowg the backsigJ~t.-Hold th e f i e as when ad -justing th e backsight, and ro tat e th e milled screw until th eslide i s a t i ts lowest point. Remove th c l e f t thumb.

246. T o adjust the windgauge.-Holding th e rifle as when

adjusting the backsight, turn th e windgauge screw until thecentral line is level with the line giving the rcqiiired de-flection.TO turn the steel sight-protectw.-The rifle will he held as

wheu loading. Then lower the rifle t o n convenient positiona t the right side, keeping the muzzle pointed upwards, andtu rn th e steel sight-protector with the right hand , drawingit back to the nose-cap. Re turn t h e rifle to th e loadingposition.

248. To aim andjim -Load, and direct the eyes on themark. Then bring the rifle into the hollow of the rightshoulder, press i t In with the left hand, grasp the smallfirmly with the thumb and three fingers of the right hand,place the forefinger round the lower part of the triggcr ;the hacksight to be upright, left elbow well under the rifle,right elbow a little lower than , and well to the front of, th eright shoulder ; as th e rifle touches th e shoulder bring th echeek down on the butt, keeping the face well back fromth e right hand, and close the left eye, align t h e sights on th emark, restrain th e breathing, and press th e trigger. Aftera pause bring the d e to the loading position, and repeatth e practice.



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250. Great care must be exercised to insure that’ theia not placed on the trigger before the rifle is in

a firm grip is main-with bo th hands while firing.

251. During this exercise the instructor will explain toe cadets th a t uniformly accurate shooting cannot be oh-

of th e

mill the sights be defined, thestrained th e position of th e head and neck, an d t he less

h e effect of recoil.252. The firer should always declare the direction of his

im at the moment of discharge before removing the rifleth e shoulder.

Section 49.--Firing p r o w

253. ‘The prone position. will generally be adopted byground, or when firing from continuous low

or from behind small rocks, trees, ant-heaps, &c.in firing, and firing exercises, will,

s a rule, be carried out in th e prone position.

254. i. To lie down.-Turn half right, bring th e rille to

e right side as when standing. Place th e right hand on

of he, with the legs scpamtod, left shoulder well for-left arm extended to the front, and rifle resting on

e g round in a convenient position, m uzzlc pointing to th e

U. To load.-As when standing.

iii. To unload.--As when standing.

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iv. To adjust sights.-Draw th e rifle back with th e left

hand until the lines on th? backsight can be clearly seen,and proceed as when atandm g.v. To aim and $re.-Proceed aa when standing , closing

th e right elbow towards th e lefi. To obtain elevation, th ebody must be raised on th e elbows and slightly retired.

265. Cadeta will be trained to assume the prone positionrapidly, and to perform the loading and aiming motions

with a s little movem ent as possible. The oblique angle isnot to be unnecessarily exaggerated. Behind objectsaffording a rcstricted amount of cover, the body and legswill be parallel to the line of &e, if tbe oblique positionwould increase vulnerability.

Section 50.-l%r<ng in other positiolw.

266. The cadet will also be instructed to fire-i. Sitting, which ia most suitable when on gronnd

f a n g at a ateep dop e. In this position th erig htshoulder should be kept well back, and the leftforearm supported by the thigh, th e right elbowresting against the right knee, or unsupported,as desired.

ii. Kneeling, used mainly when firing from continuow

cover, such as a low wall, bank, or hedge, or inlong graas, c r o p &c., which would obstructthe line of aig t If the prone position wereadopted.

The cadet may kneel on th e r ight knee or on both knees.I n the former cadie th e body may be supported on the heelor not as desired ; t h e left knee will be in advance of the



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t heel, a nd th e le ft elbow rest on or over the left knee :e le ft leg, hand, an d arm,and the right shoulder, should

in the open. In

on both heels, or be keptght to suit the height of the cover, the elbows in both

Seclion 5l.-Use o j cover.

257. Besides teacliing th e l i n g positions which m e

using various forms of cover for firean d protection.

258. In th e intervals of firing in t h e open th e head shouldin front must still be watched by

259. The value of cover from view and the means of con-ment afforded by sinall folds in the ground, a few tuftsf grass, &c., will be il lustrated, an d the tendency to at tra ct

of the head, arms,or rifle, in loading and aiming, will be pointed out andchecked.

Section 63.-Tes& OJ elementary training.

296. Range practices and more advanced training may beregarded as umte oj ammunition and time unless cadetshave been thoroughly grounded in elemn2ary training. Thefollowing system of tests ha s therefore been designed in orderto provide instructors with a means ,of testing cadets toensure th a t they have reached a sufficient standard beforethey begin range practices, and to ensure that trained

cadets have retained their efficiency.



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6G

These teste are divided into oral, inspection and standard

testa. A record will be kep t for each cad et of the results ofthe various tests, which wiU be inspected periodidly byth e commanding officer. Ext racts from these records willfurnish useful guides as to the e5ciency when cadets aretransferred to other localities.

I t ks important that teaching should no2 be confused withtesting. In the former a cadet is instructed by example

and explanation ; in the latter he is questioned, or orderedto carry out a ccrtain exercise without any explanationor assistance, and either.passes the qualifying standard oris relegated fo r further instruction.

Section 64.-Nethod of conducting the tesla.

297. Oral tests.

i. Care of a r m and ammunition.A few questions should be put to each cadet.

U. General themetical knowledge.

A few questions should be pu t to each cade t regardingthe objccts of, and rensons for, various details th a thave been taught him.

298. Inspection lesls.Every cadet should be individiially inspected in allt ir ing positions and the cxisteuce of any of thefollowing serious fau lts should be noted in a bookfor production a t subsequent tests, viz., firing fromleft shoulder, eye near thumb in aiming, want ofgrip with either hmnd, excessive constraint, fingerround

triggerin

loading position.



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299. Stanlla7d tests.

i. Adjustment of s i g h .Several &tames will be named and sighta examined

after.

ii. Regulation aim.

To be tested by aiming &SO.

iii. Trigger pressing.

Trigger pressing will be tested by means of the a hoorrecto%

. .

.,. ... ."

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CHAPTER V.

[ E z t ~ d f r o r nM w h t r y Regulations 1909, Part I. ( R e p h i ,1914), with ModijEcationsjw ,310 inch Cadet RifEe.1

Note.-The number of th e paragraphs and sections corre-spond with those used in the Musketry Regulations, P a r t I.

PRELIMINARY TRAINING AND RANG E PRACTICES.

PRELIMINARY TRBIMNQ.

Sedwn 72.-Prdiminary training 01 recruits.343. Although it is only by practice in shooting that 8

high degree of proficiency can be attained in th e use of therifle, t h e am munition allowances are necessarily limited, andace calculatcd on the assumption th a t firing will be precededby a most thorough cowse of preliminary instruction.

344. Cadets before they begin a course of firing mustreach a satisfactory standard in aiming, and in holding theizd e s steadily while pressing th e trigger ; otherwise rangepractice will result only in waste of ammunition.

345. Shooting from the left shoulder is not to be per-m itted, unless it is rendered necessary by defec tive eyesight.

350.' The miniature range should be used to i l lustratelessons of preliminary training as f a r as possible.

Section 74.-Miniature ca&dge paolice.

354. Practice with miniature cartridges is 8 valuable pre-liminary to firing with full-charge am munition , provided th a ttbe d e s or aiming tub es possess a high degree of uccurucy,and the methods of instruction are such as to expose andcorrect thc faults of th e firex.



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355. During preliminmy drill, frequent use should be

made of the miniature range, and the lessons of aiming,pressing th e trigger, declaring the point of aim on discharge,&c., should be practically illustrated by mean8 of m inia tureammunition.

356. The principles followed should be those of practicewith full-charge am m un ition ; a t first there shou ld beexercises in grouping only until a 3-in.standard is reached.Methods of correctin error accordingly to the result of theLast shot fired s h o d 2 be illus trated in the early stages byusing an elementary targe t ; correction should afterwardsdepend on observation of fire aimed a t a figure target set upon a sawdust bank.

359. The w indgauge m ay be used t o represent wind, and

the h e r s taught to a im off so as to correct the deflectiongiven, ac ting sometimes on their own judgment, sometimesaccording t o orders for fire dieet ion.

361. Due regard should he paid to the visibility of servicetargets, and bull's-eye targets should be used for the f i a t

few rounds only.

362. It is desirable that firing should take place in,the

open air if possible, so t h a t artificial conditions of bghtand visibility may be avoided.

367. No person, except the 05cer or non-commissioned05cer in charge, or the marker, is t o pass from th e brigpom t up t o the target during practice. Should it be neces-eary t o sto p firing, the sam e precautions are to be taken anat r i f le practice.



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INSTNOTIONALRANQEPRAOTIOEL

Seciwn 7 6 . 4 en e r d .

372. When cadets have shown clearly that they haveacquired a satisfactory standard of skill in all branches ofpreliminary training, it is necessary t h a t th ey should verifyfor thcinselves by prac tice t he lessons which, up t o th a t time,

have becn taught in theory only.374. Instructional range practices need not be con-

tinuous ; intervals of time between the exercises are oftenbeneficial, especially to nervous cadets, bu t in any case tim eshould be found to continue the exercises of preliminarytraining on days allotted t o range practices, in order thatthere may be no separation between theory and practice.

375. In preliminary training the cadet has not accua-tomed himself to the shock of discharge. In some casesthere is extreme difficulty in overcoming the tcndency t oflinch from this shock, and this is one of the commonestcauses of inaccura te shooting. Cadets who flinch shouldnot proceed with firing pract ice, the cause of the f ichingcan be detected and sometimes be removed a fte r one c r tw orounds only.

376. It is a common experienco th a t serious faults becomeformed hab its in recruits before they are discovered by theinstructor ; and th a t th ey are exposed only after repeatedvisits t o th e range, by which time it will be d i 5 c d t t o correctthem.



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377. In order to compel analysis of faults, to indicate

allof his rifle, preliminary and

practices ar e divided into exercises in (A)group-and ( E ) applying &e.

Section 77.-Grouping.

378. Individual grouping is a n exercise in &ring a series of

ots (usually five) at a definite aiming poin t without altera-of aim or sighting during th e series. As i t is necessary toas much as possible, the

should not exceed 1M) yards.The term " group " is used to define th e diagram made one target by the sories of shot m arks. The value of such a

is determined by the relative closenoss of the shotIt is measured by means of rings of various sizes,

d points are allotted according to the size of the r ingwill contain all the shots, or, when specially pre-

ibed, all the sho ts but one, which is oalled a '' wide shot."is applied so as to contain all the shots, the

of the ring falls on the target isas the point of mean imp act. The position of the

of mean impaot, w ith refcrcnce t o th e m ark aimed at,

as no influence on the vslue of the group. I t s position is,great importance far instructional purposes,

it indicates approximately the error of th e d e ,d givcs information as to an y constant faul t of the firer.

379. Should a cadet make a bad group, and the rifle isected, i t should be a t once fired under similar conditions

a reliable marksman. Should th e marksm an also make



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a bad group with tb e d e , th e r ifle should be tested, and

if found “ inaccurate,” th e cadet to whom the d e belongsshould he allowed to recommence the course. If th e rifleis proved accurate, the cadet’s aim should next be testedby the triangular method, and his let-off should be testedby means of th e aim corrector. His eycsigbt and nervouscondition should be examined.

380. Unsteadiiess m ay be traced t o lack of determination,

or to illness, or to somc habitual excess, such as cigarettesmoking. The position of th e shots on th e target m ay i d -cate errors in aiming or inclination of the sights ; they mayshow tha t th e firer moves his shoulder forward t o meet th eshock of discharge, which will tend to throw shots low left,or th a t he tlinches from th e shock, directing them high. Ifthe trigger is jerked by the wrist instead of being pressed

by an independent action of the finger, shots will usuallystrike low right.

381. Instructors should carefully note the positions ofgood groups as well as bad ones, for some constan t error inaiming or fault of the d e may thus be discovered, whichwill escape notice in application practice when every shotis signalled and error is attributed to wind or other cause

for which allowance is easily made in fighting. Such errorsar e not uncommon, even am ong marksmen, and oftcn affecttheir shooting unfavorably in field practices when thereis no shot for sho t signalling.

383. Faults m ay sometimes be remedied a t once b ycorrecting thc 6re positions, by allowing time to elapsebetween th e shots or b y snapp ing practice. Sometimes t h e



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of the fai lure is du e t o the h e r ’ s effort t o succeed ;dwells too long on his aim, his muscles become tired , th e

is impaired. Itnecessary t o take time in such cases.

384. A complete analysis of th e faults of the fircr and hisbefore leaving th e range, and a note

be made on th e register of th e steps decided upon for

Section 78.-Applicalion.386. When a cadet is shown b y th e result of his grouping

This form of practice, in which aim or

found necessary, ia called

387. Instruction is given in making allowance for atmo-; b u t it is not desir-th a t tr&ng changes of wind should hc m et by minute

justm ent of tho wiudgauge. The ins tructor should callthe cadet t o cstimate t h c wind befo re firing, and tcll

m the corrected allowance which he is to place on his

arly, small errors in elevation should be m et b y aimingand down, though the target must always hc kept in

Section 19.-Speeial instructions.

390. Instruction on the firing point is an indispensableof musketry instruction for young soldiers, but if itt o continual alterations of sighting to meet errors in

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shooting, th e firer ia confirmed in hia errors and his faultiar c only obscured. During the firing the instructo r should

watch the cadet, not the target, and should insist on beinstold the probable result of the sho t before it is signaued.391. No departure from correct firing positions should on

any account be permitted ; the rille must be gripped, thcPace kept back from th e right hand, and th ere should be ncconstraint.

392. The management of the breathing and the let-ofl

must be noticed and the cadet reminded of them con.tinually, so that his mind may be centred on the moreim portan t details of shooting and not on changes of wind 01

light, with which he will become familiar later.

393. Although care and deliberation ace necessary irelementary firing instruction cadets must not be allomedto fall into th e hab it of dwelling on their aim nor of aiming

and returning to the loading position repeatedly beforepressing the trigger. These errors arise chiefly ,from takinga h e sight and accommodating the eye so a s t.o obtain a

defined image of the foresight rather thnn th e target. Whensuch methods are adopted it is a sign that the 0bjef . t ?jrsnge practices is misunderstood, and that the firer 18 mneed of more practical instruction:

Documents

Training Musketry and Rifle Exercises 1917